Tiyeni tilime masamba ambiri pamalo otseguka - ndi mawu otere chaka chino, pafupifupi dera lililonse la Russia likuyandikira nyengo yofesa. Potengera izi, kodi ogulitsa mbewu amazindikira kuti malonda awo akuchulukirachulukira?
Ndi mitundu iti ndi ma hybrids omwe amakonda kwambiri alimi? Kodi pali zovuta zilizonse zokhudzana ndi zoperekedwa pansi pa zilango ndipo ndi zosintha ziti pamsika zomwe ziyenera kuyembekezera posachedwa?
Tikulankhula za zonsezi ndi Evgeny Medvedev, General Director wa PRESTIGE AGRO LLC.
PRESTIGE AGRO LLC yakhala ikugulitsa mbewu kuchokera kumalo abwino kwambiri obereketsa ku Europe ndi Russia kwazaka zopitilira 20.
- Evgeny Vladimirovich, tinganene kuti kampani yanu idagulitsa mbewu zambiri zamasamba chaka chino? Kodi padzakhala masamba ambiri m'dzinja?
- Zonse zimatengera chaka chomwe mukufuna kufananiza. Ngati tifanizira kuchuluka kwa malonda a nyengo ino ndi yotsiriza, ndiye kuti palidi kuwonjezeka, ndipo ndizofunikira. Koma malinga ndi momwe ndikumvera, 2021 inali chaka chomwe kuchepetsa m'derali pansi pa gulu la masamba kunafika pazipita zaka 10 zapitazi. Ndiko kuti, kuti tsopano masamba ambiri adzabzalidwa kuposa chaka chapitacho sizikutanthauza kuti tidzalandira zokolola zochuluka mu kugwa.
- Ndi chiyani chinapangitsa kuchepa kwa malo mu 2021?
- Izi ndi zotsatira za kusintha komwe kwachitika pamsika pazaka zapitazi za 10-15.
Ndikuganiza kuti anthu ambiri amakumbukira momwe, kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, kugulitsa zinthu zaulimi kunayamba kusintha ku Russia. M'zaka zimenezo, maunyolo ogulitsa anali akukula mwachangu, ndipo katundu wochokera m'misika pang'onopang'ono adasamukira kumasitolo ogulitsa. Pafupifupi mu 2010, kusintha kunabwera pamene maunyolo ogulitsa anayamba kugwira ntchito yaikulu kuposa misika pa malonda onse a masamba a gulu la borscht. Panthawi imeneyi, nyumba zazikulu zogwirira ntchito zinayamba kusonyeza chidwi cholima masamba ndi mbatata. Agroholdings mwamsanga anakhazikitsa kupanga, pamene occupying kagawo kakang'ono wa minda sing'anga-kakulidwe. Koma kenako bizinesi yayikulu iliyonse idapita m'njira yakeyake, ambiri aiwo amapangidwa mosiyanasiyana: wina adangoyang'ana pakukula kwa tchipisi kapena zokazinga za ku France, wina adasinthira ku mbewu monga chimanga kapena mbewu zina. Kuyambira 2017, tawona kuwonongeka kwapachaka kwa malo mu gulu la borscht. Ndiroleni ndikupatseni chitsanzo chenicheni: pakati pa makasitomala athu pali kampani yayikulu yomwe imagwira ntchito yopanga mbatata ndi kaloti. Pachimake cha chidwi ndi masamba, adakula kaloti pamalo okwana mahekitala 380, koma kuyambira 2017 adachepetsa pang'onopang'ono ma voliyumu. Chaka chatha adagawa mahekitala 70 a kaloti, kusiyana kwake kuli kopitilira kasanu!
- Ndipo izi ndi momwe zimakhalira mbewu zonse zamasamba za borscht?
- Izi zimagwiranso ntchito ku mizu ya mbewu. Payokha, ndimasankha kabichi yokha. Agroholdings anali okonzeka kugwira ntchito ndi mbatata, kaloti, beets, nthawi zina, anyezi - ndiko kuti, mbewu zomwe zili zoyenera kukolola makina. Ochepa a iwo anayamba kulima kabichi. Zotsatira zake, ndi anthu ochepa omwe amakolola konse, ndipo tsopano ndi mbewu iyi yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu pamsika, mitengo yake ikukula mwachangu.
“Chaka chino chakhala chovuta kwambiri kwa ogulitsa mbewu. Alimi amawona kusowa kwa mitundu ina yosakanizidwa pamsika. Zifukwa za kuchepako ndi chiyani?
