Olima mbatata ku Kyrgyzstan ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu komwe sanazindikire. Miyambo yaulimi yazaka mazana ambiri, kutenga nawo mbali kwakukulu kwa anthu pazaulimi, chidwi chopeza ndalama zokhazikika - zonsezi zimathandizira kukula kwa mbatata ku Republic.
Zolinga zapamwamba
Mbatata amaonedwa kuti ndi mbewu yopindulitsa kwambiri kulimidwa m'malo a Kyrgyz Republic (KR). Chaka chilichonse, matani oposa 74 miliyoni a tubers amabzalidwa m'dzikolo pamtunda wa mahekitala 1,25. Mwa izi, 45% imatsalira kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba, 20-25% imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumbewu ndipo ndalama zomwezo zimatumizidwa kunja, ndipo 4-5% yotsalayo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya.
"mbatata ndi imodzi mwa mbewu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimatsimikizira kukwaniritsa zolinga za chitukuko chokhazikika cha Republic," akutero wapampando wa gulu la "Potatoes of the Kyrgyz Republic", woyambitsa ndi woyambitsa AgroWay Holding. Kayyrkul Kazylaeva. - Zolinga izi makamaka zikuphatikizapo kuthetsa umphawi ndi njala, kulenga ntchito, ndi kukula kwachuma.
Dera lonse la mbatata kuyambira 2018 mpaka 2022 lidatsika ndi 14,7%, kuchuluka kwamafuta kudatsika, koma zokolola zidakwera ndi 2,2%. Malinga ndi zomwe boma likunena kuchokera ku National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, avareji yake imachokera ku 16,8 mpaka 17,2 t/ha. Komabe, malinga ndi zomwe alimi a m’madera a Issyk-Kul ndi Chui apeza, zokolola zimayambira pa 30 mpaka 55 t/ha. Ndipo m'madera a Jalal-Abad, Osh ndi Batken, alimi amasonkhanitsa matani 20 mpaka 35 pa hekitala.
Ziwerengero zikuwonetsa kuti mbatata yayikulu kwambiri mdziko muno imabzalidwa m'chigawo cha Issyk-Kul - 35%, akaunti ya Talas ndi Osh 15% ndi 16%, Chui ndi Jalal Abad - 10% ndi 13%, Naryn ndi Batken - 8% ndi 3% motsatana.
Ndi nkhani yokha
Chifukwa cha chilengedwe komanso nyengo ya ku Kyrgyzstan, alimi ambiri amalimbikira kulima mbewu. Ndipo zinthu zamalonda nthawi zambiri zimagulitsidwa ngati "zogulitsa" zopanga.
"Takhala tikuchita nawo zokolola izi kuyambira kumapeto kwa 2018," akutero mkulu wa Mbewu Mbatata LLC. Kurmanbek Otorov, - ndipo nyengo ino adalima malo okwana mahekitala 24. M'chaka chabwino, nthawi zambiri timakumba matani 20-25 a tubers pa hekitala. Koma ngati chisanu chimachitika m'chilimwe, zokolola zimatha kutsika mpaka matani 16-17. Kwa zaka zisanu, alimi ambiri a mbatata ku Kyrgyzstan ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo akhala makasitomala athu nthawi zonse. Ma tubers akuluakulu omwe si abwino kubzala amagulitsidwa kwa anthu kuti apeze chakudya. Tili ndi malo amakono osungira mbatata omwe amapangidwira matani zikwi ziwiri mochuluka ndi matani 1,5 zikwi m'matumba. Inamangidwa ndi ndalama kuchokera kwa woyambitsa kampaniyo, Russian kampani Volovskaya Tekhnika LLC. Malo osungiramo katundu amadzazidwa koyambirira kwa Okutobala, ndiye mbatata zamalonda zimagulitsidwa nthawi yonse yachisanu, makamaka pamsika wogulitsa. Mbewu zimagulitsidwa isanayambe ntchito yobzala pakati pa mwezi wa May.
