Mutu wa biologization waulimi wakhala wofunikira kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Tinakambirana ndi Svetlana Nekoval, mkulu wa labotale wa tomato chibadwa zosonkhanitsira ku All-Russian Research Institute for Biological Plant Protection (FGBNU VNIIBZR), za mmene Russian asayansi kuwunika chiyembekezo cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira kwachilengedwenso ndi ntchito zamoyo mankhwala mu minda yaulimi yapakhomo.
- Msika wapadziko lonse wazinthu zachilengedwe, malinga ndi malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa akatswiri, imakula ndi 8% pachaka. Kodi tinganene kuti izi zikugwiranso ntchito ku Russia?
Inde, kutchuka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe m'dziko lathu kukuwonjezeka chaka chilichonse. Zifukwa zazikulu zakukula kwa kufunikira ndi kuchepa kwa nthaka kosasinthika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito feteleza wamankhwala kwanthawi yayitali ndi zinthu zoteteza zomera; zotsatira zoipa za mankhwala pa thanzi la munthu, zonse chifukwa cha zochita zachindunji komanso chifukwa cha kudzikundikira kotsalira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo muzaulimi ndi madzi akumwa; kuchepa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo (makamaka, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda). Kuwonjezeka kwapachaka kwa mtengo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumathandizanso kuti mchitidwewu ukhale wolimba.
Chaka chino, chidwi cha alimi pazachilengedwe chinalimbikitsidwanso ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito kwa lamulo "Pazinthu zachilengedwe komanso zosintha zamalamulo ena a Russian Federation", malinga ndi zomwe zida zoteteza zomera zokha zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. kupeza zinthu zachilengedwe ndi chakudya.
- Ndani angatchulidwe ku Russia ogula kwambiri zinthu zachilengedwe (popanga mbewu)?
Malinga ndi a Sergei Korshunov, Wapampando wa Bungwe la Union of Organic Agriculture, ku Central Russia kulibe minda yomwe sagwiritsa ntchito njira zamoyo zilizonse (kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa organic m'nthaka, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangira tizilombo, kuyambitsa mbewu zamasamba. m'mbali kapena kuphimba mbewu mu kasinthasintha wa mbewu). Ndikugwirizana naye.
Mafamu ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati ndi minda yayikulu yaulimi akuyesera kuchoka pakupanga zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamankhwala zothana ndi zinthu zovulaza kupita kuchitetezo chophatikizika cha zomera (kuphatikiza "chemistry" ndi "biology"), ndi zina mwazo - ku ulimi wa organic. .
Mafamu akuluakulu ambiri amaika pambali minda yoyesera kulima kwachilengedwe ndi diso pakupanga zinthu za organic.
Vuto lalikulu mu biology lagona ndendende pakukulitsa kwake. Njira ya bio-yopanda kuwerengera payekha pamunda uliwonse ndi mbewu iliyonse sigwira. M`pofunika nthawi zonse kuwunika mmene nthaka ndi kuwunika kukula kwa zomera. Alimi ambiri sali okonzeka kuyang'anitsitsa bwino za phytosanitary ya zomera kapena sangathe kulingalira.
kulola, motero, amagwira ntchito mwakhungu ndi biologization, nthawi zambiri amapeza zotsatira zosakhutiritsa. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, mabizinesi ambiri aulimi akhala akugwiritsa ntchito njira ya bio mu njira zophatikizira zolima mbewu zaulimi kwa zaka zopitilira 10, atadziwa bwino luso lazopangapanga izi.
- Olima ena amati kukonza ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndikokwera mtengo kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito CCPP; Komanso, amafuna khama ndi chidziwitso, ndipo zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoipa. Ndi nthano? Kapena kodi zonsezi zimadalira pavuto lomwe chuma chikuyesa kuthetsa?
Ngati zikhalidwe zonse ndi malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala achilengedwe akwaniritsidwa, ndiye kuti mphamvu yachilengedwe imagwirizana ndi momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wotsika kwambiri. Ngakhale, ndithudi, zambiri zimadalira mtundu wa vuto lomwe chuma chikuyesera kuthetsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachilengedwe zotetezera zomera, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti kuchita bwino kwambiri kumatheka pochita zodzitetezera. Ngati mankhwala achilengedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala, ndiye kuti aliyense payekhapayekha ndikofunikira kusankha (molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kwa zinthu zovulaza) mlingo wa mankhwala.