- Panalidi mavuto ndi ma hybrids ena, ndipo nthawi zina timayenera kusankha njira zina zosinthira. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu za kuchepa ndi mliri. Mu 2020, pakuchita mantha, makampani akulu aku Europe adatseka gawo lina lamasamba. Monga mukudziwira, kupanga mbewu za mbewu zambiri kumatenga zaka ziwiri, m'chaka choyamba mbewu ya mayi imamera, m'chaka chachiwiri mbewu zimawonekera. Mu 2021, mbewu zochepa zidakololedwa, ndipo izi zidabweretsa zovuta. Ndikuyembekeza kuti chaka chamawa mavoti opangira adzabwezeretsedwa, chilimwe chatha malo olima mbewu anali atayamba kale kugwira ntchito.
Tikanena za momwe zinthu ziliri pamsika wambewu m'dziko lonselo, ndiye kuti chaka chino vuto la kusowa kwa mbewu za karoti lakhala lovuta kwambiri. Pafupifupi chaka chapitacho, a Rosselkhoznadzor adayambitsa macheke owonjezera a nthanga za kaloti zomwe zatumizidwa kunja kuti zitsimikizire kupezeka kwa bakiteriya Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (woyambitsa matenda a Zebra chip). Zotsatira zake, gawo lina lazinthuzo silinalowe mumsika wa Russia, zomwe zinakulitsa vuto la kuchepa. Izi sizinakhudze kampani yathu mwachindunji, koma makasitomala atsopano adabwera kwa ife omwe sakanatha kugula mbewu kwa ogulitsa ena.
Zoonadi, palibe makasitomala athu atsopano kapena okhazikika omwe adasiyidwa popanda kubzala zinthu, koma nyengoyi - poganizira zonse zomwe tafotokozazi, komanso kutsetsereka kwa zinthu ndi zolipira - sizinali zophweka.
- Makasitomala sanachite mantha ndi mitengo yatsopano ya mbewu? Ndikuganiza kuti munakakamizika kukweza mtengo wazinthu chifukwa cha kudumpha kwamitengo?
Mitengo idakwezedwa, koma idatsitsidwa kale. Takhala tikugwira ntchito ndi makasitomala kwa zaka zambiri, palibe chikhumbo chofuna ndalama pa iwo. Inde, tinali ndi zinthu zomwe zidafika pachimake chakukwera kwamitengo yosinthira, ndipo tinakakamizika kugulitsa malowa okwera mtengo kwambiri. Koma mbewu zomwe zinabweretsedwa ku Russia pamaso pa February 24, tinagulitsa popanda ndalama zowonjezera.
Pakalipano, mu assortment yathu pali malo omwe ndi okwera mtengo - kuchokera kwa omwe adabwera kwa ife kumayambiriro kwa March. Koma ngati muwonetsa "kutentha kwapafupipafupi m'chipatala", kusintha kwamitengo sikuli kovomerezeka.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, pali kumvetsa kuti chaka chamawa iwo mosalephera kukula. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mfundo yakuti inflation ikukwera osati ku Russia kokha, komanso ku Ulaya. Kwa zaka zambiri, kukwera kwa mitengo m'mayiko a ku Ulaya kunakhalabe pamlingo wa 1-2%. Makampani ambiri amakweza mitengo zaka ziwiri zilizonse, ndi 2% yomweyo, ndipo kwa ogulitsa athu kusiyana kunali kosawoneka. Tsopano, malinga ndi deta yovomerezeka, kukwera kwa mitengo m'dera la euro kufika pa 12%, ndipo sikungatheke kuti tisamamvere ndalama zowonjezera zoterezi.
Kachiwiri, logistics ikukwera mtengo. Mwachitsanzo, mtengo wopereka katundu ndi galimoto kuchokera ku France kapena Holland usanakwane pazipita 3,5-4 zikwi mayuro, tsopano ndi osachepera 8-9 zikwi mayuro. Kwa mbewu, mosiyana ndi mbatata, feteleza ndi katundu wina wolemetsa, ichi sichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamtengo wamtengo womaliza, koma chiyenera kuganiziridwanso.
Ndipo iyi ndi nsonga chabe ya madzi oundana. Ndi mavuto ati omwe tidzakumane nawo kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yatsopano yogulitsa, munthu akhoza kungoganiza.
- Kodi mungawunikire zosintha zilizonse zomwe ogula amakonda nyengo ino? Ndinamva, mwachitsanzo, kuti maukonde amalonda X5 idalimbikitsa kuti alimi azisamalira kwambiri kulima mitundu ya karoti yooneka ngati cone.
