Kupanga zinthu za mbatata ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimathandizira kuthetsa vuto la kugawikana kosalekeza komanso kokwanira kwa anthu ndi chakudya, chifukwa chake sizodabwitsa kuti m'maiko ambiri otukuka padziko lapansi pali kuchepa kwa kadyedwe ka mbatata ndikuwonjezeka. pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kuswana mbatata kwachitika moganizira kwambiri zofunikira monga momwe mbewuyo imayenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito, kupititsa patsogolo ubwino ndi chilengedwe cha tubers, poganizira za chiyembekezo chokonzekera mafakitale kukhala zinthu zambiri za mbatata, kuphatikizapo Mbatata zowutsa bwino zimatenga malo otsogola pankhani ya kuchuluka kwake. M'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi, pali chizolowezi chodziwika pakukula kwazakudya za mbatata zokonzedwa m'mabizinesi apadera. Pachifukwa ichi, kupanga mitundu yatsopano ndi ma hybrids a mbatata oyenera kukonza mafakitale ndi gawo lofunikira pa kafukufuku wa sayansi.
Zosiyanasiyana ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukulitsa zokolola komanso chinthu chofunikira kwambiri paukadaulo waukadaulo pakukula kwa mbatata. Osati zinthu zofunika kwambiri zachuma ndi ogula katundu wa mankhwala zimadalira gwero zakuthupi, komanso malangizo a ntchito ndi malonda wa wamkulu mbewu. Nthawi iliyonse pakukula kwamakampani imafunikira njira yosankhidwa yokwanira komanso yokhazikika.
Kuweta kwapadziko lonse lapansi kukuwonetsa kuti kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya mbatata yokhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kosinthika kumapereka kupita patsogolo kwenikweni pakuwonjezeka kwa zokolola komanso mtundu wazinthu pakusintha kwakukula kwanyengo komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikuwongolera chilengedwe.
Pachifukwa ichi, kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko ndi malonda a mitundu yodalirika ya zoweta zapakhomo, zomwe sizotsika poyerekeza ndi ma analogue abwino akunja, ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri paukadaulo wopanga mbatata. Komabe, kupititsa patsogolo zoweta zatsopano zomwe zikuphatikizidwa mu State Register ya Russian Federation ikuchitika pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale kuti zachilengedwe ndi nyengo za zigawo zambiri za dziko lathu zimatilola kuziwona ngati zolimbikitsa kukonzekera. kupanga mbewu za mbatata. Pachifukwa ichi, opanga zinthu zazikulu akupitilizabe kugula mbewu zambiri zamitundu yakunja, makamaka kuchokera kumakampani aku Europe obereketsa ndi mbewu, kuti aberekenso ku Russia. Kuthana ndi kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mitundu ya mbatata yakunyumba komanso kudalira mbewu kuchokera kunja ndikotheka ngati mpikisano wamitundu yomwe yangopangidwa kumene ichulukira komanso kupanga mbewu zotsimikizika kukukulira.
Ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale, vuto lidayamba chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zida zopangira zinthu zofunika - palibe mitundu yapadera, ndipo zomwe zilipo zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa kupanga chakudya sizinaphunzire mokwanira. Dera lomwe likukulirako limathandizanso kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, kukongola kwa mbatata yowoneka bwino. Kwambiri kwambiri, zamtengo wapatali zachuma makhalidwe a mbatata zimadalira mikhalidwe ya kukula nyengo.
Zofunikira zamtundu wa ma tubers pokonza zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna. Chofunika kwambiri ndi zizindikiro za anatomical, morphological, biochemical, ndi organoleptic. Chifukwa chake, kupanga mitundu yapadera yomwe ili yoyenera kwambiri popanga zakudya zomaliza komanso zokonzeka kudya, komanso kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pazaukadaulo, ndizofunikira.
Mukaweta mitundu yapadera yopangira mbatata, zofunikira zapadera zimayikidwa pazomwe zili zowuma (20-25%) ndi kuchepetsa shuga (0,2-0,5%), zomwe zimatsimikizira mtundu wa zomwe zamalizidwa.
Pakuti mafakitale processing, ndi abwino kwambiri tubers ndi ozungulira, ozungulira ndi kuzungulira kwa oblong-oval, monga facilitates kusanja mbatata, amachepetsa zinyalala pa kuyeretsa ndi mawotchi kuwonongeka, ndi kumawonjezera zokolola za muyezo mankhwala. Kuti apange mbatata yowoneka bwino (tchipisi), mbatata yokhwima yokhala ndi zouma zosachepera 17% imafunika kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Seputembala, osachepera 20 ... 24% kwa chaka chonse, kachulukidwe - 720 kg / m.3 . Zomwe zimachepetsa shuga ndizosaposa 0,25%, kugawa kwawo yunifolomu mu kuchuluka kwa tuber. Mbatata sayenera kudziunjikira momveka bwino kuchepetsa shuga panthawi yosungirako ndipo mwamsanga kuchepetsa mlingo wa kuchepetsa shuga kuti ukhale wogwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yokonzanso pambuyo posungira kutentha. Mbatata zokhwima zimafunikira kuti apange zokazinga za ku France. Maonekedwe a ma tubers ndi oblong, ozungulira-oval, opangidwa ndi ocelli osaya. Utali - 50 mm kapena kuposa. Zomwe zili zolimba - kuchokera 20 mpaka 24%, kuchepetsa shuga - mofanana ndi mbatata yofiira, kachulukidwe - 720 kg / m3. Mitundu ya mbatata imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ma tubers omwe alibe mdima wopanda enzymatic wa zamkati atatha kusenda, kuwotcha, pakuzizira komanso kusungunuka. Mbatata sayenera kudziunjikira (kuchepetsa) shuga posungira ndikuchepetsa msanga mulingo wawo kukhala wovomerezeka pakukonzanso pambuyo posungirako kutentha pang'ono.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zinthu za mbatata ndizomwe zimachepetsa shuga m'machubu, omwe ndi oxidizing amphamvu ndipo, polumikizana ndi ma amino compounds, ammonia kapena peptides yosavuta, amapanga melanoidin wakuda wakuda ndi utoto wa ruby okhudza Ubwino wazinthu zomwe wapeza. Zomwe zimachepetsera shuga mu ma tubers ndizosiyana, komabe chizindikiro ichi sichikhala chokhazikika ndipo chimasiyana malinga ndi kukula, kusungirako ndi kukhwima kwa ma tubers.
Mndandanda wa mabuku omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito:
1. Zhevora, S.V. Mbatata: mavuto ndi ziyembekezo / S. V. Zhevora, B.V. Anisimov, E. A. Simakov, E. V. Oats, S.N. Zebrin // Mbatata ndi masamba. - 2019. - No. 7. - p. 13-17 .
2. Zemtsova, M.A. Kuunikira kwaukadaulo kwa mitundu ya mbatata kuti ikhale yoyenererana kuti ikhale mbatata yokazinga ndi ma fries aku France / M.A. Zemtsova, I. I. Timofeeva // Chitetezo cha mbatata. - 2011. - No. 1. - S. 17-20.
3. Pshechenkov, K.A. Makhalidwe a ogula a ma tubers ndi mbatata yophika kutengera mitundu, kukula ndi kusungirako / K.A. Pshechenkov, O. N. Davydenkova // Nkhani za kukula kwa mbatata. Asayansi tr. VNIIKH. - M., 2003. - S. 90-99.