MALINGA NDI ZINTHU ZAKASAYANSI, TOPINAMBUR YAKHALA YODZIWIKA KWA ANTHU KWA ZAKA ZOPUSA CHIkwi ZINAYI.
M’NTHAWI IYI, CHIKHALIDWE CHIMENECHI CHAPULUMUKA M’NTHAWI ZONSE ZONSE ZA KUTULUKA KWA KUTULUKA NDI NTHAWI YA NTCHITO ZONSE.
KOMA POCHEPEZA, CHIFUKWA CHA TOPINAMBUR CHEDWANSO. KUPHATIKIRA KU RUSSIA.
Victor Starovoitov, mutu. Dipatimenti ya Technology ndi Innovation Projects ya Federal Research Center for Potato yotchulidwa pambuyo pake A.G. Lorkha, Pulofesa, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Honoured Inventor of the Russian Federation ndi Denis Kozykin, Development Director wa IstAgro Don LLC.
Natalya Anushkevich, woyimira wovomerezeka wa Jerusalem Artichoke Association mdera la North-West
KU MBIRI YA FUNSO
Malo obadwira ku Yerusalemu artichoke ndi North America, madera a Nyanja Yaikulu, komwe mitundu yamtchire yamtunduwu imapezekabe. Amwenye amachitcha "muzu wa dzuwa" ndipo amakhulupirira kuti amapereka amuna mphamvu za thupi ndi mzimu, ndipo akazi - achinyamata ndi kukongola.
Chiyambi cha mawu akuti "Yerusalemu atitchoku" ali ndi matembenuzidwe ambiri. Malinga ndi kunena kwa mmodzi wa iwo, mu 1615 chitsanzo cha tuber chinabweretsedwa ku Vatican kuchokera ku Canada. Chochitikachi chinagwirizana ndi ulendo wa woimira fuko la Tupinamba la ku Brazil. Ndizovuta kunena momwe m'maganizo mwa anthu dzina la fuko la South America lidalumikizidwa ndi chinthu chochokera ku North America, koma sizinachitikepo chidwi chotere m'mbiri. Yerusalemu atitchoku imadziwikanso kuti "peyala yapadziko lapansi" - chifukwa cha ma tubers ooneka ngati peyala, komanso m'malo olankhula Chingerezi - komanso "Yerusalemu artichoke", ngakhale kuti ilibe kanthu kochita ndi Yerusalemu. Okhala ku Italy ku United States amatchedwa Yerusalemu atitchoku "mpendadzuwa atitchoku": m'malingaliro awo, ma tubers amalawa ngati atitchoku, ndipo maonekedwe a chomeracho anali mpendadzuwa. Mawu achi Italy oti mpendadzuwa ndi girasol. Kwa anthu ena okhala m’dzikolo, liwuli linkawoneka ngati logwirizana ndi “Yerusalemu” (Yerusalemu), ndipo linaikidwa m’dzinalo.
Ku Ulaya, chomera chodabwitsa chinawonekera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Malinga ndi magwero ena, idabwera koyamba ndi wofufuzayo Samuel de Champlain, malinga ndi ena - ndi wapaulendo Mark Lescarbault. Mwanjira ina, atitchoku ya Yerusalemu idabwera ku France, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo mbewuyo idafalikira kumayiko ena. Inali yotchuka kwambiri ku Belgium ndi Holland. Koma kale m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, atitchoku ya Yerusalemu idayiwalika, nthawi ya mbatata yokoma komanso yopatsa mphamvu kwambiri idayamba.
Ku Russia, kutchulidwa koyamba kwa Yerusalemu atitchoku kunayamba chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, koma poyamba mbewuyo idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala, idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika patatha zaka zana.
NTCHITO ZOFUNIKA
Ma tubers ndi pamwamba pa nthaka ya artichoke ya Yerusalemu ali ndi pectin yambiri, zakudya zowonjezera, mapuloteni, amino acid, kuphatikizapo macro- ndi microelements, komanso organic ndi mafuta acids, omwe ali ndi antioxidant effect. Malinga ndi zomwe zili magnesium, chitsulo, silicon, nthaka, komanso mavitamini B1, B2 ndi C, Yerusalemu atitchoku ndi apamwamba kuposa mbatata, kaloti, tebulo beets.
Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, mosiyana ndi mbatata, Yerusalemu atitchoku sapanga wowuma, koma inulin. Inulin ili pafupi ndi ulusi pamakina ake, koma nthawi yomweyo imawonetsa mawonekedwe a prebiotic. Imasinthasintha magwiridwe antchito am'mimba, imathandizira kuchepetsa mafuta m'thupi, imakhala ndi hypoglycemic, choleretic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-yotupa komanso immunostimulating pathupi la munthu.
Jerusalem artichoke, monga gwero la inulin, posachedwapa yakopa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi.
Monga tanena Natalya Anushkevich, woimira nthumwi ya Yerusalemu atitchoku Association ku North-West dera, komanso mutu wa wamba famu okhazikika mu mbewu imeneyi kuyambira 2012, luso kupanga Yerusalemu atitchoku ndi m'njira zambiri ofanana ndi luso kupanga. wa mbatata. "Ichi ndi pulasitiki kwambiri, chikhalidwe chosinthika, chimakhululukira zolakwa zina pamene zikukula. Aliyense akhoza kutero, koma zida za mbatata ndizofunikira pakubzala, kusamalira ndi kukolola' akufotokoza.
«Yerusalemu artichoke amakula pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wofanana ndi mbatata- amagawana zomwe adakumana nazo Denis Kozykin, Mtsogoleri wa Research ku Istagro Don LLC (pakali pano ndi yaikulu kwambiri Yerusalemu atitchoku processing ogwira ntchito ku Ulaya. Bizinesiyo amatha kukonza matani oposa 40 zikwi za atitchoku Yerusalemu pachaka, matani 500 patsiku), - kumaphatikizapo kubzala motalikirana pakati pa mizere 75 kapena 90 cm, kupanga zitunda, kutalikirana kwa mizere, kuchotsa mizere ndi kukolola ndi chokololera mbatata.".
CHITSANZO
Mosiyana ndi mbatata, ma tubers a Yerusalemu artichoke alibe wosanjikiza (wokutidwa ndi khungu lochepa thupi), chifukwa chake amasungidwa moyipa. M'zaka za m'ma 30s m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, chikhalidwe ichi chinakhala cholepheretsa kufalitsa kwake kwakukulu mu USSR.
Katswiri wachinyamata wa genetic Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov adabweretsa atitchoku yaku Yerusalemu kuchokera kuulendo wopita kumayiko akunja ndipo akuyembekeza kuti chomera chopatsa thanzi komanso chopanda ulemu chingathandize dziko la Soviet kuthana ndi njala. Mu 1937, People's Commissariat inavomereza chigamulo pa ulimi wovomerezeka kulima Yerusalemu atitchoku ndi minda yogwirizana. Koma zidapezeka kuti "peyala yadothi" m'malo a cellars ndi cellars imasungidwa osapitilira mwezi umodzi, ndipo adayiwala kwa zaka zambiri.
Malo osungira amakono amathandizira kusunga ma tubers a Yerusalemu artichoke muzamalonda mpaka miyezi 4-6, komanso mitundu ina yotalikirapo. Kutentha koyenera kosungirako kuli pakati pa 0 mpaka +2 ° C.
Akatswiri komanso kulabadira mfundo yakuti tubers anakumba mu autumn amasungidwa yaitali kuposa masika tubers.
Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi mbatata: Yerusalemu atitchoku ndi mbewu yosatha. Mbewu zitha kukolola m'dzinja komanso masika. Kutsetsereka kungathenso kuchitika mu Meyi komanso mu Okutobala. Ma tubers amakhala ogona m'nyengo yozizira ndipo amalekerera kutentha mpaka -40 ° C popanda kutayika.
"Ubwino waukulu wa Yerusalemu atitchoku ndikuti amasungidwa pansi kwa nthawi yayitali., - Ndemanga za Natalia Anushka-vich, - ngati simunachimbe mu Okutobala, mutha kuchita mu Epulo-Meyi".
Yerusalemu artichoke sisankha pakukula. Pafupifupi dothi lamtundu uliwonse ndiloyenera, kupatula la acidic kwambiri komanso lopanda madzi (tuber kuvunda kumatha kuyamba ngakhale kusefukira kwakanthawi kochepa). Itha kulimidwa pamagawo omwe amachotsedwa pazaulimi. Timaonanso kuti tubers ndi aboveground misa Yerusalemu atitchoku musati kudziunjikira katundu zitsulo (kutsogolera, Mercury, arsenic, etc.) ndi radionuclides.
Koma chikhalidwe chimasonyeza zotsatira zabwino pa chonde loamy ndi mchenga loamy, lotayirira dothi ndi ndale kapena pang'ono acidic anachita.
