Kazakhstan ili pamalo otsogola pankhani yopanga mbatata ku Central Asia. Pambuyo pavuto laulimi m'zaka za m'ma 1990, dziko la Republic mwamsanga linabweretsa gawo laling'ono pamlingo watsopano. Ndipo lero osati mokwanira amapereka yokha ndi mbatata, komanso khola amagulitsa iwo.
Kudumpha kwa Quantum
Mbatata yamakono yomwe ikukula ku Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) idapangidwa kuyambira 2007 mpaka 2014. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, zokolola ndi khalidwe lazogulitsa zakhala zikukula chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa ulimi ndi luso la alimi.
“Mbatatizi ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa anthu ndiponso chofunika kwambiri m’derali,” akufotokoza motero Chairman wa Bungwe la Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers ku Kazakhstan. Kairat Bisetaev. - Pamavuto azachuma komanso zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi, chikhalidwe chimathetsa bwino nkhani zachitetezo cha chakudya m'maiko onse.
Pali minda pafupifupi 160 ku Republic yomwe imalima mbatata pamafakitale. Chigawo chonse cha mbewu mu 2023 chinaposa mahekitala 36. Zokolola zapakati pa minda yaing'ono ya anthu wamba ndi 15-25 t/ha, kwa zazikulu - 30-45 t/ha. Kum'mwera kwa dzikoli, oimira mafakitale ang'onoang'ono amatha kukolola zokolola ziwiri pachaka, choyamba chomwe "chimatseka" nyengo yopuma kuyambira June mpaka July kuphatikizapo.
"M'mwezi wa Okutobala, famuyo idamaliza kukolola mbatata kuchokera kudera la mahekitala 205, asanu ndi atatu mwa iwo anali ndi njere," akutero katswiri wazomera wa Agropeasant Dvor TOO. Александр Matvienko. - Pofuna kuonjezera phindu la mbewu, timayambitsa umisiri wamakono pakupanga. Zotsatira zake, m’madera ena timalandira zinthu zokwana matani 63 pa hekitala imodzi.
"Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo, mahekitala 336 adapatsidwa mbatata," akutero mkulu wa Baimyrza Agro-2018 LLP. Maxim Bukaemsky. - Zokolola zochepa zomwe kampani yathu imatsatira ndi matani 40 pa hekitala. Komabe, malinga ndi chaka, chiwerengerochi chikhoza kuwonjezeka kufika nthawi imodzi ndi theka.
Mtsogoleri wa Astyk-STEM LLP anati: SERGEY Zvolsky. - Mu 2022, bizinesi yothirira-drip idalandira mpaka matani 57 a mbatata pa hekitala imodzi ndi zokolola zapakati pa 38-40 matani.
"Nyengo ino tabzala mbewu pa mahekitala 416," mkulu wa Naydorovskoye LLP akupitiriza mutuwo. Pavel Lushchak. - Kuyeretsa misa pafamu nthawi zambiri kumayamba pa Seputembara 21 ndipo kumatha milungu itatu pambuyo pake. M'zaka zaposachedwa, masiku omalizira amasinthidwa, monga nthawi ino. Chifukwa cha mvula yamphamvu, tinayamba kukumba mbatata pa Seputembara 43, koma zokolola zinali zochulukirapo kuposa chaka chatha: matani 37 pa hekitala XNUMX.
Mapewa amphamvu
Pafupifupi zaka 10 zapitazo, mayanjano oyamba amakampani ndi mabungwe adawonekera ku Republic, zomwe zidayamba kuteteza zofuna za alimi. Ntchito yawo ndikupereka chidziwitso chofunikira ku boma ndipo, pamodzi ndi izo, kuchitapo kanthu kuti athetse mavuto.
"Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers of Kazakhstan, yomwe idapangidwa mu 2008, yakhala ikugwira ntchito kuyambira 2016," akutero. Kairat Bisetaev. “Kuyambira pamenepo, takhala tikupereka zidziwitso zaposachedwa za momwe zinthu zilili m’mafakitale ang’onoang’ono kwa akuluakulu aboma. Chotsatira cha zokambirana zomwe tidakwanitsa kukhazikitsa ndikutuluka kwa njira zomwe sizinachitikepo zothandizira boma. Mwachitsanzo, kupereka theka la ndalama za alimi pokonzekera ulimi wothirira, kugula feteleza zamchere ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kuchokera mu 2023, 25 peresenti yapitayi yothandizira pomanga malo osungira mbatata ndi masamba yakwera mpaka 40 peresenti. Ngati wopanga ayika zida zosungiramo firiji kuti asunge zinthu zomwe zakolola kale m'chilimwe, adzalipidwa 50% ya ndalamazo. Thandizo la boma limaperekedwa kwa omwe amagula makina aulimi, zida, ndi zina zambiri.
