Alexey Krasilnikov, wamkulu wa Potato Union
Kukolola kwakukulu, zokolola ndi malonda
Malinga ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi ku Russian Federation, pofika pa Novembara 13, 2020, mbatata m'mabizinesi aulimi (mafamu) adakololedwa kuchokera kudera la mahekitala 268,2, kapena 95,5% ya malo ofesedwa, matani 6,6 miliyoni. adakumbidwa ndi zokolola za 244 c / ha. Zotsatira zomaliza za kukolola m'dzikoli sizinafotokozedwe mwachidule, koma ndingaganize kuti zokolola sizingatheke kupitirira matani 7 miliyoni, motsutsana ndi matani 7,6 miliyoni chaka chatha.
Izi ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe, chifukwa malo obzala nyengoyi adachepetsedwa ndi mahekitala 20, ndipo zizindikiro zokolola m'madera ambiri zidachepa chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta panthawi ya kukula.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zimakhala zovuta kunena za madera omwe anakhudzidwa makamaka ndi masoka, chifukwa m'madera osiyanasiyana a dera lomwelo (mwachitsanzo, Krasnoyarsk Territory kapena Moscow Region), makamaka nyengo zosiyanasiyana zimatha. kuwonedwa mu nyengo yonse.
Kumbukirani kuti chilala choopsa chinachitika ku Urals ndi Western Siberia chilimwechi, madera angapo adalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma ladzidzidzi m'madera ena, koma atatha kufotokoza mwachidule zotsatira zokolola, adawona kuti nyengo yotsiriza inali yabwino: kusowa koonekeratu. m’mafamu ena m’chigawocho analipidwa ndi chipambano cha ena.
Ubwino wa mbewu zomwe zapezedwa, poganizira zovuta zomwe zalembedwa panyengo yakukula, zitha kuonedwa ngati zokhutiritsa. Ndikuganiza kuti mbatata yokolola nthawi zambiri ipulumuka nthawi yosungidwa bwino.
Ngakhale koyambilira kwa autumn, zinthu zidadziwika zomwe zidadzetsa nkhawa pakati pa agrarians: mwachitsanzo, opanga angapo ku Central Russia ndi dera la Volga adalemba kuti nyengo ino, pakati pa nyengo komanso mochedwa mitundu ya mbatata sinathe kupanga peel. nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake nthawi yokolola iyenera kusinthidwa.
Payokha, ndikofunikira kukhudza msika wambatata mu 2020. Ngakhale kuti mabizinesi azaulimi mdziko muno chaka chino adalimbana ndi zotsatira za nyengo zosiyanasiyana, zotsatira za ntchito zidakhala zofanana, mwina m'modzi. chinthu: mbatata idakula yaying'ono kuposa masiku onse (gawo lalikulu la mbewu - ma tubers osakwana 55 mm m'mimba mwake). Chifukwa cha izi, mabizinesi aulimi omwe amagulitsa zinthu kumisika yamakontrakitala amakumana ndi ziwopsezo zoletsa mapangano ndikulipira chindapusa, komanso unyolo wokhala ndi kusowa kwa mbatata, popeza panalibe chinthu chomwe chili ndi magawo wamba pamsika. Potato Union idakwanitsa kuchepetsa vutoli ndipo, pakukambirana, adagwirizana ndi maunyolo ogulitsa kuti akonzenso njira zopangira zinthu: zofunikira za kukula zidachepetsedwa (m'magawo osiyanasiyana, malire awo adakhazikitsidwa, kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri " pansi"). Posachedwapa, Sergey Belyakov, Wapampando wa Presidium wa Association of Retail Companies (AKORT), adanena kuti nkhaniyi ikhoza kuwonedwa ngati chitsanzo chodziwika bwino chakuti maunyolo ndi opanga, kuphatikizapo mothandizidwa ndi Potato Union, amatha gwirizanani ndikupeza mayankho opindulitsa onse awiri.
Kuyenda mmwamba
Kutsika kwa zokolola, monga lamulo, kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa mitengo pamsika. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mu nyengo yamakono, mbatata ikuwonjezera molimba mtima ndi sabata yatsopano. Pakadali pano, m'madera onse a dzikolo, mitengo ya mbatata yapa tebulo ili pafupifupi 50-60% kuposa chaka chatha.