Mizu ya artichoke ya Yerusalemu imalowa m'nthaka mamita awiri, chifukwa chake imalimbana ndi chilala.
Chikhalidwe chimalabadira umuna. "Yerusalemu atitchoku akhoza kulimidwa kwathunthu organically - akutsindika Natalia Anushkevich, - koma feteleza wamchere amatha kuwonjezera zokolola".
Chikhalidwecho chimalimidwa ku Russia konse, chimapereka zokolola zapamwamba kwambiri m'chigawo chapakati ndi chakum'mwera kwa dzikoli (mikhalidwe yabwino yolima, mwachitsanzo, ku Crimea - ngati famuyo ili ndi ulimi wothirira). "Timagwiranso ntchito m'chigawo cha Leningrad. Katswiriyo akufotokoza derali lili m'dera la ulimi wowopsa, koma timapeza zokolola zokhazikika chaka chilichonse. Pachifukwa ichi, kulima Yerusalemu atitchoku ndikodalirika kuposa mbatata kapena kaloti.".
Nyengo yakukula kwa atitchoku ya Yerusalemu ndi masiku 120. Zipatso za dzinja ndi masika, udzu wapachaka, nyemba, mbewu za mzere zitha kukhala zotsogola. Yerusalemu artichoke sichimakhudzidwa ndi tizirombo ndipo, mosamala, sichimadwala, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oteteza zomera sikofunikira. Mwa njira, izi zimapangitsa chikhalidwe kulonjeza ulimi wa organic.
«Kampani yathu tsopano ikulandila satifiketi yaulimi wa organic- akuti Denis Kozykin, - Sitigwiritsa ntchito mchere feteleza ndi mankhwala njira chitetezo pamene kukula Yerusalemu atitchoku. Mwa njira, ku Yerusalemu atitchoku palibe mankhwala amodzi a HSZR omwe amalembedwa ku Russian Federation.".
Komabe, ngati teknoloji ikuphwanyidwa, mitundu ingapo imatha kukhala ndi matenda monga sclerotinia (ndicho chifukwa chake Yerusalemu atitchoku sikulimbikitsidwa kuikidwa m'minda pambuyo pa mbewu zomwe zimagwidwa ndi matendawa: mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa mpendadzuwa).
Kuchuluka: kuchokera ku 10 mpaka 40 t/ha kwa tubers ndi 20 mpaka 50 t/ha kwa misa yobiriwira - kutengera dera lomwe amalima.
Ma tubers ndi oboola pakati, oblong-oval kapena spindle, okhala ndi malo osalala kapena opindika. Kupaka utoto - kuchokera ku zoyera mpaka zofiira-violet. Maso ndi otukumuka. Pa chomera chimodzi chamitundumitundu, kuchuluka kwa ma tubers nthawi zambiri kumafika pazidutswa 20-30, mumitundu yakutchire - mpaka 70. Unyinji wa tuber - kuchokera ku 10 g - makamaka umadalira mitundu ndi dera lomwe amalima.
IstAgro Don LLC, yomwe imalima mbewu kudera la mahekitala 900, yasankha mitundu ya Skorospelka kuti ipange zopangira. и Omsk woyera.
Denis Kozykin amalankhula za iwo motere: "Kucha koyambirira ndi mitundu yakale kwambiri, koma mwina yofala kwambiri. Ndi oyambirira kucha, chilala kulolerana, umabala lalikulu tubers. Chaka chatha, ndinayesa chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zomwe zinadutsa, adatulutsa 780 g, mwina zinali zazikulu. Koma pamwamba pa tubers ndi wosagwirizana, knobby. Omsk yoyera - mwaukadaulo kwambiri, ma tubers ndi oval-elongated, ngakhale, monga mbatata, ndiosavuta kusenda.".
