Sergey Banadysev, Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi, Mutu wa pulogalamu yobereketsa ya Doka-Gene Technologies LLC
Nkhaniyi ndi kachigawo kakang'ono kochokera ku S. Banadisev "Kusunga mbewu mbatata", yomwe idatulutsidwa pang'ono miyezi iwiri yapitayo.
Bukuli limafotokozera mwachidule ndikusanthula zidziwitso zapadziko lonse lapansi zokhudzana ndi maziko ndi malingaliro, ukadaulo wapamwamba komanso wolonjeza wosungira mbatata. Miyezo ndi mawonekedwe agwiritsidwe ntchito ka njira zosiyanasiyana zaumisiri ndi njira zowonetsetsa kuti chitetezo chazinthu chachikulu chikutsimikiziridwa. Malangizo pakuchotsa zovuta zakusungidwa amaperekedwa. Kuchita bwino kwachuma ndikubwezera ndalama muukadaulo wanthawi yayitali zasinthidwa.
Bukuli lidzakhala lothandiza kwa aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi ndi mutu wakukonzekera kusungidwa kwa mbatata. Monga momwe wolemba akunenera: "Kuzindikira kwamitu kwa akatswiri ndi akatswiri amakampani omwe amalima mbatata pazovuta zosungira ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwathunthu kuthekera kwamatekinoloje amakono kumapereka kuwonjezeka kwakukulu pamtundu wa mbatata zambewu komanso mulingo wa mbewu za mbatata."
Voliyumu ya bukuli ndi masamba 292.
Zamkatimu:
1.Physico-biological features ndi njira yosungira mbewu mbatata (mas. 6-69): kufunika kwa mtundu wa mbatata, mbatata monga chinthu chosungira, maziko ongosungira mbatata, zaka za mbewu.
2. Malo osungira ukadaulo wa mbatata ya mbewu (pp. 70-171): Kukonzekera mbewu zosungidwira, makina opumira mpweya, kuzizira kwamaluso, chinyezi ndi kutentha kwa mpweya, kuwongolera kumera ndi kumera, ntchito zoyambira zaukadaulo.
3. Kusunga bwino kwa mbatata (mas. 172-281): kuopsa ndikuwongolera zovuta zosungira, matenda ndi kuwonongeka kwa ma tubers posungira, ukhondo wosungira, mulingo wamatekinoloje osungira, chuma chosungira.
Zowonjezerapo kuziziritsa mpweya sikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito posungira mbatata. Mitengo ya mbatata, pogwiritsa ntchito kupuma ndi kutuluka kwadzidzidzi popuma, imapanga chinyezi chokwanira chamkati m'malo ophatikizana - 92-93%. Kuphatikiza apo, zisonyezerozi zimalembedwa mozama paphompho mphindi 7 mpaka 10 mpweya utatha, ndipo zimangosintha pang'ono mothandizidwa ndi chinyezi chamkati chanyumba yosungira (pakuya kwa 0,4-0,5 m pa kutentha yunifolomu kutalika kwa embankment). Chifukwa chake, titha kukambirana zodzilamulira pazokha pa nthawi yosungira mbatata.
Chifukwa chake, mukamagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wabwino, m'pofunika kulingalira za malowa osasokoneza zinthu zopumira kuti ziwonetse chilengedwe chawo, ndikuwonetsetsa kutetezedwa kuzowoneka zakunja ndikukhala ndi kutentha kwaukadaulo. Kupitiliza kupuma ndi mpweya wouma, kumene, kumabweretsa madzi osafunikira kuchokera ku ma tubers ndikuwonongeka kwa turgor (tsamba. chimodzi). Munthawi yonse yosungira, kupatula nthawi yoyanika, mpweya wabwino uyenera kuchitidwa pokhapokha ngati kuli kofunikira, mosamalitsa.