Chitsanzo chodziwikiratu chakuti n'zotheka kukwaniritsa zotsatira zapamwamba ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zodzitetezera ndi kafukufuku wa labotale yathu, yomwe inachitika pamodzi ndi kampani ya Biotechagro, kuti iphunzire za chitetezo cha strawberries ku zinthu zovulaza, kuphatikizapo. nematode, komanso kuphunzira momwe mbatata imagwirira ntchito poyera ndi kukonzekera kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda opangidwa ndi OOO Biotehagro.
Mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zochokera ku tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tachilengedwe, tinatha kuchepetsa kukula ndi kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mkati mwa EPV, kuonjezera (kubwezeretsa) zokolola za strawberries ndi mbatata, kuchepetsa kwambiri mtengo wachitetezo. ; chepetsani mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa zomera ndi nthaka, onjezerani zokolola zabwino.
Mwachitsanzo, zokolola za mbatata zawonjezeka ndi biosecurity
ndi 15%, ndi mtengo wa mankhwala kwachilengedwenso poyerekeza ndi wothandizila mankhwala utachepa 6 zina, ndipo, pa nthawi yomweyo, wowuma ndi vitamini C zili tubers kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa nitrate asafe utachepa.
- Kodi ndikofunikira kuphunzitsa alimi kuti azigwira ntchito ndi zinthu zachilengedwe?
- Maphunziro ndi ofunikira. Katswiri wodziwa zambiri komanso waluso ayenera kugwira ntchito ndi "biology", apa kumveka bwino komanso nthawi yanthawi zonse ndikofunikira. Ndikofunikira kutsatira mosamalitsa malangizo a wopanga ndikulumikizana ndi ogulitsa odalirika okha.
Ngati famuyo siyikukhutira ndi zotsatira za kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe, opanga kapena ogulitsa nthawi zambiri amadzudzulidwa chifukwa cholephera. Nthawi zina kukhumudwa kwa mankhwala amodzi kumasamutsidwa ku chitetezo chonse chachilengedwe. Nthawi yomweyo, popeza alibe chidziwitso chogwira ntchito ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, akatswiri azamalimi nthawi zambiri amanyalanyaza malangizo a akatswiri.
Zolakwitsa zofala kwambiri mukamagwira ntchito ndi biologics:
• Kulephera kutsatira malamulo osungira.
Pokonzekera zomwe zili ndi tizilombo tamoyo, kumamatira kwambiri kuzinthu zosungirako ndikofunikira. Pali tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalekerera kutentha mpaka +30 ° C, makamaka kwakanthawi kochepa. Kwa ena, n’zomvetsa chisoni. Kuonjezera apo, pokonzekera zina, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titha kukhala ngati maselo amoyo ndipo timakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa kutentha, pamene ena amakhala mu mawonekedwe a spore.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otha ntchito.
Zogulitsa zachilengedwe, monga zoteteza mbewu zina, feteleza ndi zolimbikitsa kukula, zimakhala ndi alumali wawo. Zimatengera kupangidwa kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe. Zokonzekera zomwe zimakhala ndi mabakiteriya amtundu wa Pseudomonas kapena Rhizobium (omalizawa ndi mbali ya bioinoculants yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mbewu za nyemba.
zomera kulimbikitsa ndondomeko kukonza nayitrogeni mumlengalenga), monga ulamuliro, ndi yochepa alumali moyo - kuchokera mwezi umodzi kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, makamaka pankhani madzi mawonekedwe.
Ngati zokonzekerazi zimatulutsidwa mu mawonekedwe owuma kapena zinthu zapadera - zotetezera - zimawonjezeredwa ku madzi achikhalidwe, ndiye amasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Mankhwala okhala ndi bowa amtundu wa Trichoderma kapena mabakiteriya amtundu wa Bacillus, Azotobacter ndi ena amasungidwa nthawi yayitali.
Chonde dziwani kuti pa chizindikirocho wopanga akuwonetsa moyo wa alumali m'mapaketi oyambira osatsegulidwa. Anthu ambiri amanyalanyaza izi "zopanda pake", kukhulupirira kuti phukusi lotseguka lidzayima kwa chaka popanda kutaya khalidwe.