Mapasa | KUKHALITSA |
Pali mitundu yopitilira mazana atatu ndi ma hybrids a Yerusalemu atitchoku padziko lapansi. Gawo lalikulu la iwo likuperekedwa m'magulu a sayansi a All-Russian Institute of Plant Industry. Vavilov (VIR), Federal Research Center for Potato dzina lake pambuyo A.G. Lorkha, KFH "Scientific and production center for seed and processing of Jerusalem artichoke in the North-West region of Russia", Viva LLC ndi ofufuza ena ndi opanga. Zomwe zimalonjeza kwambiri, malinga ndi mmodzi wa olemba a Union State Program ". Kukula kwatsopano kwa mbatata ndi Yerusalemu atitchoku" , woyang'anira sayansi wa ntchito za IstAgro Don ku Dankov, Lipetsk dera ndi Viva LLC, dera la Kostroma, Viktor Starovoitov, ndi: Pasko, Solnechny, VIR News, Chidwi, Skorospelka, Sireniki, Omsky, Dessert , Anastas, etc. Wasayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu yochokera kunja Violet de Rens ndi Spindel. Nthawi yomweyo, State Register of Breeding Achievements lero ili ndi mitundu isanu yokha ya zikhalidwe: Chidwi (chaka chophatikizira - 1986), Omsky Bely (chaka cha kuphatikiza - 2014), Pasko (chaka chophatikizira - 2010), Skorospelka (chaka chophatikizira - 1965), Sunny (chaka chophatikizira - 2010) Kodi izi ndizokwanira pantchito yopambana?Timagwira ntchito ndi mitundu itatu yotsimikizika: Skorospelka, Solnechny ndi Pasko- akuti Natalya Anushkevich. - M’mikhalidwe yathu, iwo anatsimikizira kukhala abwinopo kuposa ena. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Skorospelka ndi Solnechny amaonedwa kuti ndi oyambirira, zokolola zimatha kukolola masiku 120-140 mutabzala. Pasko - kenako, nthawi yakucha 160-180 masiku. Pasko ndi Solnechny amadziwika ndi zazikulu komanso ngakhale ma tubers, choncho ndi abwino kwambiri pokonza. Kuphatikiza apo, ma tubers amitundu iyi amakhala ndi nsonga yokulirapo (kotero amakhala nthawi yayitali) komanso kuchuluka kwa inulin."Malinga ndi akatswiri, palibe vuto pogula mbewu zamitundu yomwe ili mu State Register ku Russia. Pali minda yambewu m'dzikolo yomwe ikugwira ntchito yopanga mbewu zoyambirira, zapamwamba komanso zobereketsa za atitchoku ya Yerusalemu malinga ndi GOST R 55757-2013. | «Chinthu chofunika kwambiri chimene mlimi amene wasankha kulima Yerusalemu atitchoku ayenera kuchita, - Natalya Anushkevich ndi wotsimikiza, - ndi kusankha amene adzagulitsa zokololazo” Pakhoza kukhala zosankha zambiri. Mafamu omwe ali pafupi ndi mizinda ikuluikulu amatha kupereka ma tubers atsopano m'masitolo ogulitsa zakudya (mwachitsanzo, VkusVill kapena Azbuka Vkusa) Njira ina ndikuyamba kupanga mbewu ndipo, pambuyo popereka chiphaso, kugulitsa zokolola kwa alimi ena. atitchoku ndi zofunika zopangira pokonza. Makampani opanga zinthu ku Russia akadali aang'ono, koma m'madera ambiri pali mafakitale ang'onoang'ono omwe amapanga madzi, zipatso za candied, chips ndi zinthu zina zochokera ku Yerusalemu atitchoku. ntchito yaikulu yekha - "Istagro Don" - ili m'chigawo Lipetsk. Gawo loyamba la chomeracho lidayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2021. "Chomeracho tsopano chimagwira ntchito pazopangira zake zokha, koma ndife okonzeka kugula atitchoku ya Yerusalemu kuchokera kwa alimi, - Ndemanga za Denis Kozykin - tikugwira nawo ntchito yolima mbewuyi, mwa zina, pofuna kusonyeza kuti ndi yosavuta komanso yopindulitsa.". » |
Masiku ano, IstAgro Don imapanga zinthu zambiri zopangira chakudya komanso kupititsa patsogolo zinthu zokhala ndi prebiotics. Mwa iwo:
- Ufa wa artichoke wa ku Yerusalemu (umakhala ndi kukoma kokoma, uli ndi inulin 70% ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera chothandizira mu makeke, muesli, chimanga, komanso monga mkate wa nyama, chifukwa ndi nyama yachilengedwe yowonjezera kukoma);
- zouma akanadulidwa Yerusalemu atitchoku (ogulitsidwa ngati theka anamaliza mankhwala kapena ngati tchipisi);
- madzi a fructose (owonjezera ku confectionery kapena ogulitsidwa ngati chopangira chokonzekera);
Kuphatikiza apo, kampaniyo imapanga chakumwa cha khofi kuchokera ku Yerusalemu atitchoku yokhala ndi inulin yambiri (mpaka 50%) komanso kukoma kokoma kwachilengedwe (chinthucho chikufanana ndi chakumwa chodziwika bwino cha chicory).