"Famu yanga yakhala ikugwira ntchito ndi mitundu yosankhika ya mbatata kuyambira 2017," akutero wochita bizinesi payekha. Omar Sheshanlo. - Kupanga mbewu kumachitika kudera la mahekitala 23. Zokolola zimakhala pafupifupi matani 30-35 pa hekitala, koma poyesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndinachulukitsa chiwerengerochi. Zomera zoyamba ndi zachiwiri zokha zimatumizidwa kukagulitsidwa, ndipo pakati pa ogula ndi olima masamba ochokera kudera lonse la Central Asia. Imodzi mwa miyambo yosungidwa m'dera langa la Chui ikukhudza kugwiritsa ntchito ma tubers akuluakulu pobzala mbewu. Opanga amadula mbatata yoteroyo m’zigawo zingapo, monga momwe makolo athu anachitira zaka 150 zapitazo, amene anati: “Ukabzala mbatata yaikulu, imakula.” Chifukwa chake, ndimayesetsa kukulitsa mbewu zagawo 6+. Malo osungiramo masamba pafamuyo adamangidwanso nthawi za Soviet, koma amathetsa ntchito yake bwino. Pano, nyengo yatsopano isanayambike, nthawi zambiri pamakhala matani pafupifupi 500-600 ambewu pazosowa zathu.
Ngakhale kukonza mbatata ku Central Asia nthawi zambiri sikumakula bwino, pali minda yomwe imagwira ntchito bwino mderali.
Mkulu wa famu ya Kirby anati: “Kampani yathu inayamba mu 1997 ngati malo ochitirako tchipisi, omwe anatsegulidwa ndi mwamuna ndi mkazi wake Joseph ndi Nina Menhus. Alexander Kolodyazhny. - Kukumana kwawo patatha zaka zingapo ndi mwiniwake wa kampani ya Agrarfrost, yomwe imagwira ntchito yokonza mbatata ku Germany, idakhala yowopsa. Reinold Stover adaganiza zothandizira anzawo oyambira powapatsa zida zaukadaulo zolima mbatata ndi mbewu zamitundu yofunikira. Katswiri wamkulu wa zaulimi wa kampaniyo, Jürgen Bruer, anatumizidwa ku famuyo ndipo anatiphunzitsa mmene tingakulire tchipisi ta mbatata. Ndipo lero kampani yathu ndi imodzi mwazotsogola pakati pa omwe amagwira ntchito yopanga ndi kukonza mbatata ku Republic. Kuchokera kudera la mahekitala 150 timapeza zida za fakitale yathu yomwe imapanga tchipisi ndi udzu. Enanso 50 amaperekedwa kuti apange mbewu. Zokolola zambiri zimaposa matani 40 pa hekitala. Ndipo mphamvu yathu yosungiramo zinthu imatilola kusunga zinthu zaulimi popanda kutayika kwabwino mpaka nthawi yokolola.
Kuthekera kosagwiritsidwa ntchito
M'madera akumapiri a Republic, omwe ali pamtunda wa 1,5-3,2 mamita pamwamba pa nyanja, malo abwino kwambiri a mbatata amapezeka. Ngakhale m'chilimwe chotentha, nyengo imakhalabe yozizira kuno ndipo palibe tizilombo tomwe timanyamula matenda opatsirana.
“Mwatsoka, masiku ano ku Kyrgyzstan kulibe ntchito yoweta, kulibe labotale imodzi yokha,” akutero. Kayyrkul Kazylaeva. - Mafamu apadera, omwe amatha kuwerengedwa mbali imodzi, gulani zinthu zapamwamba ku Europe, chulukitsani ndikugulitsa kwa opanga mbatata. Amapereka mbewu zamitundu yoyambirira, yapakati komanso yochedwa pamsika wapakhomo ndi zogulitsa kunja.
- Chaka chatha, pafupifupi matani chikwi cha osankhika anatumizidwa m'dzikoli, akutero Alexander Kolodyazhny. - Kutumiza kotereku kumachitika pafupipafupi, koma ndikuganiza kuti timafunikira malo athu opangira mbewu zoyambira. Awa ndi malo opikisana kwambiri ndipo zidzakhala zovuta kupikisana ndi zinthu zomwe zili kale pamsika. Koma popanda kusankhidwa kwapakhomo komanso mitundu yobala zipatso yakumaloko, sitingakhale opambana.