• Kuchiza ndi mankhwala achilengedwe mutangotha ma antibacterial agents kapena nawo limodzi.
Mankhwala a Microbiological amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi ndi zinthu zina zamoyo, koma osati zonse komanso osati zonse. Pali mitundu ingapo yochokera kwachilengedwe (zochokera ku streptomycetes) zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polima mbewu ngati mankhwala opha tizilombo. Mankhwala atatu otere amalembedwa m'dziko lathu: "Kasugamycin", "Fitolavin" ndi "Phytoplasmin". Ndalamazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino motsutsana ndi matenda, inu
amatchedwa mabakiteriya owopsa. Kuti muphatikize bwino, zingakhale zomveka kuchiza mbewuzo mutathira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi maantibayotiki otere ndikuwonjezera ma microflora opindulitsa m'nthaka. Komabe, ndizosatheka kuwonjezera ma microbiological agents ku chidebe chomwecho ku maantibayotiki komanso kuchita ndi chithandizo chimodzi chophatikizana. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kuchiza ndi mankhwala opha maantibayotiki, ndipo pakatha masiku 7-10, tsitsani zomera kapena kuthirira nthaka ndi mankhwala okhala ndi mabakiteriya amoyo. Komanso, ndizosatheka kuchiza ndi kukonzekera kwa microbiological panthawi imodzi kapena mutangomaliza kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi mankhwala okhala ndi mkuwa.
• Chithandizo pa nyengo yotentha masana masana.
Mabakiteriya ambiri omwe amapanga zinthu zachilengedwe, mothandizidwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, amafa kapena amachepetsa mphamvu ya moyo, makamaka kupanga zinthu zomwe zimagwira biologically - mahomoni, michere, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimapereka mankhwala othandiza. Pafupifupi opanga onse amalimbikitsa kukonzekera yankho logwira ntchito ndikukonza madzulo. Ngati mankhwalawa alowetsedwa m'nthaka, ndiye kuti tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mulingo wa dothi lapamwamba ndi kangala kapena kuphimba ndi mulch.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yachikale.
Njira iliyonse yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala oteteza zomera kapena feteleza sayenera kusungidwa kupitirira tsiku limodzi. Pankhani ya biologicals, nthawi yapakati imachepetsedwa kwambiri. Ndi bwino kuchita motere: kukonzekera kuchuluka kwa ntchito yothetsera - kuchitira chikhalidwe kapena nthaka.
• Mitundu yambiri yamadzimadzi yokonzekera isakanizidwe isanatsanulidwe kuchokera muzopaka zoyambirira mu chidebe chokonzekera.
Izi zikuwonetsedwa pazolemba zonse zamapaketi. Ngati simukusakaniza, simupeza zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeka kuchokera pakukonza.
• Kukonzekera njira yothetsera madzi a ayezi.
Nthawi zambiri, mankhwala amachepetsedwa m'madzi ozizira kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera pachitsime kapena chitsime). Izi zimapangitsa kuti yankho lisakhale lothandiza. Ndi bwino kukonzekera njira yothetsera ntchito m'madzi otentha (kapena kutentha).
• Kusatsatiridwa kwa mitengo yogwiritsira ntchito, kuchuluka kwafupipafupi ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito.
Mankhwala osokoneza bongo sagwiritsidwa ntchito momveka bwino pazolinga zawo. Olima ena, ngakhale akuwona mlingo wolondola, amanyalanyaza malangizo, omwe amapereka njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndi mitengo yamtengo wapatali. Mwa njira, ngati malangizowo sanaphatikizidwe ndi mankhwalawa (ayenera kukhala ovomerezeka pacholembera, mwinanso pa pepala losiyana, ndi font yayikulu), simungagule mankhwalawa. Ngati zigawo zake zapangidwa mophwanya malamulo (malangizo okhala ndi mitengo yamafuta ndizofunikira pakugulitsa zinthu zotetezedwa ndi feteleza zolembetsedwa), ndiye kuti palibe amene angatsimikizire kuti mankhwalawo adapangidwa.
• Chithandizo chanthawi yake kapena kusakwanira kwamankhwala.
