Kupanga ndi kusunga mawonekedwe abwino a zikopa za tuber pakasungidwa nthawi yayitali ndikofunikira kuti pakhale phindu lalikulu pamsika wa mbatata, chifukwa malonda amakono ang'onoang'ono ndi mbatata zotsukidwa ndi zopakidwa. Kusawoneka bwino kapena kusafanana kwa khungu ndi vuto lalikulu komanso lokwera mtengo kwambiri kwamakampani chifukwa cholephera kugula kapena kutsitsa mtundu wa mbatata. Kumene, pali mavuto ena khungu kugwirizana ndi mawonetseredwe a chiwerengero cha matenda ndi zokhudza thupi matenda (ukonde, greening, overgrown mphodza, ming'alu, mawotchi kuwonongeka), koma nkhaniyi idzangokhudza mwachindunji khungu lachilengedwe ndi mwayi wowongolera. chikhalidwe chake.
M'mabuku apadera, khungu kapena minyewa yakunja ya tuber ya mbatata imatchedwa periderm. The periderm ndi chitetezo chosanjikiza cha maselo omwe amachepetsa kutaya kwa madzi kuchokera ku maselo apansi a parenchyma ndipo amapereka chitetezo ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Periderm imakhala ndi mitundu itatu ya maselo: phellem (cork), phellogen (cork cambium), ndi phelloderm (mkuyu 1). Mawu akuti "rind" nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza periderm yonse, ndipo nthawi zina phellem yokha.
Phellem kapena cork ndi minofu yakunja ya periderm yomwe imakana kutaya madzi, imakhala ndi mphamvu zamakina ndipo imakhala ngati chotchinga chothandiza ku mabakiteriya a pathogenic ndi bowa. Ma cell a phellem amakhala pafupifupi "njerwa" mu mawonekedwe, mwamphamvu moyandikana wina ndi mnzake popanda mipata yolumikizana. Periderm wamba wamba wamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi magawo 7-18 okhala ndi makulidwe a ma microns 100-200. Mwa fluorescence ndi kudetsa ndi utoto monga berberine, phellem imawoneka mosavuta kukhala yolemera mu suberin, ndipo izi zimasiyanitsa bwino maselo a phellem kuchokera ku maselo apansi. Suberin ndi hydrophobic polima yopangidwa ndi phenolic ndi aliphatic mankhwala olumikizana ndi glycerol ndipo amapezeka pakati pa khoma loyambirira ndi plasmalemma. Maselo a subberated amadzazidwa ndi mpweya ndipo motero amapereka kutentha kwa kutentha, makoma a subberated amalepheretsa kuukira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (makina ndi mankhwala), ndipo ma depositi a sera omwe amaikidwa mu suberin amalepheretsa kuti minofu yamkati isawume.
Kuphatikiza pa suberin, mbatata tuber periderm ili ndi mankhwala ena ambiri oteteza okhala ndi antioxidant, antibacterial, and insecticidal properties. Zinthu izi zitha kukhala zapakatikati mu suberin biosynthesis kapena ma metabolites odziteteza okha. Ma metabolites amaphatikizapo phula, ma saturated ndi unsaturated fatty acids, saturated dicarboxylic acids, monoacylglycerols, 1-alkanols, n-alkanes, sterols ndi polyphenols, quinic acid, phenolicamines, phenolic acids, flavonoid glycoalneploids, solanineploids, solatriose ndi ena), saponins, polyamines (putrescine, spermine ndi spermidine zotumphukira), komanso methylprotodioscin ndi protodioscin.
Mapangidwe achilengedwe (wamba) peel peel amachitika mu magawo atatu: 1- periderm initiation - cambial phellogen imapangidwa ndi kusiyanitsa kwa maselo a subepidermal; 2-kukula kwa periderm wakhanda - yogwira phellogen imawonjezera zigawo zambiri za khungu ku tuber yomwe ikukula; fissile phellogen ndi yofooka ndipo imatha kusweka, zomwe zingayambitse kupatukana kwa khungu kuchokera kumtunda wa tuber zamkati ndi vuto lamtengo wapatali lopanga kuwonongeka kwa khungu; 3- kusasitsa kwa periderm - tuber imasiya kukula kumapeto kwa nyengo yakukula, maselo atsopano a khungu sakufunika, ndipo phellogen imakhala yosagwira ntchito. Chotsatira chake, zigawo za periderm zimamatira kwambiri ku zamkati za tuber (parenchyma) mu njira yotchedwa kuyika, kukhwima, kukhazikika kwa peel (mkuyu 2).
