Mukamabzala mbewu zosiyanasiyana zaulimi, kuwonjezera pa njira za agrotechnical, zomwe zimakhalabe zazikulu pakuwongolera namsongole, ndizovuta kuchita popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a herbicides. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti kukhala ndi zochita zambiri zachilengedwe, herbicides imafunikira njira yabwino kwambiri mukamaigwiritsa ntchito.
Valentina Demidova, wofufuza wa Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VNIIF, Wosankhidwa wa Sayansi Yachilengedwe;
Maria Kuznetsova, Mutu wa Dipatimenti Yophatikiza Ziphuphu ndi Masamba, FSBIU VNIIF, Wofunsidwa wa Sayansi Yachilengedwe
M'zaka zaposachedwa, m'malo osiyanasiyana ku Russia, pakhala zochitika zambiri pomwe kuwonongeka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo chifukwa cha poizoni wawo pazotetezedwa ku namsongole sikupitilira phindu. Zotsatira za herbicide ndi zotsatira za zotsalira zotsalira za wothandizirayo (ndi ma metabolites) omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito zaka zapitazo pamkhalidwe wa nthaka, mbewu zolimidwa ndi udzu. Kuopsa kwa zotsatira za herbicide makamaka kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu zitatu: kukula kwa kutsatsa, kuwonongeka ndi kusamuka (kuyenda). Zotsatira za izi zimadalira nyengo-nyengo ndi agrotechnical zinthu, nyengo, komanso katundu wa mankhwalawo.
Makamaka chifukwa cha izi, mbatata zokulitsidwa m'minda yayikulu komanso yapadera amavutika.
Zomwe zimayambitsa toxosis pa mbatata:
- kusungidwa m'nthaka yotsalira ya mbatata zapoizoni pambuyo pake pakugwiritsira ntchito mbeu isanasinthe;
- kuphwanya malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito herbicides "mbatata" (metribuzin, rimsulfuron, prosulfocarb, etc.);
- kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ma saputa okhala ndi zotsalira za herbicide m'matanki (malinga ndi chidwi cha mbatata kuzinthu izi);
- madontho owononga a herbicides mukakonza madera oyandikana nawo.
Nthawi zambiri, toxicosis yomwe ikuwonetsedwa m'ndime 2-4 imalumikizidwa ndi kusagwirizana ndi malamulo ndi malingaliro kuti agwiritse ntchito.
Palibe mankhwala ambiri a herbicides omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi ya kukula kwa mbatata. Awa ndi mankhwalawa makamaka ochokera m'magulu a mankhwala a triazines (metribuzin), aryloxyalkanecarboxylic acids (MCPA), sulfonylureas (rimsulfuron), thiocarbamates (prosulfocarb). Zonsezi zogwira ntchito ndizosankha ndipo siziyenera kuwononga mbewu za mbatata. Komabe, pansi pazinthu zina, mbatata zimapanikizika. Izi zitha kukhala zanyengo, chidwi cha mitundu, kuphwanya malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapamwamba, etc.
Zizindikiro zimadalira gulu la zinthu zomwe zimagwira. Metribuzinum imayambitsa kuyaka ndi zoletsa kukula kwa mbewu. Izi zimatchulidwa kwambiri pamitundu yolimba kapena ngati imagwiritsidwa ntchito pouma ndi mpweya wambiri (mkuyu. 1).
Rimsulfuron angayambitse chikasu kapena kusokosera kwa masamba a mbatata. Zizindikiro zoterezi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi chiwonetsero cha kachilombo ka virus. Pazifukwa izi, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mbatata za mbewu ndi zosafunika.
Zomera za mbatata zimakonda kwambiri herbicides, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusintha kwazomera pa mbewu zina. Zowopsa kwambiri kwa mbatata ndi mankhwala opangira herbicides omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pachikhalidwe cham'mbuyomu kuchokera ku gulu lachiwiri (acetolactate synthase inhibitors (ALS) ndi gulu 2 (kupanga maxx).