- Zomwe zikuchitika pamsika waku Russia m'zaka zaposachedwa: kuphweka ndi kukulitsa. Mafamu amayesetsa kukwaniritsa njira zambiri zamakina, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito. Zogulitsa zaulimi zimagwiritsa ntchito makina apamwamba kwambiri, okolola karoti omwewo (kuphatikizapo odziyendetsa okha, mizere iwiri kapena itatu), komabe, makinawa nthawi zambiri amayendetsedwa ndi anthu osaphunzitsidwa bwino. Kuyeretsa ndikofulumira komanso kovuta. Zonsezi zimakakamiza alimi kuti azikonda kulima kaloti zamtundu wa shantane (zowoneka bwino), sizikhala ndi zovuta zamakina, koma iyi si njira yabwino kwambiri pankhani ya kukoma, alumali, ndi zokolola.
Titha kupatsa ogula ma hybrids omwe amatsimikizira zokolola zambiri (pofika 30-40%), koma kukolola koteroko, zotayika zidzakhala zofanana 30-40%. Ndi zomwe tikukhalamo, ndichifukwa chake mitundu ya shantane ikukula chaka chilichonse.
Mtundu wina wa shantane ndi mtundu wa kuroda, zotayika panthawi yokolola movutikira zimangokwera pang'ono, koma zokolola, nthawi ya alumali komanso kukwanira kuchapa ndizabwinoko.
Kufunika kwa mitundu ina kwapangidwa kwa zaka zambiri. Kaloti woyamba ku Russia amafika pamashelefu akum'mwera kwa dzikolo. M'madera awa, chifukwa cha nthaka ndi nyengo, ndi mtundu wa shantane womwe uli woyenera kulima, choncho msika umazolowera ndipo "ufulumizitsa" pamodzi ndi shantane. Koma kalotizi sizisunga bwino. Pambuyo pa Chaka Chatsopano, pali kusintha kwakukulu pamene msika umapita ku mitundu ya Kuroda ndi Nantes. Kuphatikiza apo, omaliza m'maketani ogulitsa amagawidwa ngati premium. Monga lamulo, malo abwino kwambiri pa shelufu ya masamba a supermarket amasungidwa kaya kaloti omwe amakula ndikukololedwa pamanja kudera la North-West (monga lamulo, ili ndi dera la Novgorod, peat bogs), kapena kutsukidwa kwa Israeli. Muzochitika zonsezi, tikukamba za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Nantes.
Ponena za mbewu zina, zonse ndizokhazikika pamenepo: anthu amafuna kuti mbewuzo zisadwale, zibweretse zokolola zambiri, ndipo zomwe zimapangidwa zimasungidwa bwino.
- Tsopano zambiri zimanenedwa zakufunika kopanga zosankha zapakhomo. Mwina ena mwa maudindo aku Europe omwe mumapereka kwa makasitomala lero atha kusinthidwa ndi aku Russia?
- Ndingasangalale kwambiri ndikukula bwino kwakusankhira kunyumba. Obereketsa aluso kwambiri amagwira ntchito ku Russia, amapeza zotsatira zabwino. Pali mbewu zomwe Russia ikhoza kupikisana kale ndi Europe pamlingo wofanana, koma sizofunikira pakuonetsetsa kuti chakudya chilipo. Nditha kutchula mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya katsabola, nkhaka; Pankhani ya mbatata ikupita patsogolo, ndipo ntchito ya kabichi ikuchitika. Koma pafupifupi masamba onse a masamba ena omwe ali mu gulu la borscht amakula m'dziko lathu kuchokera ku mbewu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja.
Kuchokera kwa akatswiri, ndizodabwitsa kwambiri kulekanitsa mitundu ndi ma hybrids a zomera ndi dziko. Padziko lapansi pali makampani ochepa okha oswana, onsewa amagwira ntchito m'makontinenti osiyanasiyana ndipo amangomangidwa kumayiko ena. Onse ali ndi mbiri yakale (kupatulapo kawirikawiri, zaka zana), ndiye kuti, ntchito yopanga mitundu ina ndi ma hybrids akhala akuchitika kumeneko kwazaka zambiri. Ndalama zambiri zikuyikidwa, malingaliro abwino akukopeka. Pali mpikisano woopsa pakati pa malo obereketsawa, chifukwa chake, ogula amalandira bwino kwambiri pakuswana kwamakono.
Mu assortment ya kampani yathu, mwachitsanzo, pali mazana amitundu yaku Europe ndi ma hybrids a kaloti, koma zinthu 10-15 zokha ndizofunikira. Monga lamulo, awa ndi malo okwera mtengo kwambiri, chifukwa chiyani alimi ali okonzeka kunyamula ndalama zoterezi?