Mbatata tuber ndi tsinde losinthidwa lomwe limayamba kusiyanitsa ngati internode yotupa pafupi ndi mphukira ya apical ya stolon. Mbali yakunja ya stolon ndi epidermis, yomwe ili ndi stomata yobalalika. Ngakhale kuti tuber ikadali yaying'ono kwambiri, epidermis yasinthidwa kale ndi periderm, yomwe imayambira kumapeto kwa tsinde la tuber yomwe ikukula ndipo posakhalitsa imafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Periderm imakhala yokwanira pamene tuber ifika kukula kwa nandolo. Pamene periderm ikukula, maselo omwe ali pansi pa malo a stomata amagawanitsa mwachangu ndikupanga lenticels. Pa kukula kwa tuber ndi kukula kwa periderm, phellogen ndi yogwira lateral meristem. Maselo a phellogen amagawaniza ndipo maselo atsopano omwe ali kunja kwa tuber amakhala maselo a phellome. Kupanga ma cell a phellem ndi phellogen ndi kutayika kwa ma cell a phellem mwa kutulutsa pa tuber pamwamba kumakhala kofanana ndi kukula kwa tuber. Phelloderma imachokera ku phellogen.
Magawo a mtanda adadetsedwa ndi hematoxylin ndipo amawonedwa pansi pa maikulosikopu (pagulu lakumanzere) ndi microscope ya ultraviolet (gawo lakumanja, maziko akuda) kuti aphunzire kapangidwe ka minofu ndi ma cell cell, komanso autofluorescence ya makoma a cell suberized, motsatana. (A) Periderm initiation-maselo a Subepidermal amasiyana mosiyana kuti apange phellogen (Phg) oyambirira (ozungulira), omwe motsatizana amapanga fellemcelles (maselo oyera). (B) Kukula kwa epidermal - phellogen imakhalabe yogwira ntchito ndikuwonjezera ma cell (Ph) ku tuber yomwe ikukulirakulira. Chithunzi chokulitsidwa (kukulitsa nthawi 2,5) chikuwonetsa ma cell ogawanika pakati pa maselo awiri (mivi yofiira). Selo nembanemba sachedwa kuwonongeka, zomwe zimabweretsa kulekana kwa mwana peel kuchokera pamwamba pa tuber. (C) Kukhwima kwa Periderm-pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa masamba kapena senescence ya zomera, kukula kwa tuber kumasiya, selo phellogen imasiya kugawanitsa, ndipo njira yokhazikika imayambitsa. Chigawo cha phellogen sichidziwika pa msinkhu wa kusasitsa. Olamulira amtundu: 200 µm.
Ndi chosakwanira mapangidwe a mbatata peel, ndi kuonongeka (olekanitsidwa) ndi makina kukhudzana ndi matupi ntchito makina, miyala, apezeka, kugwa tubers, etc. Izi kuvulala kuchiritsa chifukwa mapangidwe bala periderm (chithunzi 3). Native ndi bala periderms ofanana mawu a minofu chiyambi, kapangidwe ndi morphology, koma amasiyana m`kati machulukitsidwe ndi zikuchokera pectin ndi anthocyanin. Kuonjezera apo, suberin ya periderm ya bala imakhala yolemera mu waxy alkyl ferulates ndipo imalowa m'madzi. Pakadutsa masiku 1-3, malo otchinga amapangidwa pamalo owonongeka, pomwe makoma a tuber parenchyma amakumana ndi lignification/suberization. Patsiku lachitatu, zoyamba za phellogen zimawonekera, ndipo mizati ya maselo atsopano a phellema ikuwonekera bwino pansi pa chophimba. Kuyambira tsiku la 3, phellem yomwe yangopangidwa kumene imadutsa pansi kuchokera ku zigawo zakunja mkati, ndipo pa tsiku la 4, zigawo za phellem zimakhala zophwanyidwa ndikuphatikizidwa, zomwe zimasonyeza kusasitsa kwa periderm ya bala.
Kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa milingo ya auxin ndi lipid hydroxyperoxide mphindi 20-30 pambuyo povulala kumayambitsa zochitika za cytological zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale periderm ya bala. Miyezo ya abscisic acid, ethylene, ndi jasmonic acid imawonjezekanso kwakanthawi pambuyo povulala komanso mapangidwe a periderm asanayambe. Mabala opangidwa ndi periderm amapangidwa mofulumira kwambiri pa 20-25 ° C, amachedwa pa kutentha kwapansi (10-15 ° C), zoletsedwa pa kutentha pamwamba pa 35 ° C, pa O.2 zosakwana 1% ndi kutentha 15°C kapena kupitirira apo. Kusakanikirana kwa kutentha, mpweya wa okosijeni ndi chinyezi chapafupi kuyenera kukonzedwa bwino kuti thupi likhale lolimba la ma tubers kuti atseke minofu yomwe ili mkati mwake mwamsanga ndi kuteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kulowa ndi kutaya madzi.
Khungu lolephera kukula komwe kumapangitsa kuti mitundu yosalala ikhale yofiirira (Chithunzi 3B) nthawi zambiri imakhala chifukwa cha kukula kwabwino. Kusokonezeka kwa thupi kumeneku sikumayambitsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mtundu wofiira wofiira ukhoza kukhala chikhalidwe cha chibadwa, monga mu American wotchuka zosiyanasiyana Russet Burbank. Ma tubers okhala ndi khungu lofiira-bulauni amakhala ndi tsinde lakuda kuposa mbatata yokhala ndi khungu losalala, ndipo kwa mitundu yaukadaulo iyi ndi gawo lothandiza, popeza khungu lolimba, kuwonongeka kochepa kwamkati kwa ma tubers, kumapangitsa kuti mbewuyo igulitsidwe. . Zonal kumanga-mmwamba zigawo za phellem maselo kungakhale chifukwa cha kuchuluka phellogen ntchito chifukwa cha, mwachitsanzo, mkulu kutentha nthaka kapena amphamvu adhesion wa moyandikana phellem maselo kuti musakhale flake pa tuber chitukuko. Izi zitha kukhalanso chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa suberization kapena kuchuluka kwa pectin ndi hemicellulose. Pamene tuber imakula panthawi ya chitukuko, khungu lakuda limaphwanyika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofiira kapena zofiira.
Ma algorithms ndi zotsatira za mapangidwe a peel ya mbatata mumitundu yosiyanasiyana amasiyana kwambiri. Mapangidwe a periderm wamba ndi ovulazidwa adaphunzira kwazaka zambiri ndipo chidwi chachikulu chaperekedwa ku chikhalidwe cha suberization ya phellem cell wall, i.e. njira yomwe imapatsa periderm katundu wake woyamba woteteza. M'zaka khumi zapitazi, mbali za majini za kapangidwe ka khungu zakhala zikufufuzidwa mwachangu, magwero a chibadwa cha khungu linalake, ndi machitidwe ambiri adziwika. Kupita patsogolo kwapangidwa posintha mtundu wa khungu la mitundu yodziwika ya mbatata poyambitsa jini yoyenera. Komabe, palibe kumvetsetsa kwenikweni kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe komanso kuthekera kowongolera kutsegulira kwa maselo a phellogen kuti apange mapangidwe akhungu a tuber pakukula kapena kuwonongeka kwamakina komanso kusagwira ntchito kwa maselo omwewo panthawi yakukhwima kwa tuber komanso komaliza kwa khungu. Periderm yosakhwima imakhala ndi gawo logawika la phellogen, ndipo periderm yokhwima (mbatata yomwe imasungidwa) imakhalanso ndi gawo la phellogen, koma imakhala yosagwira ntchito ndipo sipanga maselo atsopano a cork.
Mkhalidwe wa peel ya mbatata ukhoza kuwunikidwa mowonekera komanso ndi njira zowongolera zida. Ma laboratories ambiri opanga tsopano amagwiritsa ntchito ma chart apamwamba kuti athandize ogwira ntchito kuwunika momwe tuber alili motsutsana ndi magulu omwe adakonzedweratu. (Chitsanzo cha chithunzi chotere chili pa chithunzi 4).