"50% ya mtengo wa mbewu za kubala koyamba imathandizidwanso," akuwonjezera Pavel Lushchak. - Kuphatikiza apo, boma libweza 75% ya mtengo wolipirira ntchito zoperekera madzi pogwiritsa ntchito makina okweza m'mitsirira.
Pali kuthekera
Mabizinesi aulimi ku Kazakhstan makamaka amalima mitundu ya mbatata yamitundu yaku Germany ndi Dutch. Alimi amagula zinthu zapamwamba zakunja ndikuzifalitsa m'minda yawo mpaka kubereka koyamba ndi kwachiwiri.
“Mbeu zapakhomo sizingapikisane ndi za ku Ulaya, pokhala zotsika potengera malonda, kusunga bwino, ndi kukana matenda,” ndikukhulupirira. Kairat Bisetaev. - Onse adawetedwa kumadera akum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Republic, ngakhale mbatata imamera kumpoto kwa dzikolo, komwe mitundu yokhala ndi nyengo yayifupi imafunikira.
“Takhala tikugwiritsa ntchito mbewu za ku Ulaya kwa zaka zambiri tsopano,” akutsimikizira motero Pavel Lushchak, - koma pamene mavuto ndi katundu anayamba, ndalama zawo zinakula kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, nyengo ino tidatenga mbewu zambiri kuchokera ku Turkey kuti tikayese, zomwe, kuphatikiza kubweretsa, zidatitengera theka la ndalama zonse.
“Pakadali pano pakufunika kukhazikika pa ulimi wa mbewu,” adatero Maxim Bukaemsky. - Mu 2021, motsogozedwa ndi Kazakhstan Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers, pulojekiti idakhazikitsidwa pomwe kampani yaku Dutch NAK, pamodzi ndi akatswiri aku Belgian, amayendera minda yokhala ndi mbatata, mwachitsanzo, pafamu yathu, moyeserera. . Izi zimapatsa Republic mwayi weniweni wokwera kufika pamlingo wa opanga ku Europe.
"Chaka chilichonse timayesa mitundu yatsopano ya mbatata," akutero Alexander Matvienko, - timadzisankhira tokha zomwe zasungidwa bwino, zowonetsa zokolola zambiri komanso zabwino. Tsopano tikuganiza mozama za zomwe tathandizira pakukula kwa mbewu. Pogula osankhika apamwamba ku Europe kapena Russia, titha kufalitsa mbewu ndikupatsa msika wapakhomo ndi osankhika.
“Posankha ndi kupanga mbewu, timadalirabe zinthu zochokera kunja,” akumaliza motero Kairat Bisetaev. - Koma tili ndi mipata yonse yolima bwino mbatata yambatata: nyengo yotentha kwambiri, madera akuluakulu, madera akuluakulu othirira. Masiku ano, Union, pamodzi ndi Institute of Plant Biology ndi Biotechnology, ndi ndalama zochokera ku Unduna wa Zaulimi wa Republic of Kazakhstan, akukonzekera dongosolo la malamulo lomwe lidzalola kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Pulojekitiyi ndi NAK, yomwe yakhala ikukambidwa kale, cholinga chake ndi kupanga mikhalidwe yogwirizana ndi makampani akumadzulo. Akungoyang'ana mayiko omwe angamere mbewu zogulitsa m'misika yomwe ikukula ku Asia.
Europe - Asia
Munda, zida zosungiramo katundu, zida ndi makina othirira m'mafamu a Kazakhstani ndizopangidwa makamaka ku Europe ndi North America.
“Alimi athu a mbatata,” akutsimikizira motero Kairat Bisetaev, - ponena za zipangizo zamakono, mlingo wa luso la kulima mbewu ndi kusunga mbewu, iwo sali otsika kwa alimi akumadzulo.