Herbicides ya gulu 2 imaphatikizapo sulfonylureas (metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, etc.), komanso imidazolinones (imazethapyr, imazamox, etc.). Zotsatira zawo zoyipa mbatata zimalumikizidwa ndikusintha kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zina zofunika za amino acid. Zotsalira za Sulfonylurea nthawi zina zimatha kupitilira m'nthaka ndikuwononga mbatata kwa nthawi yayitali mutagwiritsa ntchito. Ma imidazolinones ena amapezeka m'nthaka kwa zaka zingapo. Mawonetseredwe a poizoni wamagulu awa a herbicides pazisamba za mbatata ndizosiyanasiyana ndipo zimadalira mitundu yamitundu yazomera. Nthawi zambiri, endochlorosis (kapena chikasu cha masamba), makwinya (kapena zithunzi) ndipo, mwalamulo, kuchepa kwamphamvu kumawoneka (mkuyu 2). Zizindikiro zoterezi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi chiwonetsero cha matenda opatsirana. Pachifukwa ichi kuti panthaka yokhala ndi zotsalira za herbicides, kuyeretsa komanso kuyimitsa minda yomwe ikuchitika popanga mbewu za mbatata ndizovuta.
Zizindikiro zowonongeka kwa ma tubers ndi ma herbicides awa amatha kukhala osiyana, koma kuwononga kwakutali kwa ma tubers (nthawi zambiri owoneka ngati nyenyezi) ndi zophukira zooneka ngati ma tubers zomwe zimawoneka ngati popcorn ndizomwe zimadziwika kwambiri (mkuyu. 3,4).
Mankhwala owopsa a m'gulu la 4 amaphatikizapo zotengera za phenoxyacetic, benzoic ndi pyridic acid. Zopitilira pang'ono (mwachitsanzo, za nthawi yayitali) ndizo phenoxyacetic acid zotengera (2,4-D). Kuopsa kowonongeka kwa mbatata ndi benzoic (dicamba) ndi picolinic (clopyralid, picloram) zotumphukira za asidi ndizokwera kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, pakuwonetsa zizindikiritso zowopsa kwa mbatata, kupezeka kwa clopyralid m'nthaka ndikokwanira muyezo wofanana ndi 0,07% ya kuchuluka kwa momwe adagwiritsidwira ntchito chaka chatha pazambewu zam'mbuyomu, ndipo pamlingo wa 0,7%, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa zokolola za mbewu yodziwika kudadziwika kale.
Mosiyana ndi sulfonylureas ndi imidazolinones, kuwonongeka kowoneka kwa mbatata ndi dicamba, clopyralid, ndi picloram kumangowonekera pamlengalenga. Chipinda, chifukwa cha mapindikidwe a masamba masamba, kukhala ofanana ndi fern mbande (mkuyu. 5). Ma herbicides awa amakhudza kukhazikitsa ndi mapangidwe amakulidwe (maso) mwa ana a tubers. Chifukwa chake, mchaka chodzala mbatata dothi loipitsidwa ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera nyemba, nsonga zowoneka bwino ndi ma tubers nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa, koma pulogalamu yawo yopanga mfundo zakukula imaphwanyidwa. Zizindikiro pamwambapa zimawoneka mchaka chamawa, pomwe ma tubers ngati awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chodzala. Pochita zowunika za mbatata, pafupifupi chaka chilichonse timakumana ndi zokolola zomwe zili pamwambapa m'malo osiyanasiyana ku Russia.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa kuwonekera kwa herbicidal toxicosis ku zizindikilo za matenda opatsirana. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa herbicidal toxicosis ndi chiwonetsero cha matenda aliwonse ndikuwonetsera kwakukulu kwa zisonyezo zowonongeka m'munda wonse kapena kwanuko, m'malo, koma osati pazomera zilizonse.
Mukakonzekera kubzala mbatata, zotsalira za herbicides zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito nyengo yapita ziyenera kukumbukiridwa. Kuchulukitsa kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito herbicides m'nthaka zimatengera zinthu zambiri: kuchuluka kwa kukonzekera komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, nyengo ya nyengo (kutentha, chinyezi cha nthaka), mtundu wa dothi, kuchuluka kwa ma microbiota, ndi zina zambiri. Dothi lonyowa mchaka cha kugwiritsa ntchito sulfonylurea, imidazolinones, dicamba, picloram ndi clopyralid zimawonjezera ngozi zosunga zotsalira zawo mu dothi ndi kuwonongeka kwa mbatata mu nyengo yotsatira.
Chifukwa chake, ngati pali kukayikira za "ukhondo" wamundawu, musanadzalemo mbatata, dothi liyenera kupendedwa ngati zotsalira za herbicide kapena biotesting ya nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito zowonetsa.