Ma chart apamwamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa ndi otsika mtengo kupanga (ndipo nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa ndi kasitomala) ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa ogwira ntchito yowongolera zinthu mwachangu komanso mosavuta. Komabe, mavoti omwe munthu amapereka potengera momwe amawonera amakhala okhazikika komanso olakwika. Chifukwa chake, m'zaka zaposachedwa, ma scanner owoneka adayambitsidwa mwachangu pakuwunika mawonekedwe a ma tubers, momwe peel alili. Kusankha kwa Optical kumakhala kopindulitsa kwambiri, mpaka matani 100 pa ola limodzi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino (24/7) molingana ndi njira zomwe sizimakanidwa. Dera laukadaulo ili likupita patsogolo mwachangu. Ngati zaka 5 zapitazo kuthekera kwake kunali kocheperako pakuwunika mbatata zotsuka ndi magawo 3-4, pakadali pano zida zosinthira zowonera 7-8 magawo a mbatata osasambitsidwa zikupangidwa mochuluka (chithunzi 5). Pali kale kupita patsogolo mu kuwala kupanga sikani za subcutaneous, mkati zolakwika mu mbatata.
Kuti muwone momwe peel ilili, ma serial gloss metres angagwiritsidwenso ntchito (chithunzi 6). Khungu lonyezimira limawonetsa kuwala kochulukirapo, kotero kusiyana pakati pa mitundu kapena magulu a mbatata okhala ndi khungu losiyana kumayesedwa pa digito. Panali kuyesa kupanga zida zapadera za mbatata, koma izi sizinapangitse kupanga kwakukulu.
Zinthu zofunika kwambiri za agrotechnical zomwe zimakhudza komanso zimatha kusintha mkhalidwe wa khungu la mbatata zimaphatikizapo cultivar, kapangidwe ka nthaka, kubzala mozama, zakudya, kutentha kwa nthaka, kusowa kwa madzi, kuthirira madzi, kutalika kwa nyengo yakukula ndi nthawi ya chithandizo pambuyo posungira.
Mkhalidwe wa khungu ndi wosiyana kwambiri mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu kumadziwika bwino m'makampani opanga ma CD ndi maunyolo ogulitsa, koma mawonekedwe amtundu wamtundu wamtunduwu siwofanana mokwanira. Makampani obereketsa amagwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana pofotokoza zikopa za cultivar. Poyamba, iwo makamaka anasonyeza mtundu, kuya kwa maso ndi kusalala - reticulation wa peel. Posachedwapa, mawu oti "khungu lomaliza" lafala kwambiri, koma njira zowonetsera milingo ya chizindikiro ichi "osauka - avareji - chabwino - chabwino" sichinasindikizidwe. Zotsatira zake, mkhalidwe weniweni wa peel wamitundu yosiyanasiyana munthaka-nyengo komanso kukula kwaukadaulo kumawululidwa pochita. Kutalika kwa kusungidwa kwa kusalala kwa peel kumatsimikizira kuyenerera komanso kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana yotsuka nthawi yonse yosungira. Ngakhale mitundu yamafakitale, peel yoyipa, yoyipa ndiyosavomerezeka, popeza mtengo wakutsuka ndi zinyalala pakuyeretsa ma tubers ukuwonjezeka.
Mtundu wa dothi umakhudza chiyero cha khungu, koma zotsatira za nthaka sizinafotokozedwe mwatsatanetsatane mwasayansi. Ma tubers omwe amamera mumchenga amakhala ndi zigawo zambiri za phellem cell kuposa ma tubers omwe amamera mu humus. Amadziwika m'makampani oyikamo zinthu kuti khungu limatsuka bwino pamachubu omwe amamera mu dothi ladothi kapena dothi ladothi poyerekeza ndi dothi lamchenga lopweteka kwambiri. Ma tubers omwe amakula mu dothi la peat amathanso kukhala ndi zikopa zosalala, koma mawonekedwe a ma tubers amatha kukhala otsika mumitundu. Ndiko kuti, pa ma tubers omwe amakula m'dothi lopweteka kwambiri, nkhwangwayo imakhala yochuluka, koma mawonekedwe, kusalala, ndi kuwala kumawoneka bwino pa dothi ladongo. Kubzala mozama kumapangitsa khungu kukhala lochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kubzala kosaya.
