Malinga ndi FAO (2011), kumwa mbatata ndi zinthu za mbatata pa munthu aliyense kumakhala pafupifupi 35 kg pachaka, pomwe avareji yonse yaku Europe ndi 85 kg pa munthu aliyense. ndi ku Russia - 90 kg pa munthu aliyense.
Boris Anisimov, Mlangizi Wachitukuko cha Mapulogalamu Asayansi ndi Maphunziro - Mutu wa Center for FGBNU VNIIKH
Ku Russia, avareji ya mbatata zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya pafupifupi matani miliyoni 13-14. Pogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mbatata (batala la ku France, tchipisi, mbatata youma), amatenga pafupifupi matani 1 miliyoni. Kufunika kwa mbatata zambewu zamagulu azamalimidwe (AHOs), minda yosauka (PFHs) ndi amalonda (IEs) omwe ali ndi malo obzala okwana mahekitala 300 akuyerekezedwa pafupifupi matani 1 miliyoni. Ndizovuta kwambiri kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa mbatata zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbewu ndi ziweto zomwe zili mgulu la anthu, ngakhale akuti chiwerengerochi chikhoza kukhala matani 5-6 miliyoni. Kutayika pakusungidwa m'minda yamitundu yonse kumatha kuwerengeredwa pamlingo wa matani 1,5 miliyoni, zogulitsa kunja - matani zikwi 150-200.
Chifukwa chake, ku Russia, mulingo wopezeka ndi mbatata zopangidwa kumayiko akuyenera kukhala osachepera matani 22 miliyoni. Kutsika pamulingowu kumatha kukhala ndi kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mbatata zogulitsidwa, ndipo chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa gawo logulitsa kunja. Gawo lomwe akuti azigulitsa kumayiko ena mu mbatata yonse yomwe idadyedwa akuyerekeza matani zikwi 300-350. Izi ndi mbatata zoyambirira, "zazing'ono", zomwe zikufunidwa kwambiri ndikuwonjezera kugulitsa m'misika yamaunyengo munthawi yopanda nyengo, pomwe mashelufu azamasamba a chaka chatha atha (mu Meyi), komanso zisanaperekedwe ku malonda, mbatata zogulitsa za mbewu yatsopano zidatsalira osachepera miyezi iwiri.
Wogula wamakono amakonda kwambiri kugula mbatata zokhala ndi ma tubers abwino, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, monga lamulo, khungu lowonda. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa ma tubers, kuya kwa maso, mtundu wa peel ndi zamkati, kusowa kwa zolakwika zakunja ndi zamkati zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mitundu ina yakukula msanga (kukulira), mapangidwe a ming'alu ya kukula, kusayenda bwino, kusintha mtundu wa zamkati (kutulutsa mabala) ndi zina ndikofunikira. zofooka zamkati zomwe zimatha kupezeka m'matumba chifukwa cha mitundu yonse yazachilengedwe komanso nyengo pakukula kwamasamba kapena kuwonongeka kwamakina, makamaka pakakolola, poyendetsa komanso posanja.
Mawonekedwe a tubers amitundu yamatebulo amatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira kuzungulirazitali mpaka kutalika, kukula kwake kwa m'mimba mwake kopitilira muyeso ndi 40-60 mm, kuya kwa maso kumakhala kocheperako mpaka kwapakatikati, mtundu wa peel umachokera yoyera mpaka kufiyira, mtundu wa thupi ndi loyera - kirimu - chikasu. Kuvuta kwathunthu kwa zisonyezozi makamaka kumatsimikizira ogula mikhalidwe ya mbatata za patebulo komanso kuthekera kwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito kuphika zakudya zosiyanasiyana ndipo nthawi zambiri zimadziwika kutchuka kwa mitundu ndi kufunikira kwawo pamsika wanyumba wa mbatata, makamaka zikagulitsidwa kumakina amakono ogulitsa.
