Mikhalidwe yakukula mbatata mu Russian Federation ndiwowonekera pamitundu yawo yosiyanasiyana. Ndizomveka kuti mitundu yopambana kwambiri mdziko muno ndiyomwe imadziwika ndi plasticity yayikulu ndipo itha kukhala bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Anastasia Borovkova, Ph.D. s. Sci., Mutu wa Mbatata, Mbewu ya Germany Mbeu
Ngakhale malingaliro omwe afala posachedwa zakuchepa kwa mbatata ndi nzika zaku Russia, Rosstat akuchitira umboni wotsutsana. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1990 kumwa mbatata pa munthu aliyense kunali makilogalamu 106, mu 2000 - 118 makilogalamu, ndipo mu 2016 - 113 kg. Ndiye kuti, mbatata akadali "mkate wachiwiri" ndipo amakhala m'malo awo m'mashelefu ndi matebulo aku Russia, komanso m'magawo antchito akumidzi.
Malinga ndi AB Center, mchaka cha 2017, mbatata mu zamalonda zidalimidwa pa malo 299,9 ma hekitala m'maboma asanu ndi limodzi a boma komanso m'maboma 78. Kodi ichi sichizindikiro cha malo ambiri olimapo? Zachidziwikire, inde, makamaka ngati mukuyang'ana momwe madera omwe ali pansi pazakagawiridwenso pazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazi.
Mwambiri, mphamvu zam'madera omwe ali pansi pa mbatata kuyambira 2010 mpaka 2017 sizabwino kwenikweni: ku Russia panthawiyi, maderawo adatsika ndi 16,2%, kusintha kwakukulu kudachitika ku Volga Federal District - kupatula 50,7%, North District Caucasian Federal District yatha kubzala mbatata m'malo opitilira 32% mwa madera omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kale.
Osati zochuluka, komabe dera la Central, South, North-West ndi Far Eastern FDs lidagwa - pofika 10,8; 7,0; 3,3; 2,0% motsatana. Nthawi yomweyo, ma FD a Ural ndi a Siberia apita patsogolo kwambiri poyerekeza ndi enawo, ndikuwonjezera 18,6 ndi 50,4% ya malowa pansi pa "mkate wachiwiri".
Mbatata zinalowera m'malo omwe kale anali ovuta komanso oopsa. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kutentha kwake, koma, kwakukulu, mu lingaliro langa, izi ndiye zoyenera za obereketsa: Mitundu yamitundu ituluka yomwe ingakule bwino m'malo otere.
Kupatula apo, ntchito ya woweta ndi iyi: kuphatikiza zinthu zonse (zachilengedwe ndi msika) ndikupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imasinthidwa moyenera kuti igwirizane ndi zigawo, zomwe sizimangopatsa zokolola zambiri, komanso zimakwaniritsa zosowa zamakono pamsika - ndiye kuti, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wowoneka bwino wa peel, mawonekedwe akuthwa kwa maso , Kuyenera kutsuka ndi kuyeretsa, kukana kuwonongeka kwa makina ndi mdima mutatha kuyeretsa, wokhala ndi nthawi yayitali yosungira popanda kutayika.
Pothandizira izi, titha kutchulapo zambiri za zokolola zochulukirapo pamakampani azamalonda, zomwe zikuwonetsa pafupifupi kuwonjezeka: kuchokera pa 3388,0 mpaka matani chikwi 6737,6 kuyambira 2010 mpaka 2017, ngakhale kuti malo omwe afesedwa.
Kubweretsa njira zamakono komanso ukadaulo wamakono, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yatsopano kumakupatsani mwayi kuti mulandire mbewu zina pamlingo wina ndi kuchuluka.
Chizindikiro chachikulu chaukadaulo wa makampani omwe akukula chomera, kuphatikiza mphamvu za mbewu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, michere ndi michere yachilengedwe, njira yolimbana ndi matenda ndi tizirombo, ndi zokolola.
Germany Mbeu Alliance Alliance (GAW), m'modzi mwa omwe ali nawo kampani ya Germany SOLANA (Solana), chaka chilichonse amatulutsa mbatata za mbewu ku Europe kupita kumsika wa Russia, komanso amatulutsa mbewu m'dziko lathu kwazaka zopitilira 20. Ndi mipata yambiri yowonetsera komanso kupanga malonda mu Russia monse, titha kunena molondola momwe mitundu ya SOLANA imakhalira mu dothi losiyana komanso nyengo.
Mu mkuyu. 1 ikuwonetsa zokolola zapakati pa 2016-2017. Ndi zokolola wamba ku Russia za 236 kg / ha, mitundu isanu mwa 14 idawonetsa zokolola kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa izi (Labella, Red Lady, Koroleva Anna, Laperla, Lilly).