Kenako, herbicides omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbatata amathanso kukhala ndi vuto lililonse pazotsatira zamtsogolo. Mwa izi, tinapanga maphunziro angapo omwe cholinga chake chinali kuphunzira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a herbicide potengera metribuzin omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbatata pa kugwiririra kwa masika, nkhaka, oats ndi mbewu za shuga.
Phytotoxicity ya metribuzin idatsimikizika mu 2018 ndi 2019 pansi pa ziyeso zomwe zikukula m'chipinda chobiriwira pansi pa kayendetsedwe ka hydrothermal.
Monga mbewu zoyesera, tidagwiritsa ntchito shuga beet (v. Ramonskaya single-seeded 9), oats (v. Argaman Elita), nkhaka (v. Edinstvo), ndi kugwiririra masika (v. Ratnik). Zomera zimakulitsidwa m'mabaker 80 mm m'mimba mwake ndi mphamvu ya 600 cm3, yodzaza ndi zitsanzo za nthaka ya sod-podzolic yomwe yatengedwa.
Pokhazikitsa kuyesaku, zitsanzo zadothi zidatengedwa kuchokera kumunda komwe herbicide sinagwiritsidwe (control), komanso kuchokera poyesera komwe mbatata zimalimidwa ndipo herbicide (a.v. metribuzin) idapakidwa pamlingo wa 0,5 kg / ha. M'zaka zonse ziwiri zoyesa, zitsanzo zidatengedwa mchaka cha Epulo, kuchokera pansi mozama cha masentimita 0-25 m'mitundu 10.
Zomwe zikukula pazomera zoyesa: kutentha kwa mpweya 250C (masana) ndi 200C (usiku); kuthirira nthaka mpaka 60% ya PV.
Kuyerekeza phytotoxicity kwa masamba osankhidwa chifukwa chakumera kwazitsamba kunayesedwa patatha masiku 28 mutabzala zikhalidwezo molingana ndi kutalika ndi kulemera kwa mbewu zoyesazo.
Malinga ndi zotsatira za kuyesedwa, zidapezeka kuti mu zitsanzo za dothi zophunziridwa, zoletsa zonse zamayeso zimawonedwa mu mawonekedwe a tsinde lofooka, kubwezeretsa kukula poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera (mkuyu. 6-9). Kutalika kwa mbewu za oat pamalamulo kunali 25 cm masentimita, kutalika 35 cm cm; shuga beets 20-23 cm (control), muzosinthidwa zapadera 15-20 cm; nkhaka 10-13 masentimita (control), muzosinthidwa zophunziridwa 16-22 cm; kuphulika kwa masika 11-14 masentimita (control), muzosinthidwa zomwe zapezeka 12-14 cm.
Pafupifupi zaka 2, kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mitundu yoyesera ya nkhaka kuwongolera mpaka 70,8%; beets shuga - 45,0%; oats - 44,4%; kugwiriridwa kwa masika - 33,1% (Gome 1).
Chifukwa chake, maphunziro athu awonetsa kuti pali zoyipa za metribuzin pa mbatata pazinthu zosiyanasiyana: nkhaka, beets shuga, oats, kugwiriridwa kwa masika. Kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa mbeu zosiyanasiyana zobzalidwa ndi zitsamba m'nthaka, ndikofunikira kuchita njira zosiyanasiyana:
- Gwiritsani ntchito mulingo wocheperako wa herbicides (zosakaniza zosakanikirana kapena zosakanikira za tanki zokhala ndi zinthu zazitali "zazitali".
- Musanadzale mbewu zanthete, yambani kulima mozama.
- Ikani mbeu kuzungulira zomwe zimachepetsa chiwonongeko cha mbewu ndi herbicides.
- Gwiritsani ntchito zisonyezo (mbewu za mbewu zomwe zimakonda kwambiri herbidal iyi):
- herbicides ochokera ku gulu 2 - acetolactate synthase (ALS) zoletsa (sulfonylureas ndi imidazolinones) - beets shuga, ogwiriridwa;
- a gulu 4 - synthers auxins (phenoxyacid (2.4D, etc.), benzoic acid (dicamba), pyridic acid (clopyralid, picloram) - nyemba, fulakesi;
- a gulu 5 - metribuzin - nkhaka, oats, shuga beets.
5. Chitani zodyetsa zakudya za zomera zowonongeka ndi feteleza zochokera ku amino acid: mwachitsanzo, Isabion, Aminokat, etc.