Kwawo mbatata ndi South America, kumene "chikhalidwe" ichi chinadziwika 12 BC. e. pagombe lakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Peru. Zikuoneka kuti mbatata yolimidwa idachokera ku America kupita ku Europe (Spain) mu 500. Peter the Great adatumiza mbatata yoyamba kuchokera ku Russia kupita ku Netherlands paulendo wake wopita ku Europe. Kuyesera koyamba kugawa mbatata ku Russia nthawi zambiri sikulephera chifukwa ma tubers adazizira panthawi yotumizira. Pachifukwa ichi, mu 1565, bungwe la zamankhwala lidatumiza ku Siberia mbewu zomwe zidatengedwa m'munda wazachipatala wa St. Petersburg kuti zikagawidwe kwa "ma bourgeois achidziwitso" komanso "omanga nyumba zabwino". Ku Ilimsk, ofesi yotsogola idasamutsa 1769 g ya mbewu ku A. Berezovsky, yemwe adakwanitsa kukula mbande ndikupeza tubers. Malinga ndi a V.S.Lekhnovich, A. Berezovsky, osadziwa izi, adasankha mbatata yoyamba ku Siberia, ndipo mwina ku Russia.
CHAKUDYA CHOPATSA
Masiku ano, malingaliro okhudzana ndi thanzi la mbatata monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'zakudya zaanthu akusinthika modabwitsa, zomwe zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kusinthika kwakukulu kwa kusankha komwe kumapangitsa kuti mbatata ikhale ndi thanzi, komanso maphunziro ozama kwambiri pamabungwe ake.
Pazaka 50-100 zapitazi, kudziwa kwathu momwe chakudya chimapangidwira komanso momwe thupi limagwirira ntchito (ndi maofesi) kwakula kwambiri. Zonsezi ndizofunikira kuzilingalira pamalingaliro amakono azakudya za anthu, osati kungopeza kukhuta kwa njala, komanso kuchokera pakuwona thanzi labwino. Njira iyi imakakamiza kuwunikanso zinthu zonse zomwe zimapezeka mu tubers ya mbatata.
Ubwino wa mbatata umapangidwa makamaka ndi kuchuluka koyenera kwa michere yofunika kwambiri ya tubers (wowuma, mapuloteni, mafuta, mavitamini, michere, antioxidants a anthocyanin ndi carotenoid chikhalidwe ndi zinthu zina).
Pa nthawi yomweyo, mu dziko mabuku deta pa zili zofunika zakudya mu mbatata tubers zosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kupangika kwamankhwala am'mimba a tubers kumadalira pazinthu zambiri: mitundu, nthaka ndi nyengo, feteleza, ukadaulo wokula, kuchuluka kwa kucha, maboma osungira, ndi zina. Nthawi ya kusanthula (nthawi yophukira kapena masika) imakhudzanso zotsatira zake.
Akatswiri apadziko lonse mkati mwa bungwe la Organ for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) adagwirizana pazizindikiro zapakati pazakudya zoyambira komanso kusinthasintha kwawo chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana (tebulo 1 patsamba 22).
Kufunika kwa mbatata pakudya kwa anthu kumayambitsanso zomwe zili ndi zinthu monga mavitamini, michere, zidulo zamagulu (Gulu 2).
Kukhala ndi mwayi wokwanira wokwanira wa ascorbic acid komanso zinthu zofunika kwambiri - antioxidants (anthocyanins, carotenoids), mbatata zitha kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popewa matenda angapo, ndipo pankhaniyi, Chimodzi mwazakudya zofunika kwambiri muzakudya za munthu wathanzi.
Potengera chidziwitso chamakono ndi malingaliro, kufunikira kwa magawo a kuphatikiza kwachilengedwe kwa mbatata kuchokera pakuwona kwamunthu wathanzi kumayesedwa mosiyanasiyana.
