Wachiwiri kwa Nduna ya Zaulimi Elena Fastova analankhula za kusintha kwakukulu kwa dongosolo la chithandizo cha boma ku gawo laulimi poyankhulana ndi Rossiyskaya Gazeta.
Poyambirira, kuchuluka kwa chithandizo chaboma ku gawo laulimi chaka chino kunali kochepa kuposa chaka chatha. Mwawonjeza zingati? Kodi ndi ndalama zingati zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pofesa?
Elena Fastova: Bajeti yoyamba ya 2023 inali ma ruble 445,8 biliyoni. Mpaka pano, takwanitsa kuonjezera ndalamazo pafupifupi 26,7 biliyoni rubles - mpaka 472,5 biliyoni rubles. Chifukwa chake, m'gawo loyamba tidawonjezera ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu zaulimi - ma ruble 4 biliyoni. Poganizira momwe zinthu zilili ndi mitengo yambewu, tidawonjezeranso zomwezo ku ma ruble 10 biliyoni omwe adakonzedwa. Kuwonjezeka kwa zilimbikitso zachikhalidwe ndi zolipirira zothandizira zidafika pafupifupi ma ruble 5,5 biliyoni poyerekeza ndi chaka chatha. Ndiko kuti, ndalama makamaka umalimbana mwachindunji thandizo la ulimi alimi. Ponena za nyengo yofesa, pakali pano, alimi apereka pafupifupi ma ruble 12 biliyoni kuti alipirire mtengo wa feteleza wamchere.
Kodi malire omwe aperekedwa pangongole zomwe amakonda azikwanira alimi? Kodi nthawi zambiri amathera pa chiyani?
Elena Fastova: Ngongole zokongoletsedwa ndi njira yodziwika kwambiri yothandizira. Chaka chilichonse timawonjezera malire pa iwo. Komabe, alimi akuda nkhawa kuti sakhala ndi ndalama zokwanira zoperekedwa. Poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyi mu 2022, tidakali m'malire amenewo. Ma ruble 19 biliyoni aperekedwa pangongole zazifupi. M'mwezi wa Meyi tidachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa dera lino, chifukwa alimi adatenga mwachangu ndalama zomwe zidaperekedwa poyambirira. Ngongole zamapulojekiti azachuma zikugwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri chaka chino: ngati chaka chatha ma ruble 2,8 biliyoni a zothandizira adaperekedwa kwa iwo nthawi yonseyi, ndiye chaka chino - kale ma ruble 5,5 biliyoni. Timamvetsetsa kuti chithandizo chamtunduwu ndi chofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa chake, ngati ndalama zosalipidwa zimatulutsidwa, nthawi yomweyo timawonjezera ndalama za ngongole zatsopano. Tikuyembekeza kuti tidzakhala ndi mwayi wowonjezera malire panthawi ya ntchito yokolola.
Ngongole zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (41%) polima mbewu. Mu ngongole zogulira chaka chino, kufunikira kwa ndalama zangongole zama projekiti okhudzana ndi kukonza kwaulimi kwakula kwambiri. Ndipo izi ndi zabwino, chifukwa tifunika kukulitsa mtengo wowonjezera mu gawo ili.
Ndi njira ziti zothandizira zomwe zingawoneke ngati zosavomerezeka pakati pa alimi? Kodi mungawaletse? Ndipo, kumbali ina, ndi chithandizo chanji chomwe mungayambitse?
Elena Fastova: Tilibe njira zothandizira zosavomerezeka: kuperekera ndalama pachaka ndi 99,9%. Koma zosintha zimakonzedwa. Tsopano pali zithandizo ziwiri - zolimbikitsa ndi zolipira. Kwenikweni, lingaliro lachilimbikitso cha subsidy linali kukulitsa kupanga. Koma masiku ano tapeza chakudya chokwanira m’madera onse, ndipo m’madera ena tadutsapo. Choncho, adaganiza kuti kuyambira chaka chamawa tidzaphatikiza zothandizira ziwirizi, kuchotsa zolimbikitsa. Ntchito yathu ndi kuteteza ndi kuthandizira kupanga, osati kulimbikitsa.
Chaka chatha, mtengo waulimi unakula kwambiri. Kodi thandizo la boma lidzakwaniritsa bwanji kukula kumeneku?
Elena Fastova: Ntchito yathu yayikulu sikulipiritsa ndalama za inflation, koma kusunga ulimi. Koma mutha kuwerengera zomwe thandizo la boma limapanga pamtengo wamtengo. Zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mafakitale. Malipiro apamwamba kwambiri amalandiridwa mu ulimi wa mkaka, komanso mbuzi ndi nkhosa - 8,7%. Ndipo, mwachitsanzo, popanga masamba, malipiro sali okwera kwambiri - mkati mwa 3%.
Chaka chino, ma ruble 472,5 biliyoni aperekedwa kale kuti athandizire zovuta zamakampani - ma ruble 26,7 biliyoni kuposa momwe adakonzera poyamba.
Posachedwapa, thandizo loyendetsa zinthu zaulimi lawonjezeka. Ndani adzalandira ndalamazi? Kodi pali mapulani owunikiranso zinthu zomwe zawonongekazi?