"Pali ogulitsa atatu akuluakulu opanga makina apadziko lonse lapansi ku Republic," akutero Alexander Matvienko. - Amapereka zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Makina aliwonse ndi mayunitsi ali m'gulu, ndipo pazigawo zina muyenera kuyitanitsatu.
"Pogula zida za Kumadzulo, timaganizira za kudalirika kwake," akufotokoza zomwe adasankha SERGEY Zvolsky. - Timayesa kutenga magalimoto okhala ndi ntchito zina kuti apindule kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwawo. Mwachitsanzo, tili ndi thalakitala yanzeru zopanga komanso yodziyendetsa yokha yomwe imagwira ntchito yonse yokolola.
Kupeza magwero
Mafamu aku Republic omwe amalima mbatata pamafakitale ali ndi njira zamakono zothirira.
"Timagwiritsa ntchito madzi osefukira, kuwasonkhanitsa pamadzi apadera m'nyengo yachisanu, pamene chipale chofewa chimasungunuka," akutero Pavel Lushchak. “Chifukwa cha ulimi wothirira, tidakwanitsa kuchulukitsa zokolola kangapo, ndipo hekitala imodzi yamunda wothirira inasintha mahekitala 30-35 a nthaka youma.
"Tili ndi zowaza zamtundu wozungulira," akugawana zomwe adakumana nazo. Maxim Bukaemsky. - Sitingakwanitse kugula zam'tsogolo chifukwa cha mtunda. Koma kugwira ntchito kumadera amapiri kuli ndi ubwino wake. Umu ndi mmene timapezera madzi opezeka m’mphepete mwa mapiri.
“Masiku ano malo othirira pafamupo ndi mahekitala 600,” akufotokoza motero Alexander Matvienko, - koma chaka chamawa chidzawonjezeka ndi ena 200. Mwatsoka, izi ndizo malire, mwinamwake panthawiyi sitidzakhala ndi madzi okwanira omwe amalandira kuchokera ku dziwe la Podlesnenskoye.
“Vuto la kusowa kwa madzi, monganso m’maiko ambiri, ndi lofunika kwambiri,” akutero SERGEY Zvolsky. "Pothetsa, tidayamba kukumba zitsime ndikupeza magwero angapo, pomwe pano pali malo osungira omwe ali ndi makubiki mita 8-10.
Siyani zinthu
Zifukwa zingapo zomwe zimalepheretsa kukwaniritsidwa kwa kuthekera kwakukulu kwa Republic pakukula kwa mbatata.
"Limodzi mwazovuta zazikulu ndikusowa kwa ndalama zogwirira ntchito," akutero Kairat Bisetaev. - Pachifukwa ichi, si alimi onse omwe amatsatira luso lamakono ndipo sangathe kupeza zokolola zabwino ndi zinthu zapamwamba. Opanga ang'onoang'ono omwe amagwira ntchito popanda antchito olembedwa akusowa kwambiri luso lofunikira.
"Kuperewera kwa akatswiri pantchitoyi kwatsala pang'ono kuyandikira," akudandaula Alexander Matvienko. - Ndipo ngakhale omaliza maphunziro apadera amasukulu safuna ntchito ulimi. Akatswiri azamalimi abwino, oyendetsa makina, ndi akatswiri aukadaulo ndiwofunika kulemera kwawo ndi golide, ndipo akuyesera ndi mphamvu zawo zonse kuwasunga.
“Kampani yathu, pothetsa nkhani za ogwira ntchito, imayang’ana anyamata oyenera pamene akuphunzira kusukulu kapena ku koleji,” akutero. SERGEY Zvolsky.- Ndipo kuti anthu asachoke kuti akakhale ndi moyo wabwino, tikuyesera kuchotsa mzere pakati pa mzinda ndi mudzi, ndikupanga mikhalidwe yabwino kwa antchito.
Malinga ndi Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers of Kazakhstan, malo osungira amakono okhala ndi kuwongolera nyengo adapangidwa kuti asungidwe nthawi imodzi yopitilira matani 500 azinthu. Koma chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa dera ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola, pakufunika mphamvu zowonjezera.
"Ntchito yathu yolima mbatata idayamba ndikumanga malo osungira matani 12," akutero Maxim Bukaemsky. "Tidazindikira kuti sizingatheke kupanga bizinesi yopambana m'derali mwanjira ina. Opanga omwe alibe ndalama zokonzekera zosungirako amataya gawo lalikulu la phindu lawo.