Zinapezeka kuti ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti tuber ya mbatata imakhala ndi madzi ambiri (75% kapena kupitilira apo) komanso mphamvu zamagetsi zokha (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa michere pa 100 kcal) ndizotsika. Mu mbatata, ndondomekoyi imafanana ndi cholozera champhamvu chofunidwa ndi thupi la munthu pokonza chakudya ndi chakudya. Malinga ndi izi, mbatata imakwaniritsa zosowa za wamkulu poyerekeza ndi zakudya zina za zomera ndi nyama.
DINANI. Ichi ndiye gawo lalikulu la mbatata komanso chakudya chake chachikulu komanso ulemu pachuma. Mu tuber yatsopano, pafupifupi, kuchuluka kwa wowuma ndi pafupifupi 17,5% (kusinthasintha kwamitundu 8,0-29%) kapena 75-80% mu nkhani youma.
Wowuma wowuma sagwiritsidwa ndi anthu. Komabe, mutalandira chithandizo cha kutentha (mwachitsanzo, kuphika), kugaya kwake kumakulitsa kwambiri - mpaka 90%. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mundawo wam'mimba, wowuma pang'onopang'ono (pang'onopang'ono) umakanikirana ndi michere ya amylolytic kukhala shuga, ndipo chomalizirachi chimaphatikizidwanso m'thupi la thupi la munthu.
Wowuma wa mbatata m'matumbo aanthu samangodulidwa kwathunthu ku shuga wosavuta; gawo lina la mawonekedwe osadetsedwa limalowa m'matumbo akulu. Izi ndizomwe zimatchedwa "wowuma wotetezedwa". Malinga ndi chidziwitso chatsopano chazachipatala, wowuma uyu ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamagulu ang'onoang'ono amtundu wamunthu.
Mphamvu yachitetezo cha "wowuma otetezedwa" ndikuti kupukusika kwa microflora yamatumbo kumalimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa ma organic acid, omwe, limodzi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa ballast, zomwe zimalepheretsa kukula kwa maselo a nyama m'mimba. Zotsirizirazi ndizofunikira kwambiri popewa khansa yamatumbo awa.
Mapuloteni (yaiwisi mapuloteni).
Mapuloteni osakonzeka mu mbatata ndi ochepa ndipo amakhala pafupifupi 2% (0,69-4,63%). Komabe, sizokhudza kuchuluka kokha, komanso za mtundu wa mapuloteni a mbatata. Kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid ofunikira komanso osafunikira ndikofunikira kwambiri (ndi ofanana ndi mapuloteni amtundu wa nyama), chifukwa chake, mapuloteni a mbatata amawerengedwa kuti ndi ofunikira kwambiri, akuyandikira popanga tizigawo tating'ono kuposa 80% mpaka ku protein ya dzira la nkhuku. Kusintha kwa mapuloteni a mbatata m'matumbo a anthu ali pamwamba pa 90%. Pakati pa mapuloteni azomera ochokera kuzomera zolimidwa, zomanga thupi za mbatata ndizofunika kwambiri kwachilengedwe, potengera momwe zimaperekera zakudya m'thupi zimangotsatira mapuloteni azinyama (nyama, mkaka, mazira a nkhuku). Zadziwika tsopano kuti mapuloteni a mbatata ali ndi lysine komanso sulfure wokhala ndi amino acid ofunikira.
Malinga ndi akatswiri azakudya ku UK, m'zakudya za anthu amakonoChofunikira kwambiri ndikuwerengera moyenera mitundu ya zinthu. Kuphatikiza apo, muzakudya zopatsa thanzi, kuchuluka kwabwino kwambiri kumaganiziridwa ngati gawo la mbatata, buledi ndi zinthu zina zosapsa 33%, masamba ndi zipatso - 33%, mkaka ndi mkaka - 15%, nyama, nsomba ndi zinthu zina - 12 %, zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndimafuta ndi shuga - 7%.
