Akatswiri a kampani ya "Ogasiti" adauza kuti ndi matenda ati azomera omwe adawononga kwambiri ulimi waku Russia chaka chino. Nyengo yozizira komanso yozizira m'malo angapo idapangitsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya a mbatata, omwe amatha kulanda alimi mbewu zawo. Tirigu ophiobosis ikufalikira mofulumira m'minda - chaka chino matenda a fungal adalembedwa osati kumwera kokha, komanso ku Central Black Earth Region. Chinyezi chochulukirapo mdera la Kursk ndi madera oyandikana nawo adalola powdery mildew kuvulaza makutu a chimanga. Nthawi yomweyo, vuto lalikulu la alimi ku Southern Federal District - chilala - chimachepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda oopsa kwambiri a tirigu - fusarium, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatha kupanga njere za poizoni chifukwa cha mycotoxins. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mafangasi opangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku 10 ku Russia koyambirira kwa 2020 poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyi ya 2019 kudakwera kuchoka pa 17 biliyoni mpaka ma ruble 21 biliyoni (kupatula VAT): alimi akuwononga ndalama zochulukirapo kuti asunge zokolola zambiri ...
Mu 2020, alimi ochokera kumadera a Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Bryansk adakumananso ndi kufalikira kwa mbatata bacteriosis, yomwe ili ndi mitundu 7. Akatswiri a zamawonekedwe amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chachikulu cha kukula kwa matenda ndikubzala mbewu zochepa ku Russia: alimi nthawi zambiri amagula mbatata zomwe zili ndi kachilombo pakati pawo, ndikuwonjezera dera lake. Ndipo alimi omwe amasamala kwambiri za mtundu wa zogulitsa masiku ano amayang'ana zitsanzo za 50-70 za mbewu asanagule, koma kuwunika kowoneka kumathandiza kudula zowola zokha.
"Masiku ano ndizosatheka kudziwa matenda obisika a bacteriosis pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoperekedwa ndi GOST, mbewu zomwe mbatata ziyenera kutsatira," akutero a Dmitry Belov, wamkulu wa dipatimenti yopanga zinthu mu kampani ya Ogasiti. - Gawo logwira ntchito la matendawa limayamba ndikukula kwa tsinde - kuchokera kwa amayi kapena ngakhale kuchokera ku tuber yatsopano. Kawirikawiri amapezeka blackleg, omwe amayamba chifukwa cha mabakiteriya ochokera pagulu la Pectobacterium ndi Dickeya, lomwe limapezekanso m'minda yapayokha. Nthawi zina matenda amayamba kumera, koma mbande sizimawonekera - tidawona izi modabwitsa mahekitala angapo ku Moscow zaka zitatu zapitazo. Vutoli ndilofala, koma chaka chino bakiteriya amadziwonetsera makamaka makamaka chifukwa cha nyengo - chinyezi chowonjezera ndi kasupe wozizira m'malo akulu olimapo mbatata. Mbatata zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi bacteriosis zitha "kutuluka" nthawi yosungira - nthawi zina izi zimachitika ndi malo osungira athunthu. "
M'chigawo cha Southern Federal nyengo ino, panali kufalikira kwa ophiobosis mu tirigu. Ichi ndi matenda a fungal omwe ali ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri yowononga mbewu: imatha kudziwonetsera yokha kuchokera pagawo lachitatu la masamba ndi gawo lolima (kapangidwe ka mphukira) mpaka gawo loyambira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zakudya zazomera zisiye, makamaka, khutu lopanga. Matendawa ndi ovuta kuwazindikira: koyambirira amasokonezedwa ndi mizu ya rhizoctonia, yomwe yakhala ikukhudza mbewu ku Southern Federal District mzaka zingapo zapitazi, zomwe zimapweteketsa mizu ndikuwonjeza zakudya, koma zotsatirapo zake ndizochepa. Ophiobolism, nthawi zambiri, imayambitsa kutayika kwakukulu, ndipo kuwonongeka kwake kumatha kukhala mpaka 30% ya mbewu. Matendawa amafalikira mwachangu m'minda - pafupifupi 10% yamderali imafalikira chaka chilichonse. Vutoli ndilofala makamaka ku Stavropol Territory, lakulirakulira ku Krasnodar Territory, komanso mu 2019-2020. milandu yokhayokha idayamba kulembedwa ku Central Black Earth Region.
Kufalikira kwa matendawa, akatswiri a kampani ya "Ogasiti" amafotokoza, makamaka kumalimbikitsidwa ndi zisokonezo pakusintha kwa mbewu, pomwe mbewu zambewu zimakula chaka ndi chaka m'malo omwewo. Palibe njira zodzitetezera ku ophiobolez, komabe, kampaniyo ikulimbikitsa kuchepetsa kukula kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides motsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumayambiriro kwa masika - chitetezo cha zomera chopanda matenda ena chimathana ndi ophiobolez.
Madera a Kursk, Oryol, Bryansk, Kaliningrad ndi Voronezh, komanso Republic of Bashkortostan chaka chino adakumana ndi vuto la powdery mildew, lomwe mwachikhalidwe chake limadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwamatenda ofala kwambiri. Amapezeka pafupifupi paliponse ngati chimanga cham'nyengo yozizira ndipo amakula ngati mbewu zowirira, kutentha pang'ono, komanso chinyezi ndi feteleza wokwanira. Ndikukula kwa kutentha komanso kuchepa kwa chinyezi, nthawi zambiri mu Meyi, matendawa "amapita" mwa iwo okha - makamaka kumwera kwa Russia. Koma chaka chino, mwachitsanzo, mdera la Kursk, kuchuluka kwa chinyezi sikunachepe, matendawa adayamba kufikira makutu ndipo alimi adayenera kuyamba mankhwala a fungicidal. Zifukwa zomwezi mdera lomwe latchulidwalo zidathandizira kukulitsa soya peronosporosis - matendawa amatha kuwononga 20% ya mbewu.