"Timagula mbewu zapamwamba ku Netherlands," akuuza zomwe adakumana nazo Kurmanbek Otorov, - ndi ku Russia, m'chigawo cha Krasnodar. Kenako timafalitsa m'minda yathu mpaka kubereka koyamba ndi kwachiwiri. Pozindikira udindo waukulu womwe tili nawo, timatsatira njira zonse zamakono. Oyang'anira nthawi zambiri amayendera famuyo ndikuyesa ndikutsimikizira zinthu. Tikufunitsitsanso kulengeza za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mbeu zabwino komanso kuphunzitsa alimi.
Njira yopangira makina
Central Asia ndi amodzi mwa madera omwe phindu lalikulu paulimi silingachitike popanda kuthirira kowonjezera kwaminda. Makamaka pankhani ya mbewu zokonda chinyezi.
"M'dera lathu, palibe chomwe chimakula popanda kuthirira," akutero Alexander Kolodyazhny. - Ndikofunikira kuti ulimi wothirira ukhale ndi makina: kuwaza kapena kudontha. Tidagwiritsa ntchito bwino machitidwe onsewa, koma pakadali pano tidasiya "dontho". Ndi njira yolemetsa kwambiri komanso yokwera mtengo m'masiku ano. M'zaka zaposachedwa, takhala tikugwiritsa ntchito makina amthirira omwe amafalikira pakati pa pivot.
"Kugwira ntchito m'malo otentha kumakhala ndi mikhalidwe yakeyake," ikutsimikizira Kurmanbek Otorov. - Timachita ulimi wothirira pogwiritsa ntchito koyilo yakumunda, kupopera madzi m'miyendo yothirira kuchokera m'madamu omwe ali pafupi. Pa nthawi yomweyi, njira yogwiritsira ntchito, pogwiritsa ntchito ngalande, imagwiritsidwabe ntchito. Si minda yonse, makamaka yaing'ono, yomwe ingakwanitse kugula zipangizo zothirira. Kotero uwu ndi ulemu wokakamizidwa ku mwambo.
“Ndili ndi ndondomeko yangayanga yoberekera mbewu,” akufotokoza motero Omar Sheshanlo, - zomwe zimafuna kuthirira kovomerezeka ndi njira zina zaulimi. Ndine katswiri wazachuma ndipo ndimachita njira zosagwirizana ndi kulima mbatata. Choncho, pokonzekera ulimi wothirira, nthawi zonse ndimayang'ana njira zabwino zothandizira kuonjezera zokolola.
Nkhani ya ulimi wa makina ku Kyrgyzstan, kumene ntchito yamanja idakali yofala, idakali imodzi mwa nkhani yofunika kwambiri. Olima mbewu amagula makina ofunikira ndi magawo, koma poganizira momwe alili azachuma.
"Zida zolima mbatata pafamuyi ndi za ku Russia," akutero Kurmanbek Otorov. - Ndi yotsika mtengo ndipo imakwaniritsa zofunikira zathu zonse. Palinso mathirakitala awiri a Chibelarusi ndi mayunitsi aku Turkey: chodulira minda ndi sprayer.
"Zida, minda ndi zida zosungiramo mbatata pafamu yathu zimayimiridwa ndi mayankho ochokera kumakampani otsogola aku Western," akutero. Alexander Kolodyazhny. - Sitikuwona njira zina zilizonse zokhudzana ndi kuchita bwino komanso kudalirika pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi.
"Tili ndi chobzala mbatata chopangidwa ku Russia komanso kukumba mbatata," akutero Omar Sheshanlo, - koma ma tubers amatengedwa kuchokera pansi ndi manja. Ogwira ntchito pamalowo amawagawa m'mitundu ndi tizigawo kuti agulitse malondawo kuchokera kumunda. Izi ndizopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa kutengera zokolola ku nyumba yosungiramo zinthu, kuzisankha pamenepo ndikuzisunga mpaka masika. Inde, pali chikhumbo chogula zipangizo zamakono, koma izi zimafuna ndalama zambiri.