Sizinthu zonse zoteteza zomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popewera, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zogwira mtima pamene vuto lichitika. Koma mukamagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri zamoyo (kupatulapo kukhudzana - motsutsana ndi tizilombo), maziko a njira ndi kupewa mwadongosolo.
- Ndani amapanga zinthu zachilengedwe ku Russia, kodi ntchitoyi yakhala ikuchitika kwanthawi yayitali bwanji? Ndani amayesa mphamvu zawo? Kodi mankhwalawa akupikisana pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi?
Russia ndiye mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi pakupanga zinthu zoteteza zomera, ndipo malo otsogola mbali iyi apambana ndi sayansi yapakhomo chifukwa cha chitukuko cha asayansi athu. Wodziwika bwino wasayansi waku Russia Ilya Mechnikov amatengedwa kuti ndi amene adayambitsa bio-direction muulimi, yemwe m'zaka za zana la 1940 adapanga kukonzekera koyamba kwachilengedwe padziko lapansi potengera bowa wa entomopathogenic (amaletsa tizilombo toyipa). Chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza njira, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kunathetsedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, ndipo kafukufuku wokhudza zinthu zamoyo zinayambikanso m'ma 60 okha. Kale pofika zaka za m'ma 300, zokonzekera zingapo zapakhomo zochokera ku mabakiteriya zidapangidwa nthawi imodzi (womwe ali ndi ufulu wawo tsopano ndi "Sibbiopharm"). Pambuyo pake, panthawiyo, kukonzekera bwino kwa matenda a zomera kudapangidwa pamaziko a mitundu yachilengedwe ya mabakiteriya ndi bowa-antagonists a phytopathogens. Mankhwala oyamba amalonda otengera bowa (opangidwa ndi All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR)) anali trichodermin, ndipo bakiteriya anali planriz. Mabungwe otsogola aku Soviet kenako aku Russia pazaulimi, microbiology ndi virology apanga pafupifupi mzere wonse wodziwika wazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimalowa m'malo mwa ma analogue amankhwala. Masiku ano, chifukwa cha symbiosis ya sayansi, bizinesi komanso, gawo lina, boma, zinthu zopitilira XNUMX zimalembetsedwa ku Russia, pomwe pali XNUMX okha padziko lapansi.
Opanga zazikulu zazinthu zachilengedwe ku Russia pakadali pano ndi makampani ofufuza ndi kupanga - kuphatikiza NVP "Bashinkom", nthambi za Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr", PO "Sibbiopharm", LLC "Biotechagro", SCHP "Niva" ndi GK. "Agrobiotechnology".
Kudera la Krasnodar Territory, kampani yokhayo yolembetsedwa yopanga zinthu zachilengedwe zoteteza zomera ndi LLC Biotehagro.
- Mukuwona bwanji dziko ndi ziyembekezo zamakampani opanga zinthu zachilengedwe mdziko lathu?
Pazonse, ndithudi, makampaniwa ali ndi mavuto ambiri: malamulo sanapangidwe ndipo njira zomwe zimatsimikizira ubwino wa mankhwala sizinakhazikitsidwe; palibe ma laboratories am'deralo omwe amayang'ana kukonzekera kwa mabakiteriya kuti akhale abwino komanso titer; udindo walamulo wa opanga mankhwala abwino kwambiri sakufotokozedwa; palibe ulamuliro wa boma pakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo.
Kulembetsa zinthu zachilengedwe ku Russia kumakhalabe ntchito yovuta komanso yokwera mtengo, yomwe imalepheretsa kwambiri chitukuko cha gawoli. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zaku Russia komanso kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa biopesticides ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa milingo yaku Europe ndi America.
Zambiri zikuyenera kuchitika malinga ndi zomwe asayansi apeza: ndikofunikira, makamaka, kuthetsa mavuto ndi nthawi yayitali yazachilengedwe komanso kusamvana kwawo ndi mvula.
Komabe, ndili ndi chidaliro kuti zovutazo zidzathetsedwa ndipo zolinga zomwe zakhazikitsidwa zidzakwaniritsidwa. Kuyambitsa njira za biologization si mafashoni, koma chofunikira pa nthawiyo, ndipo m'zaka zikubwerazi izi zidzakula.