Mapuloteni a mbatata amakhala ndi 8 mwa 20 amino acid ofunikira. Gawo lalikulu la zofunika tsiku lililonse la vitamini C limakwaniritsidwa ndi mbatata. Mukamadya mbatata 100 g yophika mu peel ndi kusenda musanagwiritse ntchito, thupi la munthu limalandira 20 g yamafuta, 2 g mapuloteni, 0,1 g wamafuta ndi 2 g ya fiber, ngakhale ziwerengerozi zimatha kusinthika kutengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Mkati mwa zaka za XVIII. mbatata zinali zofala kale ku Europe, ndipo mu ulamuliro wa Catherine II, zidayamba kulima ku Russia m'malo osiyanasiyana mdzikolo.
Anthu a ku Europe anaphunzira pang'ono pang'ono kubzala mbewu za mbatata zambiri. Izi zinali zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu wamba komanso anthu okhala m'matauni, omwe nthawi zonse, makamaka pazaka zolephera mbewu, adzipezera okha chakudya ndi mabanja awo. Chifukwa chake, mbatata zidakhala mtundu wotsimikizira chitetezo cha chakudya. Wolemba wamkulu waku Russia L.N. Tolstoy adatchulapo za izi m'mabuku ake a utolankhani pomwe adawunikira zomwe zidayambitsa njala ku Russia kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Amakhulupirira kuti mbatata zomwe zimapezeka mu chakudya cha alimi aku Russia mwanjira inayake adasinthanitsa mkate ndikuwathandiza kuti azikhala ndi moyo zaka zanjala.
Chikhalidwe ichi chapulumutsanso miyoyo mamiliyoni ambiri osati pazaka zokha zolephera mbewu, komanso panthawi ya nkhondo ku Europe pazaka mazana atatu zapitazi.
Zinatsimikizika mwamphamvu kwa nthawi yayitali kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Europe mzaka za XVIII-XIX. idalumikizidwa ndikuti mzaka zomwe anthu azungu amadya panali makilogalamu 400 a mbatata (pa munthu wamkulu aliyense pachaka), komanso mkaka wokwanira ndi mkaka. Kuphatikiza kwa izi kumapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi thanzi labwino.
FATS. Mafuta omwe amapezeka mu mbatata ndi osakwanira, omwe pawokha ndiofunikira mu dongosolo la zakudya popanga zakudya zosiyanasiyana komanso kukonza zakudya. Komabe, kapangidwe ka mafuta acids ndi kofunika kwambiri - makamaka chifukwa cha zinthu zofunika monga linoleic yosapangika kawiri (pafupifupi 50% ya mafuta achilengedwe) ndi asidi osaphatikizidwa amitundu pafupifupi 20%.
ZINTHU ZOPHUNZITSIRA.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, omwe amatchedwa ulusi wazomera akhala akunyozedwa ndi akatswiri azakudya. Ballast zinthu zimamveka, makamaka, monga malo osagundika am'makoma azomera zazomera monga chakudya (mapadi, pectins, hemicellulose, lignin), omwe amagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri, mwina mosiyanasiyana pakugaya chakudya, zomwe zimakhudza kagayidwe kake. Amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakudya bwino. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti zinthu izi ndi gawo la michere ya microbiota yamatumbo akulu amunthu. Izi ndiye "mimba yachiwiri"; organic zidulo zopangidwa chifukwa chazinthu zazing'ono zimakhudza kagayidwe kake ka anthu.
Ulusi wazitsamba wosagwiritsidwa ntchito umakhala ngati wotsatsa madzi, mpweya ndi zinthu zina zosafunikira, kuthandiza kuchotsa m'thupi. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zinthu izi mu tubers ndizotsika (2,5%), gawo la 200 g wa mbatata limakwaniritsa pafupifupi kotala la zofunika tsiku ndi tsiku pazinthu izi zomwe munthu amafunikira.
MITU YA NKHANI.
Mitundu ya mbatata imakhala ndi macro- ndi ma microelements ambiri, omwe amathandizira pakudya. Pogwiritsira ntchito 200 g ya mbatata tsiku ndi tsiku, zosowa za munthu tsiku ndi tsiku zakhutitsidwa: potaziyamu - 30%, magnesium - 15-20%, phosphorus - 17%, mkuwa - 15%, chitsulo - 14%, manganese - 13%, ayodini - 6% ndi mu fluorine - ndi 3%.