Kupyolera mu kugonjetsa
"Kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale ang'onoang'ono ku Republic, mgwirizano pakati pa alimi ndi wofunikira," akukhulupirira Alexander Kolodyazhny. - Choyamba, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zovuta zakugwiritsa ntchito nthaka. Chifukwa cha kusinthako, mahekitala pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi a malo olima anagawidwa kukhala magawo. Gawo lalikulu la malowa lapita m'manja mwa anthu ang'onoang'ono, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka 100 minda yaing'ono imagwira ntchito pa mahekitala 200. Ndiye, bwanji kuthetsa nkhani zomanga zomangamanga, kukonza ulimi wothirira, ndi zina zambiri? Pokhapokha kudzera mu mgwirizano.
"Mwa zina zomwe zimalepheretsa ndizovuta kukhazikitsa," akutero Omar Sheshanlo. - Oimira mabizinesi akunja adayendera famu yathu kangapo ndipo adawona mbewu zapamwamba zomwe zimabzalidwa kuno. Timayesetsa kugwira ntchito m’njira yochititsa chidwi alimi ambiri ochokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana. Koma pakadali pano tilibe zida zolimbikitsira zinthu zonse.
"Pali zovuta zambiri pakukula kwa mbatata," adatero Kayyrkul Kazylaeva. - Kuti tithane nawo, timalumikizana mwachangu ndi akuluakulu aboma ndikukopa akatswiri ovomerezeka amsika. Mwachitsanzo, timagwirizana ndi AgroWay Holding, yomwe imagwira ntchito yolima mbatata ndipo imapereka chithandizo chaupangiri pazaulimi.
Cluster amawongolera
Mgwirizano wamagulu "Potato KR" udawonekera mu 2022 potengera makampani azaulimi, ma cooperative ndi alimi akuluakulu. "Gulu la mbatata lidapangidwa kuti liwonetsetse chitetezo chazakudya ku Republic," akutero Kaiyrkul Kazylaeva, - kuonjezera mpikisano mwa kuonjezera zokolola, kukonza ulimi wabwino, kuchepetsa mtengo wa alimi poyambitsa njira zabwino kwambiri zapadziko lonse lapansi. Bungweli likuwona ntchito yake ngati kukopa ndi kuteteza zokomera mamembala ake pamalamulo, misonkho ndi msika.
Gululi limagwirizanitsa anthu opitilira 200 m'dziko lonselo, kuphatikiza opanga zinthu zamalonda ndi mbewu. Chaka chilichonse amatulutsa mpaka matani 100 a mbatata ya tebulo ndi matani ena zikwi zisanu za mbeu zobereketsa zoyamba ndi zachiwiri.
"Timalumikizana nthawi zonse ndi oyang'anira magulu," akutero Alexander Kolodyazhny.- Katswiri wa anthuwa ndi chikhumbo cha kusintha kwabwino kumalimbikitsa ulemu. Anatha kulinganiza ndi kugwirizanitsa alimi, omwe anazoloŵera kudzipatula, kuti akwaniritse ubwino wamba.
"Ripabuliki ili ndi mwayi waukulu pantchito yaulimi," ndikukhulupirira Kayyrkul Kazylaeva. - Titha kuphimba zosowa zathu za mbatata ware ndi mbewu (pakali pano mitunduyo ndi yosankhidwa kunja). Onetsetsani kutumiza kwawo ku Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Russia ndi mayiko ena. Pali ntchito yambiri yoti ichitike, koma izi sizikutiopseza.
"Chaka ndi chaka timayesetsa kukonza zokolola ndikuwonjezera zokolola," akutsimikizira Kurmanbek Otorov. - Ndikudziwa kuti tili ndi chiyembekezo chabwino kwambiri chamtsogolo. Pali misika yayikulu yotizungulira yomwe imafunikira zinthu zathu, ndipo ndife okonzeka kugwira ntchito molimbika kuti tigonjetse.
Irina Berg