Kutentha kwa nthaka (28-33 ° C), ma tubers amakhala ndi khungu lokhuthala kwambiri ndipo amakonda kufiira ndi makoka. Mu kuyesa kumodzi, makulidwe a periderm atakula pa kutentha kwa 10,20,30оC anali 120, 164, 182 µm, motsatana. Kuthira kwamadzi kumaganiziridwa kuti kumawonjezera ukonde ndi kuzimiririka kwa peel, koma pali umboni wochepa kapena palibe wosindikizidwa wotsimikizira izi. Pali malipoti oti kunyezimira kwa khungu kumayenderana ndi kutalika kwa nthawi kuyambira kuunika mpaka kukolola (mwachitsanzo, kukolola kwakufupi kumabweretsa mbatata zowala).
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda a khungu ndikuwongolera mawonekedwe a peel, komanso kumakhudza makulidwe a peel, koma osati nthawi zonse. Zapezeka kuti kuphatikiza kwa N, P ndi K kapena kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa organic kumawonjezera makulidwe a phellem ndi makulidwe onse a phellogen ndi phelloderm poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni yokha. Pali zofalitsa zambiri zokhudzana ndi momwe ma macro- ndi ma micronutrients onse pakhungu, koma njira zambiri zomwe zazindikirika zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zakudya zochepa chabe.
Nitrogen. Nthawi ndi kuchuluka kwa feteleza wa nayitrogeni zimakhudza kwambiri kutengeka kwa mikwingwirima chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kukhwima. Kuperewera kwa nayitrogeni kungayambitse kukalamba kwa mbewu komanso kuchulukirachulukira kwa ma tubers ngati ma tubers akufa kwa nthawi yayitali asanakolole. Nayitrogeni wowonjezera (makamaka mochedwa nyengo) amachedwetsa kucha kwa mbewu, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwamphamvu yokoka, kuchulukirachulukira kwa peel ndi kuwonongeka kwa mikwingwirima, kusauka kwa khungu. Alimi a mbatata ku America amakhulupirira kuti kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni pazakudya zothirira sikuyenera kupitilira 350 kg d wt/ha, pomwe pakati pa Ogasiti zomwe zili mu petioles siziyenera kupitirira magawo 15 pa miliyoni. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri nayitrogeni kumawononga mapangidwe a khungu ngati desiccation ikuchitika kumayambiriro kwa kukula kwa mbewu. Kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa masamba. Kuthira kwa nayitrojeni kuyenera kusinthidwa malinga ndi kutalika kwa nyengo. Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kutengedwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni pamitundu yomwe imadziwika ndi kusakhazikika bwino kwa khungu.
Phosphorous Mosiyana ndi nayitrogeni, phosphorous nthawi zambiri imathandizira kukhwima kwa tuber, kukhazikika kwa khungu, ngakhale kukokera. Phosphorous imatengedwa ndi nsonga za mizu pakukula kogwira ntchito, choncho feteleza wa phosphorous ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito musanabzale.
Potaziyamu chifukwa mbatata ayenera nthawi zonse ntchito mu mulingo woyenera kwambiri kuchuluka ndi chiŵerengero cha zakudya zina. Ndi kusowa kwa potaziyamu, ma tubers amatha kudetsedwa ndi zamkati pambuyo popukuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito potaziyamu kumachepetsa mphamvu yokoka komanso kukula konse.
Calcium amachepetsa kuvulazidwa chifukwa cha mphamvu ya khoma la cell. Kutengeka ndi mikwingwirima kumakhala kotsika kwambiri pamene kuchuluka kwa kashiamu mu tubers kupitilira 200-250 ma micrograms pa kilogalamu yowuma. Kuyamwitsa kwa kashiamu kothandiza kwambiri kumachitika pakathira dothi musanabzale.
