Anastasia Borovkova, Omia Ural LLC, Woyang'anira Zamalonda pa Zamalonda
Mbatata yakhala mbewu yabwino mdziko lathu, yomwe imalimidwa pafupifupi zigawo zonse za Russia, ndipo zosintha m'moyo wa anthu onse pokhudzana ndi mliri zatsimikiziranso kufunikira kwa "mkate wachiwiri" wa anthu . Sizodabwitsa kuti Qu Dongyu, Director-General wa Food and Agriculture Organisation wa United Nations (FAO), alengeza kuti 2021 ukhala Chaka Cha Zipatso ndi Masamba Padziko Lonse, kotero kuti adziwitseni anthu za kufunikira kwa mankhwalawa ngati chakudya, chitetezo cha chakudya komanso thanzi.
Ngakhale zili choncho, ku Russia pali chizolowezi chochepetsa malo olimapo. Malinga ndi Rosstat, dera lolimidwa ndi mbatata m'mafakitale a mbatata omwe amalima ku Russia mu 2020 m'mafamu amitundu yonse amafikira mahekitala 280,9, omwe ndi 8,0% (24,4 mahekitala zikwi) ochepera mu 2019. Kwa zaka 5, adatsika ndi 22,1% (mwa mahekitala zikwi 79,7), kupitilira zaka 10 ndi - 21,5% (mwa mahekitala 77,0 zikwi). Zokolola, m'malo mwake, zakhala zikukula mosalekeza ndipo zawonjezeka pazaka 10 zapitazi kuchokera pa 13,6 t / ha mpaka 24,4 t / ha. Izi zidatheka chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwachikhalidwe chaukadaulo waulimi m'minda, kuphatikiza chifukwa chakuwonjezereka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wamafuta.
Pakadali pano, opanga zoweta amapanga mitundu yoposa 60 ya feteleza. Mu 2021, malinga ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi wa Russia, kugula kwa feteleza amchere kumayesedwa pamlingo wa matani 4 miliyoni a mafuta, omwe ndi 14% kuposa chaka chatha.
Komabe, kuwonjezera nthawi zonse kuwonjezera ndikwabwino, popeza pali zocheperako kuti agwiritse ntchito feteleza moyenera ndipo, choyambirira, ndi acidity wothira nthaka, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kuyamwa kwa michere ya mbeu (Gulu 1) .
Gulu 1
Kuchuluka kwa michere malinga ndi nthaka pH
pH | 4,5 | 5 | 5,5 | 6 | 6,5 |
N | 30 | 43 | 77 | 89 | 100 |
P2O5 | 23 | 31 | 48 | 52 | 100 |
K2O | 33 | 52 | 77 | 100 | 100 |
Source: Buku la Omia White
M'mikhalidwe yotere, sikuti kugwiritsira ntchito feteleza kokhako kokha kumatayika, komanso kuwonongeka kwachuma kumachitikanso. Tiyeni tiwerengere, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha mbatata za patebulo, ndi zotayika zotani pa hekitala zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa pa pH 5,5 ndi kuchuluka kwa zonal N120 P100 K240.
Kuwerengetsa kumachitika malinga ndi fomuyi:
mtengo wa feteleza | Х | mlingo wa feteleza | Х | (100 - kukhazikika pa pH yopatsidwa) | = | zotayika mu ruble / ha |
Nayitrogeni (ammonium nitrate)
Kutaya ma ruble / ha = 13000 * 0,296 * (100-77) = 885,0 ruble / ha
Phosphorus (ammophos)
Kutaya ma ruble / ha = 26450 * 0,192 * (100-48) = 2640,7 rubles / ha
Potaziyamu (monga potaziyamu mankhwala enaake)
Kutaya ma ruble / ha = 18000 * 0,4 * (100-80) = 1440 rubles / ha
Okwana: 4965,7 rubles / ha
Powerengera, sitimaganizira zotayika chifukwa chosowa calcium mu dothi la acidic, lomwe limafotokozedwa chifukwa chakuchepa kwa mbewu komanso kuwonongeka kwa ma tubers: chiwopsezo chachikulu chovulala mukamakolola, kusachita bwino komanso kutaya kwa ma tubers, khungu losalala, ndi zina zambiri, koma zonsezi zimakhudza mtengo wazinthu zomalizidwa.
Pali njira yotulukira - uku ndikulimbikira kwa dothi, lomwe tsopano likulandiridwa kwambiri kuboma. Mavuto a kupaka miyambo amadziwika ndi aliyense: mitengo yantchito yayikulu (5-10 t / ha) imapangitsa kuti njirayi ikhale yolemetsa komanso yotsika mtengo, ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito ndi kufanana kwake kogawa kumakhala kotsika, zotsatira zake zimawonedwa patatha zaka ziwiri kenako zimachepa kwambiri, Ubwino wazinthu zomwe zilipo kale ndiwonso osauka.
Kwabwera chinthu chatsopano pamsika waku Russia chomwe chingathetse vutoli mwachangu komanso moyenera. Uyu ndi Omya Zamgululi - feteleza wa calcium wazakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso kukonzanso nthaka m'njira yabwinobwino. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi zochita zambiri timayang'anira pH ndikuwongolera kuyankha mwachangu kwa mbewu. Yokha kapena kuphatikiza ndi feteleza wina wa Omya Zamgululi amathiridwa musanafese, nthawi yobzala kapena pazomera zamasamba. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pobwezeretsa liming, isanayambike mphamvu ya laimu, ngati feteleza wogwira ntchito mwachangu, yemwe amasintha pH m'masabata 3-4 mutagwiritsa ntchito, komanso atayamba kugwira ntchitoyo, ngati othandizira.
Ubwino waukulu:
Kutsika kochepa kuchokera ku 250 mpaka 1000 kg / ha
Kuonetsetsa kuti mayamwidwe apamwamba agwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira
Kusalowererapo kwa madera akuluakulu chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwakukulu
Kupititsa patsogolo kapangidwe ka nthaka, kupindika kwake komanso kukana kwamadzi
Kuchepetsa zomwe zili ndi poizoni wama aluminiyamu m'nthaka
Yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi omwe amafalitsa wamba.
Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zoyendetsera nthaka acidity ndi kayendedwe kabwino ka mbatata zithandizira kukulitsa kwazokolola ndi mtundu wazogulitsa.
Pa Ufulu Wotsatsa