Gulu 1. Kutayika kwa madzi ndi tubers ya mbatata pamiyeso yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya wabwino ndi chinyezi chosiyanasiyana cha mpweya womwe wagwiritsidwa ntchito
Chinyezi chamlengalenga 90% | Chinyezi chamlengalenga 75% | |
35 | 0.047 | 0.097 |
70 | 0.093 | 0.192 |
105 | 0.138 | 0.286 |
Nthawi yosungira, pomwe sipafunika chinyezi chowonjezera ku tubers, ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi (Novembara mpaka Epulo). Awa ndi maola 4320. Pa ntchito zonse, nthawi yofunikira yopumira imakhala yopitilira maola 200. Ngakhale chiwerengerochi chikawonjezeka kawiri, zimapezeka kuti nthawi 90% yosungira imapuma, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi chinyezi chabwino komanso chabwino chomwe chimapangidwa ndi mbatata zokha. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale mutagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wouma mpweya wabwino, kuchepa thupi kumawonjezeka ndi 1%. Chinthu chachikulu ndikutenga magawo a mpweya kwa kanthawi kochepa.
Tiyeneranso kumvetsetsa kuti chinyezi cham'mlengalenga choposa 80% ndichabwino ndipo sichimayambitsa kutaya madzi kwa ma tubers okhala ndi mpweya wabwino kwakanthawi. Chinyezi cham'mlengalenga nthawi yosungira mbatata m'malo angapo a Russian Federation sichofunikira kwenikweni - 75-88% (tsamba. 2) ndipo ikufanana ndi chinyezi cha mpweya m'malo osungira ku Central Germany.
tebulo 2 . Avereji ya mwezi chinyezi cha mpweya,%
Chigawo | |||||||||
september | October | November | Disembala | january | February | kuguba | apulo | titha | |
Kaliningrad dera | 82 | 85 | 87 | 87 | 85 | 84 | 80 | 75 | 72 |
Leningrad dera. | 81 | 84 | 87 | 88 | 86 | 84 | 78 | 72 | 65 |
Dera la smolensk | 83 | 86 | 89 | 89 | 86 | 84 | 82 | 77 | 71 |
Dera la Moscow | 80 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 81 | 77 | 69 | 66 |
Dera la Bryansk | 77 | 83 | 88 | 88 | 86 | 84 | 82 | 73 | 66 |
Lipetsk dera | 71 | 80 | 86 | 87 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 72 | 60 |
Dera la Sverdlovsk. | 76 | 78 | 80 | 80 | 78 | 75 | 74 | 67 | 58 |
Pakati pa Germany. | 79 | 82 | 85 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 79 | 76 | 73 |
Nchifukwa chiyani kufananaku kuli? Chowonadi ndi chakuti akatswiri aku Germany pankhani yosunga mbatata amawawona ngati osayenera kugwiritsa ntchito chinyezi chowonjezera posunga tebulo komanso, mbatata zambewu. Ndipo samakambirana ngakhale mutu wa hydration. Ndi chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zilipo nyengo yomwe imalola kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wakunja wokhala ndi mpweya wokwanira wokwanira wama mpweya wabwino. Usiku, chinyezi chanyengo chanyengo yamasika ndi yophukira chimakwera ndi 20% poyerekeza ndi nthawi yamasana, m'nyengo yozizira, kutentha pang'ono - ndi 10% (tsamba. chimodzi).