Madera | mtengo wapakati | Kukula kwapachaka,% |
---|---|---|
Belgorodskaya | 15 | 66.67 |
Bryansk | 16 | 100 |
Volgograd | 15 | 50 |
Voronezh | 16 | 77.78 |
dera Krasnodar | 15 | 50 |
Leningradskaya | 16 | 60 |
Moscow | 16 | 60 |
Novosibirsk | 15 | 50 |
Republic of Tatarstan | 15 | 50 |
Rostov | 15 | 50 |
Samara | 15 | 66.67 |
Saratov | 15 | 50 |
Stavropol Territory | 15 | 66.67 |
Tula | 15 | 50 |
Tyumen | 16 | 77.78 |
Kukwera kwamitengo kumatsimikizira kuti pali kuchepa kwazinthu pamsika (mbatata zogulitsidwa ndi mitundu yazokonza). Ngakhale, palibe chovuta mu izi, ndipo mtengo wa ogula ndi pafupifupi makilogalamu 60-80 pachaka udzawonjezeka ndi zosaposa 300-500 rubles pa nyengo.
N’zovuta kulosera mmene zinthu zidzakhalire m’tsogolo. Ndikukhulupirira kuti palibe zofunikira kuti zitheke, koma kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono, poganizira kukula kwa ndalama zosiyanasiyana, zidzapitirira mpaka June-July chaka chamawa.
Tengani zinthu moganizira kwambiri mbewu
Kutha kwa chaka ndi nthawi yabwino yogula mbewu zokolola. Makamaka ngati nkhaniyi iyenera kuperekedwa kuchokera kunja.
Kugwa uku, tikuwona kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito za alimi aku Russia pakupeza zinthu zoyambira (microplants, minitubers) - izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi pafupifupi makampani onse aku Europe obereketsa ndi mbewu omwe akugwira ntchito pamsika wathu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, gawo lalikulu lazinthu zotere, za oyambitsa osiyanasiyana, adapangidwa kuchokera ku ma laboratories aku Scotland, omwe atsimikizira kuti ali ndi ziyeneretso zapamwamba kwambiri pagawoli.
Ndipo mawu ena ochepa okhudza pulogalamuyi. Bungwe la Potato Union linanena kuti Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi Unduna wa Zamaphunziro ndi Sayansi ukhazikitse bungwe la Inter-Coordination Council kuti akwaniritse pulogalamu ya FNTP ndikupatsa bungweli udindo wolumikizana pakati pa olima ulimi ndi sayansi. Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri a Union awona, masiku ano ndizovuta kwambiri kumvetsetsa momwe kulumikizana kwamakampani opanga mbewu ndi malo obereketsa asayansi / obereketsa (omwe amapatsidwa ntchito za pulogalamuyi) amachitikira, komanso madera omwe ali. ndalama zoperekedwa ku federal ndi zigawo. Makamaka, mobwerezabwereza tayang'ana chidwi cha akuluakulu aboma ndi asayansi ponena kuti dziko lilibe mitundu ya mbatata yakunyumba yoyenera kukonzedwa, koma sitinalandire zambiri za momwe ntchito ikugwiritsidwira ntchito motere.
Kusaka ntchito manja
Mu Epulo 2020, othawa kwawo atachoka ku Russia, gawo laulimi lidakumana ndi vuto lalikulu la anthu ogwira ntchito. Malinga ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi wa Chitaganya cha Russia, makampaniwa analibe antchito pafupifupi 23. Mwinamwake, manambala enieni ndi apamwamba kwambiri.
Pachikhalidwe, pali zopempha za mbewu za mbatata zobereketsa kwambiri ku Europe. Ndikuwona kuti kumapeto kwa Okutobala, zokambirana zidachitika pakati pa wapampando wa Potato Union Sergei Lupekhin ndi wachiwiri kwa Rosselkhoznadzor Yulia Shvabauskene, pomwe zidanenedwa kuti, motsutsana ndi maziko oletsa zoletsa ndi COVID-19, Kutumiza kwa mbatata kuchokera kumayiko a EU munyengo yapano kudzaloledwa popanda kuwongolera kutumizidwa ndi oyang'anira dipatimenti pamalo opangira. Magulu a mbatata amaloledwa kutengera kufunsira kwamakampani omwe amalowetsa kunja mu dongosolo la ARGUS-FITO, ndipo chitetezo chawo cha phytosanitary chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi zitsimikiziro za mabungwe adziko kuti akhale kwaokha komanso kuteteza mbewu ku European Union - malinga ndi maere. Pakali pano, kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira yophweka yotereyi ndi njira yabwino komanso yofunikira.
Tikuyembekeza kuti posachedwa onse oimira msika azitha kuwonetsetsa kuti dongosololi likuyenda bwino: tili ndi pempho loti tipereke mbatata kuchokera ku Finland, dziko lino lapereka maere (magawo ang'onoang'ono: pafupifupi matani 400) , tikuyembekezera chigamulo cha Rosselkhoznadzor Central Office ... Tikukhulupirira kuti kutumizidwa kwa mbewu kuchokera ku European Union munyengo yapano kudzakhala matani 8-9.