VITAMINS... Mbatata zimakhala ndi mavitamini osiyanasiyana othandizira anthu, makamaka osungunuka madzi, koma kuchuluka kwawo mu tubers kumatha kusinthasintha kwakukulu. Chofunika kwambiri ndi vitamini C (10-20 mg / 100 g yonyowa), yomwe imakwera pang'ono kuposa maapulo (10 mg / 100 g yonyowa). Pakuphika, 10-20% ya vitamini iyi imasowa.
Mu 1902, katswiri wa zamagetsi ku Germany komanso olimbitsa thupi a M.Rubner anazindikira kuti mapuloteni a mbatata ndi abwino kwambiri, kuphatikiza zomwe zili ndi ma amino acid ofunikira. Pambuyo pake, izi zidatsimikizika mobwerezabwereza. Umboni wosangalatsa kwambiri mmalo mwao unaperekedwa mu 1965 ndi akatswiri azolimbitsa thupi aku Germany E. Kofrani ndi F. Dzhekat, omwe apeza kuti mbatata ndi mazira a nkhuku ndi ofanana mumapuloteni, ndipo kuyesa kwawo moyenera kunatsimikizira kuti kuchuluka kwambiri kwa mapuloteni m'zakudya chisakanizo cha mbatata ndi unyinji wa dzira (chiyerekezo 65:35, i. chisakanizo cha 500 g cha mbatata ndi dzira limodzi). Wofufuza Wachingelezi A. Jones adawona kuti mapuloteni omwe amapezeka m'mbale ya mbatata amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi njira yokonzekera: mbatata wamba yophika - 1,5%, yokazinga - 2,8%, yokazinga - 3,8%, ndi mbatata yokazinga - mpaka 6%.
Ndi kumwa kwa 300 g wa mbatata, zofunikira tsiku ndi tsiku zitha kukwaniritsidwa: Vitamini C ndi 70%, B6 ndi 36%, B1 ndi 20%, pantothenic acid ndi 16%, ndi B2 ndi 8%.
ANTHOCIans NDI CAROTINOIDS.
Potengera malingaliro atsopano okhudzana ndi gawo lazakudya chazakudya pokonzanso moyo wa anthu, mbatata zimawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazomera zofunika kwambiri zomwe zili ndi antioxidants, makamaka anthocyanins ndi carotenoids, zomwe zimalimbitsa chitetezo cha mthupi.
Mu mbatata, ma flavonoids awa ndi omwe amachititsa khungu labuluu, lofiirira, lofiira, lalanje, ndi khungu lowala komanso khungu la ma tubers. Ndi mitundu iyi yomwe imakhala yamtengo wapatali ngati magwero a antioxidants chifukwa chokhoza kumasula zopitilira muyeso za mpweya m'thupi la munthu. Zadziwika tsopano kuti zakudya zokhala ndi ma antioxidants zimatha kuchepetsa kufooka kwa atherosclerosis, mitundu ina ya khansa, kusintha kwa ukalamba pakhungu, khungu, ndi zina zambiri.
Kupenda koyerekeza kunawonetsa kuti mitundu yokhala ndi chikasu chowala, lalanje, wofiira ndi violet kwambiri imaposa mitundu yokhala ndi zamkati zoyera za tubers molingana ndi zomwe anthocyanins ndi carotenoids (tebulo 3).
Kutalika kwa kusinthasintha kwa zomwe anthocyanins amapanga mu mbatata zokhala ndi matumba kumakhala mu 9,5-37,8 mg pa 100 g yaiwisi yaiwisi ya tubers. Ziyembekezero zakupititsa patsogolo mikhalidwe ina mbali iyi zimalola kuyika mbatata zokhala ndi zamkati pazithunzi zamtengo wapatali zamasamba monga broccoli, tsabola wofiira ndi sipinachi, wodziwika chifukwa cha katundu wawo wa antioxidant. Mbatata zokhala ndi chikaso chachikasu zakhala zikutchuka kwambiri m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi chifukwa chaopezeka kwambiri ndi ma carotenoids.