Sulfure amachepetsa mlingo wamba ndi powdery nkhanambo. Zotsatira zabwino zimatheka ngati sulfure agwiritsidwa ntchito m'nthaka m'njira yomwe imapezeka mosavuta pobzala, komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito sulufule kumachepetsanso kufalikira.
Boron imathandizira kukhazikika kwa kashiamu m'makoma a cell komanso imakhudzanso kuyamwa kwa kashiamu, motero masitolo a calcium ndi ofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti ali ndi zakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso kukulitsa phindu la kudya kwa calcium.
Zinc kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupondereza nkhanambo powdery. Kungoyambika kwake m'nthaka kumapereka mwayi wokwanira.
Pali umboni wochuluka wa kusintha kwa khungu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza mwaluso nthawi yakukula (chithunzi 7). Komabe, zotsatira zake zimatheka makamaka pochepetsa kukula kwa matenda. Palibe umboni wa zotsatira zachindunji za mavalidwe a foliar pa makulidwe, kusalala, ndi kuwala kwa peel. Kuyesera ndi zakudya zovuta, mwachitsanzo, sikunathe kuthetsa vuto la zikopa zosalimba zamitundu ina ku England.
Chithunzi 7. Kuchita bwino kwa kuwongolera mkhalidwe wa peel mothandizidwa ndi macro- ndi microfertilizers
Njira zina zosamalira mbewu zomwe zimakulitsa zikopa za mbatata ndi izi:
• Kusankha minda yomwe ili ndi chonde chokwanira, magawo a agrochemical ndi kapangidwe ka dothi la granulometric. Kupatulapo minda yomwe pali zovuta zina, monga matenda, madzi osayenda bwino kapena kuchepa kwa madzi;
• Kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira zinthu zakuthambo kuti zipse bwino za peel. Kugwiritsa ntchito mbeu zabwino zokhala ndi matenda ochepa;
• Kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides, kukonzekera kwa microbiological, biologically yogwira zinthu pokonza mbewu, panthawi yobzala komanso nthawi yakukula kuti athe kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda;
• Kuthirira pofuna kupewa kapena kuchepetsa matenda monga nkhanambo;
• Kuwotcha pa nthawi yake ndi kukolola nyengo yabwino kuti zisawonongeke ndi matenda;
• Pewani kuika laimu musanabzale mbatata, chifukwa izi zimalimbikitsa nkhanambo.
Dongosolo lachitetezo chamankhwala a peel of tubers ku matenda silingafotokozedwe mwatsatanetsatane mu mawonekedwe a gawo la nkhaniyi. Uwu ndi mutu waukulu wosiyana, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitetezera ndikofunikira pakukulitsa mbatata zazikulu. Koma ziyenera kutsindika kuti matenda ambiri a pakhungu amayendetsedwa bwino (rhizoctoniosis, nkhanambo wamba ndi siliva) ndipo zinthu zambiri zogwira ntchito ndizothandiza, kusankha kwake ndikwambiri, ndipo chifukwa cha zovuta zingapo, njira zochiritsira zamankhwala sizikwanira (anthracnose, powdery). nkhanambo, zowola mabakiteriya) ndi mamolekyu ogwira ntchito amodzi.
Zowonjezera zowonjezera zowongolera matenda a peel zimaperekedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu watsopano wa chitetezo - kukonzekera kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zowongolera kukula. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, mankhwala a herbicide 50-D akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa zaka zoposa 2,4 pofuna kukonza ndi kukhazika mtima pansi mitundu ya mbatata yofiira. Zotsatira za mtundu wodzaza kwambiri zimatha kwa miyezi ingapo, ndipo kutsika kowonekera kwa nkhanambo kumathekanso (chithunzi 8). Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kumeneku kukuphatikizidwa mu malamulo ovomerezeka a herbicide 2,4-D:MBATA WOFIIRA (Omwe Amakulitsidwa kumsika watsopano): Kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake moyenera kumathandizira kuti mtundu wofiyira ukhale wofiyira, kumathandizira kusunga mtundu wofiira, kumapangitsa khungu kuoneka bwino, kumawonjezera machubu, komanso kumapangitsanso kukula kwa tuber (ma jumbo ochepa). Mayankho a mbewu amatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera kusiyanasiyana, kupsinjika, komanso momwe zinthu ziliri kwanuko. Funsani ndi Agricultural Extension Service ndi alangizi ena oyenerera pazakudya kuti mupeze malingaliro amderali. Mitundu yamtundu wofiyira mwachilengedwe nthawi zambiri imapindula pang'ono ndi chithandizo. Ikani ma ola 1.6 amadzimadzi pa ekala imodzi mu malita 5 mpaka 25 amadzi pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapansi kapena zapamlengalenga. Kuthira kwapadera komwe kumasankhidwa kukhale kokwanira kuti mbewu zizikhala bwino. Yambani kuyika koyamba mbatata ikayamba kuphukira (pafupifupi mainchesi 7 mpaka 10) ndikuyikanso kachiwiri pakadutsa masiku 10 mpaka 14. Musapitirire kawiri ntchito pa mbewu iliyonse. Musakolole mkati mwa masiku 45 mutabzala. Kugwiritsa ntchito mosagwirizana, kapena kusakaniza ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo ndi zowonjezera, kungapangitse ngozi yovulaza mbewu.