Tiyeni titenge mitundu ya karoti yokhazikika, yomwe idapangidwa zaka zingapo zapitazo, ndi wosakanizidwa wamakono wothandiza kwambiri wa mbewu yomweyo. Pakati pawo ndi ndalama zisanayambe kudumpha panali kusiyana kwakukulu pamtengo, kasanu mpaka khumi.
Mbewu za kaloti zamitundumitundu pa 1 ha zimawononga ma ruble 10-12, ndi mbewu zosakanizidwa - kuchokera kumakampani omwewo opanga - kale ma ruble 80. Koma zokolola zidzasiyananso ndi matani 20 / ha, ndipo matani 20 ndi pafupifupi 300 zikwi rubles. Tiyerekeze kuti mitengo yambewu idakwera ndi 25%, ndiko kuti, m'malo mwa ma ruble 80. wolima ulimi adzawononga 100 rubles, koma ngakhale mu nkhani iyi adzapambana. Ndipo tinkangoganizira mtengo wa mbewu zokha ndipo tinkaganiza kuti mbewuyo idzagulitsidwa kuchokera kumunda. Koma palinso zinthu zina: mwachitsanzo, mlimi akagula wosakanizidwa wosamva matenda, amasunga zinthu zoteteza zomera. Kuphatikiza apo, wosakanizidwa wabwino wamakono amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri kuposa mitundu yokhazikika.
Ntchito yaikulu ya mlimi ndi kupeza ndalama, choncho akuyang'ana mbewu zomwe zingamuthandize kuchita izi.
- Kodi, m'malingaliro anu, ndi chiyani chomwe chimalepheretsa kupanga ma hybrids ku Russia?
“Zinthu zitatu zokha. Choyamba, pakali pano tilibe limodzi (monga momwe ine ndikudziwira) koyera mbewu kukula zone m'dziko lathu (osati kwenikweni, koma pa mlingo wa malamulo). Koma nkhaniyi yathetsedwa kwathunthu.
Ndi yachiwiri, ndizovuta kwambiri: ku Russia, chifukwa cha zochitika za nyengo, palibe malo ambiri omwe mungatulutse mbewu zamasamba. Inde, ntchitoyi ikhoza kuchitika ngakhale pakati pa Moscow - mu wowonjezera kutentha, monga Timiryazev Academy imachitira, koma mtengo wa mbewu zotere udzakhala wokwera kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kuposa wa Dutch kapena French. Timafunikira madera apadera momwe zingatheke kubzala mbewu pamalo otseguka. Kwa zikhalidwe zina (mwatsoka, osati onse!) Pali madera otere. Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka za Soviet, mbewu za kabichi zidapezedwa bwino ku Dagestan. Mutha kuyesa kutsitsimutsa kupanga, koma izi zidzafuna akatswiri, ndalama zambiri komanso nthawi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, padziko lonse lapansi, mbewu za kabichi zimabzalidwa ndi obereketsa m'madera apadera pafupi. Tasmania, ku Chile ndi Argentina, njira imeneyi n’njosawonongera nthawi komanso yowononga ndalama zambiri.
Ndipo chachitatu, chachikulu. Kusankhidwa kudzatenga zaka.
Nthaŵi ina ndinapatsidwa malongosoledwe awa: “Tangoganizani kuti ndine woŵeta ndipo ndili ndi dongosolo lomveka bwino la ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku popanda kulakwa. Koma ndili ndi zomera zakutchire zokha zomwe ndili nazo. Zingatenge zaka 40 kupanga chophatikiza chamakono. " Ndipo ndi zoona. Mwachilengedwe, palibe amene amagwira ntchito ngati izi, obereketsa amawoloka mizere yamakono, koma ngakhale asayansi ali ndi mizere yokonzeka, yomwe hybrid yabwino idzatuluka, zotsatira zake sizidzawoneka kale kuposa zaka 6-8.
Ndipo uku ndi kusankha kokha, popanda zaka zina ziwiri zowonjezera kulembetsa ndi kupanga mbewu.
Ndikubwereza, pali obereketsa amphamvu kwambiri ku Russia, ali ndi zomwe apindula, koma ngakhale atayamba kuyikapo ndalama pakali pano, wogula sadzalandira wosakanizidwa womwe akufunikira pofika nyengo yotsatira, ndipo m'chaka, ngakhale mu chaka. zisanu.
-Tikonzekere chiyani m'tsogolomu?
- Dzikoli lipitiliza kukulitsa gawo la kulima masamba a gulu la borscht, ngakhale kuti zidzatenga zaka zina zitatu kuti zifike pachimake cha 2017. Msika sudzatha kuchira mu nyengo imodzi kapena ziwiri. Ndipo tidzayesetsa kupatsa alimi mbewu zapamwamba, ndipo tikuyesetsa kale kuti tikwaniritse izi.
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