Kafukufuku wamakono amatsimikizira kuthekera kwakusintha kwazowonjezereka kwa zizindikirozi potengera kupangika kwa mitundu yokhala ndi chikasu chowala, lalanje ndi zamkati wofiyira, chifukwa cha zomwe zili ndi carotenoids (500-800 mg pa 100 g yatsopano). Kupambana kosankhidwa mwanjira iyi kungakhale kofunikira kwambiri m'zakudya za anthu ndikupatsa chidwi chatsopano pakupanga mbatata monga chofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Pakanthawi kochepa, tingayembekezere izi mitundu yomwe ili ndi chikasu, lalanje, ofiira komanso wofiirira izikhala yotchuka kwambiri, ndipo zopereka zawo ku zakudya zamagulu azachuma zidzaonjezeka.
Chifukwa chake, pofufuza udindo wa mbatata pakudya kwa anthu amakono, zitha kunenedwa mopanda kukokomeza kuti tubers ya mbatata si chakudya chokha, komanso mankhwala. Amayikidwa bwino ndi kuyamwa, amakhala opanda ma allergen, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya zapadera zamapuloteni, muzakudya komwe ndikofunikira kuchepetsa acidity, ndi zina zambiri.
Komabe, tisaiwale kuti mbatata ndi za banja la nightshade, lomwe limadziwika ndi zomwe zili mu alkaloids zomwe zimawononga thanzi la munthu. Mbatata imakhalanso ndi nitrate, zitsulo zolemera ndi acrylamide. Zonsezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito mbatata zam'madzi mbatata ngati chakudya.
Mankhwala a mbatata akhala akudziwika kale. Makamaka pambuyo kufalikira kwa mbatata ku Europe kwazimiririka ndi mliri. Madzi a mbatata amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zilonda zam'mimbazi ndi zilonda zam'mimba. Mbatata ndi chimodzi mwazakudya za odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a impso ndi mtima. M'maluwa ndi mbatata za mbatata, wothandizira othandizira amapezeka.
Phwetekere ya glycoalkaloid yomwe imakhala ndi mbatata imakhala ndi mankhwala othana ndi bowa ndi mabakiteriya, komanso bacteria antihistamine ntchito, yomwe ndi yofunika pochiza ziwengo.
Mankhwala wowerengeka, mbatata yaiwisi yophika imayikidwa kumalo omwe akhudzidwa ndi kupsa, eczema ndi matenda ena apakhungu. Pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wambiri wa mbatata, timatumbo tomwe timapumira timapezekanso.
NITRATES. Monga mukudziwa, mbatata za mbatata zimakhala ndi nitrate pang'ono. Zaka zaposachedwa, sayansi yatenga chidziwitso chokwanira kuti zitsimikizire kuti kumwa moyenera ma nitrate ndi chakudya kumathandizanso ku thanzi la munthu. Mu thupi la munthu, ma nitrate amaphwanya ma nitrites, ndipo omaliza amaphera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda am'kamwa ndi m'mimba.
Komabe, izi zimachitika ndi ma nitrate ochepa. Mwachizoloŵezi, kuchuluka kwa nitrate mu mbatata nthawi zambiri kumalembedwa. Zimatengera zifukwa zingapo: zosiyanasiyana, nyengo ndi nthaka yolima, kuchuluka kwa feteleza, zosungira, ndi zina zambiri. Zakudya za nitrate mu mbatata zimachepetsedwa pophika, kusenda, komanso kukonza mafakitale (kukazinga, kuyanika, tchipisi).