Monga lamulo, mawonekedwe a peel sakhala bwino panthawi yosungidwa, kotero kuti khalidwe la peel likamalowa m'sitolo ndilofunika kwambiri. Kuti mbatata ikhale yotsukidwa bwino kwambiri pamsika ndikusungabe khalidweli nthawi yonse ya alumali, ndikofunikira kuti agronomy yamunda ikhale yogwira mtima kuti khungu likhale labwino kwambiri. Ndi matekinoloje amakono osungira, ndizotheka kusunga khungu labwino kwa milungu yoposa 35, koma pokhapokha ngati khalidwe liri lapamwamba panthawi yokolola. Zambiri za kutha kwa khungu zimatsimikiziridwa kale pa nthawi yokolola ndipo zimasintha pang'ono posungira. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito pa ukonde, ming'alu ya kukula ndi matenda ena monga nkhanambo wamba ndi rhizoctoniosis. Nthawi yomweyo, magawo ambiri a peel amatha kuwonongeka pakusungidwa: kuwala, kukula kwa mphodza, anthracnose, nkhanambo ya silvery ndi powdery.
Kuti khungu likhale labwino panthawi yosungiramo, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti musungidwe mufiriji mbewuyo mwamsanga mukatha kusungirako (ngati khungu liri lolimba komanso lokhazikika ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana siingatengeke ndi khungu). Kuonjezera apo, mbeu zimayenera kupitilizidwa ndi mpweya wouma nthawi yosungirako mwamsanga kuchotsa chinyezi. Yesani kusunga mbatata pansi pa 4,0°C.
Pamwamba pa tubers pa yosungirako zambiri noticeable amataya luster. Kafukufuku wapadera wasonyeza kuti kuwonongeka kumeneku kumayamba chifukwa cha kugwa kwa maselo muzitsulo zophimba mkati mwa masabata awiri oyambirira a kusungirako, ngati maselo amataya chinyezi panthawi ya chithandizo. Kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka periderm kumabweretsa kuuma kwa khungu, komwe kumawonjezera kuwala, peel imakhala yosalala. Zigawo zakunja za Nkhata Bay zimatulukanso panthawi yosungidwa, koma sizimasinthidwanso ndi chilichonse, peel yosalala, yonyezimira, yowala imatha kukhala yovuta, yowoneka bwino komanso yovuta (chithunzi 9) Chifukwa chake, kusunga chinyezi chambiri panthawi machiritso a kuwonongeka ndi kulimbikitsa periderm kuyenera kuwonedwa mosamalitsa.