Koma mutu wa kuitanitsa mbatata ya tebulo, ndikuganiza, sudzakhala yoyenera kwambiri nyengo ino. Pankhani ya kutsika kwa ruble, zinthu zochokera ku Egypt, Israel, Morocco sizidzatha kupikisana kwambiri ndi zapakhomo. Mwachidziwikire, maikowa adzakhala okonda kwambiri misika ya EU (makamaka popeza zidziwitso zotsutsana kwambiri zimalandiridwa za kuchuluka kwa mbatata ku Europe).
Kutumiza kunja
Nyengo yatha, Ukraine mosayembekezereka idakhala m'modzi mwa ogula akuluakulu a mbatata zaku Russia. Chaka chino, oimira makampani olima mbatata m'dziko lino adanena mobwerezabwereza kuti akuyembekeza kukolola bwino ndipo sangasinthe zinthu zomwe zimachokera kunja. Koma tsopano tikulandira chidziwitso chakuti mitengo ya mbatata ndi masamba a borsch yakwera kwambiri ku Ukraine, ndipo ichi ndi chizindikiro cha zinthu zomwe sizili bwino pamsika wapakhomo.
Kuperewera kwa mbatata pamsika wapakhomo kumawonedwanso ku Moldova.
Komabe, ndikuthekera kwakukulu nditha kuganiza kuti dziko la Russia silingathe kupitiliza kutumiza mbatata kumayiko awa nyengo ino m'mavoliyumu omwewo monga chaka chatha. Ngakhale pang'ono pang'ono - mwachindunji kapena kupyolera mu Belarus - ndithudi idzakhalapo.
Tsopano za Belarus. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za boma, Republic yalandira zokolola zabwino za mbatata. Nthawi yomweyo, tikudziwa kuchokera kumakampani opanga mbatata kuti pali kuchepa kwa mbewu ndi zopangira (m'gawo la mitundu yopangira mafakitale) mdziko muno.
Kupanga njira zolumikizirana zotheka popereka mbatata pakati pa Russia ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo, sindingakukumbutseni kuti kuwunika kokhala kwaokha komwe kumapangidwa ndi boma lililonse motsatira malamulo ake ndizovuta kwambiri panjirayi. Tsoka ilo, zinthu za phytosanitary padziko lapansi zikuchulukirachulukira chaka ndi chaka, ndipo dziko lililonse likuyesera kuteteza gawo lake kuzinthu zoyika kwaokha. Nthawi yomweyo, bizinesi imawonongeka. Monga momwe m'modzi mwa mamembala a Potato Union akunenera, chifukwa cha kuchedwa kwamitundu yonse komanso kuchedwa kwa boma kumalire, kampani yake imataya pafupifupi matani 1,5 a mbatata pachaka.
Njira yomwe ingakwaniritsidwe pakuwongolera zofunikira ingakhale kukhazikitsidwa kwa Mgwirizano wa Mgwirizano pazagawidwe kazakudya, zomwe zidakonzedwanso mu 2016. Tsopano m'dziko lathu lamulo la kuvomereza kwake likukonzedwa.
Zikuganiziridwa kuti kuwonjezera ku Russia, mgwirizanowo udzasainidwa ndi Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan ndi Uzbekistan. Zambiri pazolemba za chikalatacho zitha kupezeka patsamba la regulation.gov.ru.
Kulumikizana ndi sayansi
Mu Novembala, Unduna wa Zamaphunziro ndi Sayansi waku Russia udafotokoza mwachidule zotsatira zakusankhira kotsatira kwa mapulogalamu opanga ndi kukonza malo obereketsa mbewu. Pamsonkhano wa Interdepartmental Council, mndandanda wa mabungwe a 15 adavomerezedwa, pamaziko omwe malo osankhidwa ndi odzala mbewu m'madera 9 adzakhazikitsidwa. Ndi chigamulo cha khonsolo, chitukuko cha mayendedwe a Mbatata chidzaperekedwa ku Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center ya Russian Academy of Sciences.
Zofunikira zosankhidwa zinali maziko asayansi a bungweli, kupezeka kwazinthu zasayansi ndiukadaulo, kuthekera kwakukulu kwa anthu (kuphatikiza kukhalapo kwa asayansi achichepere mu timu), chidziwitso chamgwirizano ndi mabizinesi mu gawo lenileni lazachuma komanso zopereka. pakukhazikitsa Chiphunzitso cha Chitetezo cha Chakudya.
Kuchokera pakuwona kwa Potato Union, kutsegulidwa kwa bungwe lina lofufuza ndi kupanga m'dzikolo likhoza kulandiridwa. Tikukhulupirira kuti malo atsopano obereketsa ndi mbewu achita bwino kwambiri ndikuthandizira kwambiri pakukhazikitsa ntchito zamagulu ang'onoang'ono a Federal Scientific and Technical Program for Development of Agriculture for 2017-2025.