SOLANIN... M'magulu onse azomera za mbatata, kuphatikiza. Tubers timakhala ndi poizoni steroid glycoalkaloid solanine, wopangidwa ndi solanine ndi a-hacoin. Koma kuchuluka kwa alkaloid iyi ndikotsika: 2-60 mg / kg ya mbatata yatsopano. Kutsekemera kwa Solanine pamlingo wa 300-500 mg pa 1 kg kumaonedwa kuti ndi kowopsa paumoyo wamunthu. Popeza solanine ndiyofunikira kuti chomeracho chizitetezedwa ku adani achilengedwe, chimakhazikika makamaka pakhungu. Kuchuluka kwa ndende ndikosiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pakusunga ndikuwononga ma tubers, solanine imachulukirachulukira. Koma wina ayenera kusamala ndi ma tubers omwe asandulika obiriwira ndikuphuka mumdima. Kuchuluka kwa solanine mwa iwo kumakhala koopsa ku thanzi la munthu. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti solanine sichiwonongeka pophika.
ENZYME (ENZYME) OYAMBIRA - Monga solanine, amatiteteza ku machubu a mbatata. Kwa anthu, si owopsa, chifukwa amawonongeka mosavuta chifukwa cha kutentha.
MALO OCHEZA. Zowopsa zaumoyo makamaka zimakhala cadmium ndi lead. Komabe, zomwe amapezeka mu mbatata ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa mipata yolondola. Poyeretsa, zomwe zimatsogolera mu mbatata zimatsika ndi 80-90%, cadmium - ndi 20%. Mukaphika, kuchuluka kwa cadmium kumachepa ndi wina 25-30%; zomwe zimatsogolera sizisintha pakuphika.
ACRYLAMIDE mu mankhwala a mbatata amapangidwa kuchokera ku ma amino acid aulere komanso kuchokera ku shuga osavuta (glucose, fructose) panthawi yamatenda otentha (pamwambapa + 1200С) ndi madzi ochepa. Ndi kutentha kowonjezereka pa kukonzanso kwa mbatata zam'madzi, kuchuluka kwa acrylamide kumawonjezeka.
Mapuloteni amadziwa izi, chifukwa chake amapanga blanching yowonjezera ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zamakono kuti achepetse zomwe zili ndi acrylamide muzogulitsa zomaliza za mbatata (tchipisi, batala la ku France).
Mwa zina mwazofunikira kwambiri zodyera zomwe zimazindikira mitundu ya mbatata, kuchuluka kwa kugaya chakudya, kuchuluka kwa zamkati, mealy ndi madzi am'madzi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Malingana ndi magawo awa, mitundu ya mbatata imagawidwa Mitundu 4 yolowera: kuchokera ku saladi indigestible (mtundu wa zophikira A) kupita kumitundu yambiri yogaya ndi kuwonda (B, C, D) cholinga chake kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza mbatata zina.
Lembani A - mbatata za saladi, musazitsuke, tubers zimakhalabe zolimba pakuphika, zamkati ndi zowonda, osati zotsekemera, osati zamadzi.
Lembani B - kupukusidwa pang'ono, zamkati ndi wandiweyani, wowonda pang'ono, wamadzi pang'ono. Mizu yake ndi yokwanira kulawa bwino. Ndi yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika zakudya zakunyumba pokonza sopo ndi mbale zam'mbali (zophika m'madzi kapena zouma, zophika kapena zophika ndi peel, mbatata zosenda kapena ma frie opangidwa kunyumba, ndi zina).
Lembani C. - chithupsa bwino, mnofu ndimakoma pang'ono, wodekha (wofewa), m'malo mouma, ming'alu ya tuber, koma osasweka mukamaphika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamakampani azakudya.
Lembani D - mbatata ndi yophika kwambiri, mealy kwambiri, siyamadzi ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbatata yosenda ndikukhala wowuma.
Mitundu yambiri ya mbatata ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe apakatikati pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya lore (AB ndi BC). Poterepa, kalata yoyamba ikusonyeza mtundu wapamwamba wa zofananira.