Mpweya wabwino kwambiri panthawi yosungirako nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pakuchepetsa gloss. Koma mitundu ingapo imawonetsa malo abwino kwambiri okhala ndi chinyontho chapamwamba kwambiri cha 98% chosungidwa mosungidwa. Kusungidwa kwa tubers pa chinyezi chambiri kumachepetsa kutayika kwa ma tubers ndi 1-2%. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, munthu ayenera kukumbukira za kuopsa kwa condensate ya chinyezi mu yosungirako, zotsatira zake zoipa zomwe zimakhala zabwino komanso chitetezo cha mbewu nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe zingathere kuchepetsa kuwonda kuchokera ku shrinkage. M'malo amakono a phytopathological, kukhala ndi chinyezi cha 90-95% (ndipo uwu ndi mulingo wa chinyezi womwe umapangidwa chifukwa cha kupuma kwa ma tubers mu intertuber space panthawi yopanda mpweya, i.e. iyi ndi chilengedwe cha mbatata yosungidwa) ndiye mulingo woyenera. Ndipo pamagulu omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chofalitsa matenda a fungal ndi bakiteriya, ndi bwino kusunga chinyezi cha 85-90%, chomwe chidzalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa thupi ndi bacteriological kwa chinthu chosungidwa. Kuwala kwa khungu la mitundu yambiri yofiira kumawonongeka pakasungidwa nthawi yayitali. Kuyesera kwakukulu kukuchitika kuti akhalebe wapamwamba kwambiri ndi zokutira filimu yotsamira. Zolemba zinayi zokutira zosiyanasiyana zinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera kumodzi. Zakudya zopangira zakudya za alginate zasintha kwambiri kuwunika kwamalingaliro, makamaka potengera mtundu, gloss, komanso kuvomereza kwathunthu kwa mbatata zofiira. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti mankhwala ophikira odyeka adasintha kwambiri mtundu wa zikopa, makamaka mawonekedwe a F1 ndi F2.
Pokonzekera kugulitsa kale, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje omwe amalola kusunga ndikusintha mawonekedwe a tubers. Makina ochapira ng'oma okhala ndi maburashi ozungulira (amatchedwa opukuta, chithunzi 11) amatha kupangitsa kuti zikopa za mbatata ziwonekere, mwachitsanzo, zovuta zina zaulimi ndi kusungirako zimatha kuthetsedwa ndi kutsuka bwino. , zomwe zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa mbatata. Nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kuti mufufuze mwachangu zotsatira za kutsuka pakhungu la tubers mukasintha kukhala batch yatsopano kapena zosiyanasiyana ndikusintha njira yotsuka. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuphatikiza madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito, kuyeneranso kuyang'aniridwa, ndipo mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ma antimicrobial ovomerezeka kumakampani azakudya ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mpaka pano, aliyense akuyesera kuteteza ndikusunga malamulo opangira mbatata zotsuka ndi zoteteza mumayendedwe odziwa.
Kusungidwa kwa mtundu wa peel ya mbatata pa siteji ya mayendedwe ndi kugulitsa kumatsimikiziridwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma CD ndi ma perforation okwanira kuti mpweya wabwino ukhale wabwino komanso kupewa kuwonetseredwa kwanthawi yayitali ndi kuwala kowala, komwe kumabweretsa kubiriwira komanso kudzikundikira kwa glycoalkaloids. Mutu wa kubiriwira kwa mbatata pakulima, kusungidwa ndi kugulitsa uyenera kuganiziridwa mosiyana.
Chifukwa chake, peel imagwira ntchito zofunika zoteteza ma tubers ndikukonzeratu kuwunika kwa mbatata ndi ogula. Pamene kuchuluka kwa malonda a zotsukidwa ndi mmatumba akuwonjezeka, zofunikira za maonekedwe a tubers zimawonjezeka. Zambiri zokhazikika pakupanga gawo lolimba, losalala, lonyezimira la periderm ladziwika, koma palibe njira yapadziko lonse lapansi yowongolera izi. Mwayi wothandiza kuwongolera mkhalidwe wa peel ya mbatata ndikusankha mitundu yabwino kwambiri ndi mitundu ya nthaka, kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira zinthu zanyengo yanyengo yakukula, kupewa matenda, madzi okhazikika, feteleza wokwanira komanso wathunthu wokhala ndi macro- ndi microelements, ntchito biologically yogwira zinthu ndi kukula owongolera, desiccation yake nthawi, kukolola apamwamba ndi oyenerera ndi zolondola kuchita magawo oyambirira yosungirako, kupewa mawotchi kuwonongeka, kupukuta ma tubers ndi zipangizo zapadera.
Chithunzi 11. Washer wopukuta
Wolemba zinthu: Sergey Banadysev, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Doka-Gene Technologies