Misika imasankha
Alimi a dziko la Republic nthawi zambiri amagulitsa malonda awo kudzera mwa oyimira pakati, ndipo ambiri sakhutira ndi zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi ogulitsa. Netiweki imodzi imagwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi opanga, kuphatikiza ndi makontrakitala opititsa patsogolo. Zikatero, alimi amalandira ndalama zolipiriratu ndi mitengo yokhazikika panthawi yokonzekera ntchito ya masika kuti abwezere ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
“Zodziwika bwino ku Kazakhstan n’zakuti misika, kapena kuti misika, ndiyo imathandiza kwambiri kugulitsa zinthu zaulimi,” akutero. Kairat Bisetaev. - Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa Union, mbatata yopitilira 80% imaperekedwa kwa ogulitsa kapena mwachindunji kwa ogula omaliza kudzera m'misika. Zina mwa izo zimagwiranso ntchito ngati maukonde ogulitsa.
“Pafupifupi theka la zokolola zimapita kwa ogulitsa,” akufotokoza motero Pavel Lushchak, - ndipo timapereka wina ku maunyolo ogulitsa. Sitikufulumira kugulitsa, timayika mbatata mu nkhokwe mpaka kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yatsopano ndikugulitsa mwezi uliwonse mu magawo ofanana.
“Tiyenera kupirira mpikisano waukulu,” akutero Maxim Bukaemsky. - Mbatata zaku Russia, Kyrgyz ndi Iran zimayimiriridwa kwambiri pamsika. Ndipo komabe zogulitsa zathu zimafikira ogula mtunda wamakilomita masauzande ambiri, mwachitsanzo, ku Moscow.
"Panthawi ya mliri, Kazakhstanis idataya msika waku Uzbek, ndikuutaya ku Russia," akukumbukira. Alexander Matvienko. - Mu 2021, tidagulitsanso mbatata mwachangu kwa anansi athu, ndipo mu 2022, kugulitsa kunachitika makamaka mdziko muno. Koma kuno alimi omwe amalima zinthu zotsika mtengo adachepetsa mitengo yathu.
"Chifukwa cha kudumpha kwamitengo ndikuti msika suli wolamulidwa mwanjira iliyonse," ndikutsimikiza SERGEY Zvolsky. - Chaka chimodzi, kufunikira ndikwambiri kuposa kupezeka, ndipo mtengo wa mbatata ukukwera. Kumbali ina, kuchuluka kwa osewera omwe amangofuna kupeza phindu mosavuta kumawonjezeka, ndipo timapeza chikhalidwe chambiri.
Njira yodziwika
"Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers of Kazakhstan ikupitiriza ntchito yake," akutsindika Kairat Bisetaev. - Tsopano tikusankha momwe tingapangire kulowa mu bizinesi ya mbatata, yomwe si yotsika mtengo, yopezeka mosavuta, makamaka kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, tikuyang'ana mwachangu osunga ndalama akunja kwa gawo lofunikira kwambiri kwa ife - kukonza mbatata. Derali likufunika kukonzedwa kuyambira pachiyambi, ndipo izi ndizovuta kwambiri kwa ife.
"Olima mbatata amalepheretsedwa ndi mwayi wochepa wogulitsira malonda awo," akukhulupirira Pavel Lushchak. - Ma voliyumu omwe amapita ku mayiko oyandikana nawo kapena ku Russia, m'malingaliro mwanga, sakwanira kugulitsa kunja. Choncho, misika yatsopano ikufunika.
"Pafupi ndi ife pali Uzbekistan yomwe ili ndi anthu XNUMX miliyoni," akutero. Maxim Bukaemsky, - ndi maiko ena aku Asia, komwe mbatata yakhala imodzi mwazakudya zazikulu. Ndikuganiza kuti tili ndi chiyembekezo chakukula, ndipo zabwino kwambiri pamenepo.
Iye anati: “Kuyambira pamene tinaona nkhaniyi mozama SERGEY Zvolsky, - ndipo tili ndi akatswiri, tapeza zina zambiri, nkhani za ubwino ndi kusungirako mbewu zathetsedwa, maunyolo ogulitsa akhazikitsidwa, tidzapita patsogolo pa chitukuko chathu. Ndipo ndithudi tidzafika patali zatsopano.
Irina Berg