Mtsogoleri wa mayeserowo anali mitundu yoyambirira ya Laperla - 575 c / ha. Zokolola za mitundu ina zimayambira 385 mpaka 448 kg / ha. Ngakhale "achikulire" a mbiri ya Zekur ndi Rosar sataya maudindo awo, zokolola zawo zinali 396 ndi 434 c / ha, motsatana.
Ngati chikhalidwechi chikufunidwa ndi msika, ndiye kuti wochita zachiwerewere angakulitse bwanji mokwanira ndi chuma? Njira yophatikizidwa ndiyofunikira pano. Palibe zinthu zabwino kwambiri muukadaulo, chilichonse chimapereka zake ku banki ya nkhumba ndipo pamapeto pake zimapeza phindu.
Malinga ndi Director a department of Plant Production, Mechanization, Chemicalization and Plant Protection of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation P.A. Chekmareva, gawo la mbewu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zapamwamba ndizambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbewuyo izitulutsa 20%.
Mu 2017, gawo lokolola mbewu pogwiritsa ntchito mbewu za mitundu yatsopano lidafika ma ruble 603 biliyoni (24%). Zinthu zina ndizofunikanso: zotsatira za kupanga zimadalira zida ndi matekinoloje ndi 25%, feteleza ndi zoteteza mbewu - ndi 23%, panthaka ndi nyengo - 20%, pakusinthana kwa mbewu - ndi 12%.
Mavuto onse azinthu komanso kuchuluka kwa zopereka zawo kumapeto omaliza - zokolola - zitha kupezeka mkuyu. 2, yomwe ikuwonetsa zokolola zapakati pa mitundu ya mbatata ya SOLANA yoyesedwa m'malo amenewa mu 2017.
Nyengo ya 2017 idakhala yovuta ndipo m'malo ambiri idadziwika ndi kasupe wotalikilapo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ifike mochedwa komanso mphukira zazitali. Chilimwe sichinasiyane ndi nyengo yabwino nyengo, kutumphuka kochepa kwambiri pamatenthedwe achilengedwe pansi pazanyengo wamba kunasiya mawonekedwe ake pakupangidwe kwa mbewu.
Kuyeretsa kumadera ambiri mdzikoli kunalinso kovuta chifukwa cha mvula yomwe imakhalapo nthawi zonse. Nthawi yomweyo, m'malo omwe ali atsogoleri m'malo okhala ndi mbatata - Bryansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Sverdlovsk madera - zokolola zambiri zidapezeka: 625 c / ha, 528 c / ha, 530 c / ha, 525 c / ha. Minda yamagawo awa, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba komanso ukadaulo, wogwira bwino ntchito ndi feteleza ndi mankhwala oteteza mbewu, adatha kuzindikira kuthekera kwa mitundu. Zokolola zambiri pazomwe tinayesa - 646 c / ha - zidapezeka ku Republic of Ingushetia, komwe alimi amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zaulimi molondola, akumamvera malingaliro a obereketsa ndikuphatikiza ukadaulo wonse umodzi.
Kuchokera 400 mpaka 500 c / ha adapezeka ku Moscow, Tambov, Voronezh, Orel, Kursk, Chelyabinsk, Rostov. Kuchokera 300 mpaka 400 c / ha - ku Kurgan, Pskov, Belgorod, Ulyanovsk zigawo, Republic of Tatarstan, UdmurTiya, Bashkortostan, Stavropol Territory.
Kukolola kwa mbatata zomwe zitha kugulidwa mu 2017 pafupifupi Russia ku 236 kg / ha. Kodi izi ndizokwanira kupindulira famuyo? Monga kuwerengera kumawonetsera (Tebulo 1), mukamagwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono komanso matekinoloje popanga mbatata pamalo osachepera mahekitala 100 (mahekala 90 a mbatata zogulitsidwa ndi mahekitala 10 a mbewu, ntchitoyi idzadzigulitsa yokha pakatha zaka zisanu ndi zipatso malonda mbatata 500 c / ha, kuchepa kwa zokolola 50 c zokha zimakulitsa kubwezera mpaka zaka 7. Zokolola wamba ku Russian Federation zimawopseza alimi ndi kutayika kwakukulu.
Kukumbukiranso za ntchito yovuta, ndikufuna kumaliza ndi mawu ochokera kwa wazamulungu wanzeru Halford E. Luccock: Palibe amene angaseweretse nyimbo zokhazokha. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera gulu lonse la oimba "... Ndipo ndi violin iti yomwe izitsogolera pagulu ili zili ndi inu.