Koma njira zina zogwirira ntchito zimathekanso. Yerusalemu atitchoku, mwachitsanzo, ali ndi kuthekera kopanga Mowa.
Chomeracho ndichabwino mochedwa, ndipo uchi womwe umachokera ku timadzi tokoma ta maluwa a atitchoku a Yerusalemu ulibe shuga. Maluwa owuma a atitchoku a Yerusalemu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga tiyi.
Yerusalemu artichoke ndikupeza kwenikweni kwa oweta ziweto, chifukwa ma tubers ndi masamba obiriwira amatha kukhala ngati chakudya champhamvu cha nyama. Chifukwa chake, pamene misa yobiriwira (kapena ufa wa zitsamba kuchokera pamenepo) ikuwonjezeredwa ku chakudya cha ng'ombe (mpaka 30%), kale pa tsiku la 5-6, kuchuluka kwa zokolola za mkaka kumawonjezeka, mafuta amkaka amawonjezeka, nyama. kudwala pang'ono. Zimayambira ndi masamba a Yerusalemu atitchoku bwino ensiled.
Yerusalemu artichoke tubers amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu posaka nyama ndipo amakhala ngati chakudya cha akalulu, elks, nguluwe zakuthengo.
Jerusalem artichoke ndi chomera cha biomeliorant, chimakulitsidwa kuti chibwezeretse chonde m'minda yomwe yathetsedwa ndi mbewu zolimba. Palinso njira yogwiritsira ntchito atitchoku ya Yerusalemu polimbana ndi hogweed ya Sosnovsky. Tekinolojeyi idapangidwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi Natalya Anushkevich zaka zingapo zapitazo.
«Ndikuganiza kuti zabwino zonse za Yerusalemu artichoke sizinafufuzidwebe, - Denis Kozykin mwachidule, - ndipo ali ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu m'dziko lathu. Kufunika kwa zinthu za artichoke ku Yerusalemu kukukulirakulira chaka chilichonse, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mabizinesi atsopano opanga adzatsegulidwa.".
«Zachidziwikire, ichi si chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe cha Russia, - akupitiriza Natalya Anushkevich, - ndipo sitinapange makampani opanga ndi kukonza, koma tikugwira ntchito mwakhama pa izi".
MAWU OCHEPA ZA ZOYENERA
Kodi pali zopinga zilizonse ku chikhalidwe chomwe chili ndi zabwino zambiri?
Monga talembera pamwambapa, atitchoku ya Yerusalemu ili ndi nthawi yochepa. Ili ndi ma tubers osagwirizana, omwe amasokoneza ntchito ya mapurosesa. Koma chofunika kwambiri, pali malingaliro amphamvu pakati pa olima kuti Yerusalemu atitchoku, monga chomera chomwe chinabwera ku dziko lathu kuchokera ku kontinenti ina ndipo alibe adani achilengedwe m'malo ano, amatha kubereka kosalamulirika. Ndi zoona?
Natalya Anushkevich amakhulupirira kuti pogwiritsa ntchito mbewu zamitundumitundu, alimi sangakumane ndi mavuto otere. "Kulanda madera okha zakutchire mitundu ya zomera, adatero katswiriyu, timagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana: mukasiya kuwasamalira, amasiya kuswana".
Pulofesa Starovoitov amavomereza kuti: "Jerusalem artichoke imalimbana kwambiri ndi kusintha kwakunja. Chifukwa cha izi, ambiri omwe sanagwire nawo ntchito yolima ali ndi lingaliro lakuti iyi ndi "hog parsnip nambala yachiwiri", ngakhale izi siziri choncho. Yerusalemu atitchoku, mosiyana ndi hogweed, samafalikira ndi mbewu pamtunda wautali. M'zaka za m'ma 30, atitchoku ya Yerusalemu idalimidwa pafupifupi famu iliyonse, koma palibe zotsatirapo zoipa. Kuphatikiza apo, njira zothandiza zochotsera Yerusalemu atitchoku ku kasinthasintha wa mbewu zimadziwika.".
Ngati owerenga athu ali ndi malingaliro awoawo pankhaniyi, tidzakhala othokoza chifukwa cha nkhani yokhudzana ndi zomwe takumana nazo.