Elena Fastova: Chifukwa chakuti pakhala kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa ndalama zoyendera, ndipo tikufunika kutumiza njere kuchokera ku zokolola zambiri za 2022, taonjezera ndalama zogulitsira tirigu kuchokera ku 7 biliyoni kufika ku 11 biliyoni. Sabuside iyi imalandiridwa mwachindunji ndi opanga zaulimi. Ndi 25% ya ndalama zamtundu uliwonse wa zoyendera - njanji, nyanja, mtsinje, msewu. Palinso ndalama zothandizira mayendedwe anjira imodzi ku Russian Railways - kampaniyo imabwezeredwa 100%, ndipo wopanga zaulimi amasangalala ndi mtengo wapaulendo wonyamula tirigu, mbewu zamafuta, zinthu zopangidwa bwino kwambiri ndi nsomba. Apa tidaonjezeranso thandizo kuchokera ku 2,3 biliyoni yomwe idakonzedweratu mpaka ma ruble 6,3 biliyoni.
Kuyambira chaka chino, mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi anthu odzilemba okha atha kulandira thandizo la boma pakulima masamba ndi mbatata. Kodi mulingo wothandizira uwu ukufunidwa?
Elena Fastova: Ma ruble 2023 biliyoni aperekedwa ku pulogalamu yatsopano yolima masamba ndi mbatata mu 5. Izi ndizowirikiza kawiri zomwe zidaperekedwa m'derali mu 2022. Chaka chino, kwa nthawi yoyamba, ziwembu zaumwini ndi mafamu ang'onoang'ono adzalandira chithandizo choterocho. Mpaka pano, ma ruble 170 miliyoni aperekedwa pansi pa pulogalamuyi. Koma ndalama analandira ndi chipukuta misozi, ndipo tsopano kutseka mu masamba kukula. Choncho, tidzawona chithunzi chonse (kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa ndalamazi zomwe zinatengedwa ndi odzilemba okha ndi mafomu ang'onoang'ono) mu gawo lachitatu. Ndikukhulupirira kuti muyeso uwu wa chithandizo udzakhala wofunikira.
Chaka chapitacho, tidakuwuzani kuti zokolola zosakwana 10% mdziko muno zili ndi inshuwaransi. Kodi chasintha n’chiyani kuyambira pamenepo? Chifukwa chiyani pulogalamu ya inshuwaransi yaulimi sikufunika kwa alimi?
Elena Fastova: Tinayamba kuchokera pansi kwambiri - mu 2018 panalibe pafupifupi inshuwaransi yaulimi. Ndipo tidamaliza 2022 ndi 8,6%. Ndiye pali kukula. Kuyambira 2019, takhala tikukula chaka chilichonse ndi 1% pazaulimi omwe ali ndi inshuwaransi. Chaka chimenecho tinayambitsa mtundu watsopano wa inshuwaransi - motsutsana ndi ngozi zadzidzidzi, zomwe zidawonjezeranso chithandizo.
Pali zifukwa ziwiri zomwe zimachititsa kuti inshuwaransi yaulimi isakondedwe. M'mbuyomu, opanga zaulimi anali ndi zokumana nazo zoyipa: ngati adayika mbewu za inshuwaransi, nthawi zambiri samalandira chipukuta misozi. Choncho, tsopano n’kovuta kuwatsimikizira kuti zinthu zasintha. Ndipo chifukwa chachiwiri ndi Chirasha chathu mwina, pamene simukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama mukuyembekeza kuti zidzadutsa. Komabe, tili ndi madera omwe apereka inshuwaransi yopitilira 50% ya maekala awo. Izi ndi Tambov dera, Trans-Baikal Territory, Primorye. Anazindikira kuti popanda inshuwaransi mutha kutaya zokolola zanu zonse popanda kulandira chipukuta misozi.
Paulimi wa ziweto, zotsatira zake zimakhala zabwino kwambiri - pafupifupi ku Russia, 40% ya ziweto ndi inshuwalansi. Ndipo pali madera omwe chiwerengerochi chikuyandikira 100%. Oweta ziweto adziwa kale kuti zotayika zimalipidwa, palibe choopa, choncho amapita ku inshuwalansi. Ndikukhulupirira kuti kusintha kwachitikanso mu inshuwaransi ya mbewu. Malinga ndi zolosera zathu, mu 2023 tidzadutsa mlingo wa 9,5% wa madera omwe ali ndi inshuwalansi, ndipo chaka chamawa tidzayandikira 10%.
Kodi kulowetsa kunja kwa mapulogalamu akunja kumachitika bwanji?
Elena Fastova: Chaka chapitacho, komiti yamakampani ndi malo atatu odziwa ntchito zokolola, ulimi wa ziweto ndi kukonza zida zidapangidwa, ndipo mu 2023, malo achinayi a usodzi adawonekera. Ntchito yawo ndikuwunikira zinthu zamapulogalamu zomwe zimangotumizidwa kunja ndipo zimafunikira kusinthidwa. Ntchito zisanu ndi imodzi zofunika zasankhidwa kale ndikuvomerezedwa ndi komiti ya boma, ziwiri kumbali iliyonse. Mwa awa, atatu akugwira ntchito kale, awiri alandira ndalama za boma. Ntchitoyi ikuchitika, ndipo bizinesi ikuchita nawo mwachangu.