Potato Union idatenga nawo gawo pakufufuza mayankho omwe angathe, adakweza mutuwu pamasamba osiyanasiyana, koma vutoli ndi lofunikira mpaka pano. Kukolola kwatha, koma mafamu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito manja pokonzekera kugulitsa mbatata ndi ndiwo zamasamba.
Padziko lonse lapansi, pali kusaka kwa ogwira ntchito m'dzikoli: anthu amakopeka kuchoka ku malo omanga, akuyesera kuitana kuchokera kumadera ena komanso ochokera kunja (Uzbekistan ndi wokonzeka kuyankha zopempha). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, njira yaikulu yokopa antchito ndikuwonjezera malipiro awo. Mwa njira, kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama m'derali ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa za kukula kwa mtengo wa mbatata ndi ndiwo zamasamba nyengo ino.
Far East
Mu chaka chonse cha 2020, aboma akuyang'ana kwambiri pakuperekedwa kwa mbatata ndi ndiwo zamasamba kumadera a Far East. Pakali pano, zinthu kumeneko ndi yodziwika ngati khola.
Malinga ndi zotsatira zoyambilira za nyengoyi, zokolola zabwino za mbatata zidapezedwa ku Primorye: kuchuluka kwa zokolola zonse ndi matani 25-30 kuposa zotsatira za chaka chatha. 30% ya ndalama zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa zimasungidwa. Malingana ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndalamazi ndizokwanira kupereka anthu onse a m'deralo nthawi yachisanu.
Mitengo yogulitsa mbatata ku Russia, deta ya Potato Union kuyambira 06.11.2020/XNUMX/XNUMX, rubles / kg
Kuphatikiza apo, Far East amalandira zokolola kuchokera ku zigawo za federal za Ural ndi Siberia (opereka ndalama amalipidwa pamtengo wa mayendedwe a njanji). Ngakhale oimira mbali ya alendowo akufuna kusamutsa ndalama zothandizira madera akumaloko, zoyendera zamsewu zazinthu zaulimi.
Kudikirira nyengo yatsopano
Nyengo ya 2020/21 ya alimi a mbatata ndi masamba a borsch ikukula bwino kuposa ambiri am'mbuyomu. Zoonadi, mlingo wa zokolola za 2010 sizingatheke, koma mtengo wamtengo wapatali udakali wolimbikitsa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akufuna kuchita nawo kulima mbatata, kotero mu 2021 titha kuyembekezera kuwonjezeka kwa dera la mbewuyi, zomwe zatsimikiziridwa kale ndi kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mbewu zapamwamba kwambiri.
Dziwani kuti izi zikugwirizana ndendende ndi zofuna za Unduna wa Zaulimi ku Russia: pamisonkhano ina ya Novembala, dipatimentiyo idalimbikitsa kuti olima mbewu aziwonjezera zokolola m'madera onse ndi 5%.
Ndizotheka kuti mu nyengo yatsopano dera lomwe laperekedwa kuti limere mitundu ya mbatata yakunyumba lidzakwera kwambiri, chifukwa 70% ya ndalama zogulira mbewu zopangira zosankhidwa zapakhomo zidzalipidwa kuchokera ku bajeti ya federal. Sindikutsimikiza kuti opanga akuluakulu omwe ali okhazikika popereka zinthu kumaketani ogulitsa adzakhala okonzeka kukonzanso mwachangu, koma kwa mafamu ang'onoang'ono iyi ndi nkhani yosangalatsa.
Ndipo tikukhulupirira kuti gawo lokonzekera lipitilira kukula. Ngakhale pali mavuto onse obwera chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zotsekera anthu, kutsekedwa kwa malo odyera, ndi zina zambiri, njira iyi imakhalabe yofunika kwambiri pamsika. Tikuwona kuti m'zaka zaposachedwa, opanga zaulimi ambiri ayamikira ubwino wolumikizana ndi mabizinesi okonza zinthu ndipo ali okonzeka kugwirizananso kopindulitsa.
Padziko lonse lapansi, ndikosavuta kuweruza ziyembekezo zakukonzedwa ndi mafakitale ogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, tengani tirigu kapena mpendadzuwa. Boma lero likuuza mwachindunji opanga omwe akugwira ntchito m'maderawa kuti silingalimbikitse kugulitsa zinthu zopangira (tirigu, mbewu) kunja, zomwe zidzaperekedwa patsogolo kugulitsa katundu wopangidwa mozama. Zachidziwikire, izi sizikukhudzana ndi malonda a mbatata: kuchuluka kwa mbatata zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja sizokulirapo ndipo sizikhudza kwambiri msika wapakhomo. Koma mchitidwewu ndi wofunika kuusamalira.