Gulu 3. Chinyezi chamlengalenga masana nthawi yosungira mbatata,% (m'chigawo chapakati cha Germany)
Sep | Okutobala | Koma ine. | Disembala | Januwale | Feb. | March | Epulo | |
1 | 89 | 89 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 85 | 85 |
3 | 90 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 86 | 86 |
5 | 91 | 90 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 88 |
7 | 89 | 90 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 87 |
9 | 79 | 84 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 82 | 77 |
11 | 69 | 74 | 81 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 74 | 69 |
13 | 64 | 69 | 77 | 81 | 80 | 77 | 69 | 64 |
15 | 63 | 69 | 79 | 82 | 80 | 77 | 68 | 62 |
17 | 67 | 75 | 84 | 85 | 83 | 81 | 71 | 64 |
19 | 78 | 83 | 85 | 87 | 86 | 85 | 77 | 71 |
21 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 82 | 79 |
23 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 86 | 87 | 84 | 83 |
Mwayi wokhala ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri ku Germany upitilira 30%. kukula kwake kwakanthawi kwamasana ndi chinyezi cha mpweya 91-100% (tsamba 4)
Tebulo la 4. Kutheka kwa nthawi ndi chinyezi,% (m'chigawo chapakati cha Germany)
Chinyezi wachibale,% | Месяц | |||||||
Sep | Okutobala | Koma ine. | Disembala | Januwale | Feb. | Mar | Epulo | |
Mpaka 50 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 12 |
51-60 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 10 |
61-70 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 13 |
71-80 | 16 | 16 | 19 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 15 |
81-90 | 22 | 26 | 33 | 36 | 35 | 32 | 25 | 21 |
91-100 | 33 | 37 | 37 | 40 | 38 | 38 | 30 | 29 |
Palibe chidziwitso cholongosoka chotere pamadera a Russian Federation pagulu, koma matebulo asindikizidwa kuti aziwerengedwa masiku omwe chinyezi chimapitilira 80%. M'dera la Kaliningrad lomwe lili m'mphepete mwa nyanja munthawi yosungira, ziwerengerozi zili pakati pa 10-22, m'chigawo chachikulu cha Sverdlovsk - masiku 4-18 pamwezi (makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, osachepera mu Epulo-Meyi). Ndipo awa ndi avareji ya tsiku ndi tsiku, kusiyana pakati pa masana ndi usiku chinyezi chokwanira kumamveka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti poyang'anira kayendetsedwe kake ka CAB, zofunikira za chinyezi chamlengalenga ndizokwanira kupumira malo osungira mbatata.
Ngati, motsatsira kutsatsa kuchokera kwa omwe amapereka zida ndikuwunika izi, pakadali chikhumbo chokhazikitsa zonunkhira pakusungira mbatata, titha kungokulangizani kuti muphunzire mosamala zikhalidwe zakukula kwa matenda osungira ndikuyerekeza kuopsa kotaya gawo limodzi la kulemera ndikutaya mbewu.
Mulingo wa chinyezi mchipinda chosungira sayenera kuyambitsa mapangidwe amkati mwa mipanda komanso pamwamba pake. Mpweya wosungunuka uyenera kukhala ndi kutentha kutsika kwa kutentha kwazitsulo usanalowemo, kuti pasakhale condens. Kukonzekeretsa malo osungira zinthu zodzikongoletsera ku Russia kumabweretsa zotsatira zosakanikirana, chifukwa nthawi yachisanu kumakhala kutentha kotsika kwambiri kuposa ku Western Europe. Mwachitsanzo, kutentha kwa Januware ku Germany ndi -1,2о C, ndi m'chigawo cha Sverdlovsk -16,2оС. Pakakhala chinyezi chambiri komanso kutentha pang'ono, kapangidwe kake kosungira, mpweya wosungira kapena chinthu chomwecho nthawi zambiri chimazizira pansi pamame, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi azisungunuka. Kuwonongeka kwamadzimadzi kumakhala kopambana kuposa kulemera kwake. Chifukwa chake, kuwongolera malire okwanira kutsitsa mpweya ndi chinyezi, mame, kusinthasintha kutentha nthawi zonse muzogulitsa ndi kuzungulira kwake ndi zina mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakuwonjezera kusungira bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito chinyezi ndikofunikira posungira mbatata pamatenthedwe otentha, koma mulimonsemo, ndizololedwa kokha m'malo osungira osindikizidwa bwino omwe amatha kuwongolera kutentha kwapakati pa 0,5 ° C. Sikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chinyezi posungira mbatata ndi mbatata zambiri zomwe zili pachiwopsezo cha matenda.