Kufesa kwa mpendadzuwa pafupipafupi kudera lomwelo kumayambitsa matenda monga dzimbiri, phomopsis, downy mildew, komanso zowola zosiyanasiyana - sclerotinosis, botrytis. Pachikhalidwe, dzimbiri ndizofala kwambiri mdera la Samara, Saratov, Voronezh ndi Volgograd, ndipo mu 2020 momwe kufalikira kwawo sikunasinthe.
Komabe, chodabwitsa panthawiyi sichinali matenda opatsirana a mpendadzuwa, omwe amayaka kutentha: magawo azomera adamwalira popanda chifukwa, ndipo kuwunika sikukuwonetsa kupezeka kwa othandizira. Izi zimawonedwa pafupifupi kulikonse - kuchokera ku Stavropol mpaka Volgograd.
Ndipo matenda enanso, kuphulika kowonekera komwe kudadziwika mu 2020, ndi dzimbiri la nsawawa, lomwe lidaononga mbewu kuchokera ku Central Black Earth Region kupita ku Altai.
"Poyamba dzimbiri limawoneka ngati mawanga ofiira lalanje pamasamba a mbewu zake, ndipo nthawi yokolola, mitambo ya spore imatuluka kumbuyo kwa okolola m'minda ya nsawawa. Ichi ndi matenda a fungal, omwe adayambika chifukwa cha nyengo yamvula m'malo angapo. Kuphatikiza apo, idadziwikiratu ngakhale pansi pa chilala m'malo omwe "stock" yamatenda ndiyokwera - monga zidachitikira, makamaka ku Altai, "akutero a Dmitry Belov.
Mwambiri, katswiriyu akuwona kuti vuto lalikulu kwa alimi ambiri mu 2020 silinali matenda obzala, koma chilala. Mwa njira, ndichifukwa chake chaka chino mbewu sizinadwale matenda oopsa monga fusarium, omwe samangochepetsa kuchepa kwa tirigu, komanso amawapangitsa kukhala owopsa ku thanzi chifukwa cha mycotoxins. Nthawi yomwe chitukuko cha Fusarium chimakula ndi chinyezi panthawi yamaluwa a tirigu - mvula kapena mame. Koma mikhalidwe pomwe kunalibe mvula konse, kunalibe matenda. M'mbuyomu, matendawa adawononga mbewu ku Kuban, m'chigawo cha Stavropol, pagulu la zigawo za Central Black Earth Region, ku Altai - komwe chilala chidalamulira nyengo ino.
Kumbali inayi, akatswiri a kampani ya Ogasiti akuti m'malo omwe munali chinyezi chokwanira (makamaka ku Moscow, Smolensk, madera a Bryansk), malo ogona a nthawi yachisanu adawonedwa. Mwa iyo yokha, iyi si matenda: chimanga chimakhala pamene khutu lolimba limapangidwa pansi pa chakudya chabwino, koma kuchokera ku chinyezi chowonjezera, maselowo amakhala ofooka ndipo sangathe kupirira mphepo. Pofuna kupewa izi, alimi amagwiritsa ntchito zowongolera kukula, zomwe zimapangitsa kufupikitsa ndikulimbitsa tsinde chifukwa cha kuyandikira kwa ma internode apansi wina ndi mnzake. Koma ngati njira sizinachitike, ndiye kuti mbewu zikaikidwa, njere "zimayenda" kapena zimayamba kumera m'makutu, komanso kuyandikira kwa njerezo pansi ngati gwero la matenda kumayambitsa matenda.
Pozindikira kuwonjezeka kwa matenda omwe amapezeka, omwe amawathandizira - fungicides - akugonjetsa msika wanyumba mwachangu. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi opanga 10 opanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Russia, kugulitsa fungicides mu theka loyambirira la 2020 poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyi chaka chapitacho kudakwera pafupifupi kotala - kuyambira 17 biliyoni mpaka 21 biliyoni rubles (kupatula VAT). Poyerekeza: kugulitsa kwathunthu kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu theka loyambirira la chaka kudakwera ndi 18% - kuyambira 65 biliyoni mpaka 77 biliyoni za ruble (kupatula VAT).
"Msika wa fungicides - mankhwala olimbana ndi matenda azomera - ukukula nthawi zonse, - akutero a Dmitry Belov. - Ku Europe, pamalonda, ndi yayikulu kuposa msika wazinthu zogwiritsa ntchito udzu - mankhwala ophera tizilombo, pomwe ku Russia ndi malonda awo omwe akupezekabe pagulu lonseli. M'mayiko aku Europe omwe ali ndi zokolola zambiri, mankhwala opangira fungicidal 4 amachitika nyengo iliyonse. Ku Russia, chaka chatha, coefficient iyi inali yofanana ndi 1,5, mwina chaka chino idzafika ku 2. Lero, alimi apakhomo kulikonse amasintha zakudya zamchere ndipo amatsogoleredwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitundu yobereka kwambiri motsutsana ndi mitundu yomwe imalimbana ndi matenda, koma yoperewera pakukolola. Izi zikutilola kuneneratu kuti msika wa fungicide upitilizabe kukula, komanso kutengera kuchuluka kwa malo olimidwa komanso kuchuluka kwa chithandizo. "
Zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi atolankhani a kampaniyi "Ogasiti"