Boris Anisimov, Advisor pakukula kwamapulogalamu asayansi ndi maphunziro - wamkulu wa likulu la zamaphunziro la All-Russian Sayansi Yofufuza Institute of Science
Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa FAO (2011), kugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse kwa mbatata ndi mbatata pamtunda uliwonse ndi pafupifupi 35 kg pachaka, pomwe pafupifupi dera lonse la Europe chizindikiro ichi chili pamlingo wa 85 kg pa capita iliyonse. ndipo ku Russia - 90 kg pa munthu aliyense.
Mu Russian Federation, pafupifupi kawirikawiri kuchuluka kwa mbatata zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya zimapezeka pafupifupi matani 13 mpaka 14 miliyoni. Pakukonza mwakuya, pafupifupi matani 1 miliyoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zinthu za mbatata (ma frie aku France, tchipisi, mbatata zosenda). Kufunika kwa mbatata za mbewu m'magulu amabungwe azaulimi (mabizinesi alimi), anthu wamba (alimi) minda (anthu wamba) ndi eni mabizinesi ena (SP) omwe ali ndi malo onse obzala mahekitala 300 miliyoni akuti pafupifupi matani 1 miliyoni. Ndikovuta kwambiri kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa momwe mbatata imagwiritsirira ntchito mbewu ndi chakudya m'gulu, ngakhale anthu pano atha kukhala mamiliyoni 5-6. Zotayika pakusungidwa m'mafamu azigawo zonse zitha kuwerekezera matani 1,5 miliyoni, zotumizira kunja - matani 150-200 zikwi.
Chifukwa chake, ku Russia, kuchuluka kwa mbatata zapakhomo kuyenera kukhala osachepera matani 22 miliyoni. Kuchepa kwa mulingo uwu kumatha kubweretsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mbatata yazogulitsa, ndipo, chifukwa chake, chiwonjezeko cha gawo la zakunja. Gawo lomwe akuyembekezeredwa kuti lidzatengere poti mugwiritsidwe ntchito mbatata muli pafupifupi matani 300-350. Awa ndi mbatata "yachichepere" choyambirira, yomwe imafunsa komanso kugulitsa m'matangadza nthawi zambiri kumachulukira panthawi yopanda nyengo, pomwe alumali yazaka zam'mbuyomu zatsala pang'ono kutha (mu Meyi), ndipo pakadalibe mbatata zatsopano zambiri zogulitsira osakwana miyezi iwiri.
Kwawo mbatata ndi South America, kumene "chikhalidwe" ichi chinayamba kudziwika kale mpaka 12500 BC. e. pagombe lakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Peru. Kucoka ku America kupita ku Europe (Spain), mbatata zobzalidwa zidabweletsedwa, zikuoneka kuti, mu 1565. Mbatata yoyamba idatumizidwa ku Russia kuchokera ku Netherlands ndi Netherlands Ⅰ paulendo wake waku Europe. Kuyesera koyamba kufalitsa mbatata ku Russia nthawi zambiri sikulephera chifukwa ma tubers adazizira panthawi yotumizira. Pachifukwa ichi, mu 1769, bungwe la zamankhwala lidatumiza ku Siberia mbewu zomwe zidatengedwa m'munda wazachipatala wa St. Petersburg kuti zikagawidwe kwa "ma bourgeois achidziwitso" komanso "omanga nyumba zabwino". Ku Ilimsk, ofesi yotsogola idasamutsa 15 g ya mbewu ku A. Berezovsky, yemwe adakwanitsa kukula mbande ndikupeza tubers. Malinga ndi V.S. Lekhnovich, A. Berezovsky, osadziwa izi, adasankha mbatata yoyamba ku Siberia, ndipo mwina ku Russia.
Wogula zamakono makamaka ali ndi chidwi chopeza mbatata zokhala ndi ma tubers abwino omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola ndipo, monga lamulo, peel yowoneka bwino. Nthawi yomweyo, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa ma tubers, kuya kwa maso, mtundu wa peel ndi zamkati, kusowa kwa zolakwika zakunja ndi zamkati chifukwa cha chizolowezi cha mitundu ya anthu pakukula kwachiwiri (kukula), mapangidwe a ming'alu ya kukula, kuchepa kwa malo, komanso mtundu wa zamkati (kusinthasintha) ndikofunikira. zolakwika zina zamkati zomwe zimatha kupezeka m'madzimadzi chifukwa cha nyengo yachilengedwe pakukula kwa masamba kapena kuwonongeka kwa makina, makamaka mukakolola, transpor irovki ndi kusanja.
Mawonekedwe a tubers a tebulo mitundu ya mbatata amatha kusiyanasiyana kutalika, mulingo wotalikirana kwambiri: 40-60 mm, kuya kwa maso: ang'ono mpaka apakati, khungu khungu: oyera mpaka ofiira, oyera zamkati: oyera - zonona - wachikasu.
Kuphatikizika konse kwa malangizowa kumatsimikizira mawonekedwe a ogula a mbatata za tebulo ndi kuthekera kwa momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito kuphika zakudya zosiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi zambiri amawona kutchuka kwa mitundu ndi kufunikira kwa iwo mumsika wamapoto wa mbatata za chakudya, makamaka akagulitsidwa m'misika yamakono yogulitsa.
Zoona za Zakudya Zabwino
M'zaka zaposachedwa, malingaliro okhudzana ndi thanzi la mbatata monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'zakudya za anthu asinthidwa kwambiri, zomwe zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kusinthika kwakukulu kwa kusankha komwe kumapangitsa kuwonjezera mbatata, komanso maphunziro ozama pamipangidwe yazipangidwe zake zachilengedwe.
Ubwino wa mbatata sizinazindikiridwe mwachangu. Milandu yambiri yoseketsa yolumikizidwa ndi izi. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1586, Admiral Wachingelezi Dr Drake adapereka timatumba ta mbatata ku England ndikuupereka kwa wosamalira mundawo kuti abzale kumtunda wabwino kwambiri ndikuyang'anira mbewuzo mosamala. Mlimiyo anagwira ntchitoyi mwachangu kwambiri. Mbatata idaphuka, duwa, zipatso zobiriwira zidawoneka pamutu. Wosamalira mundawo, akuwatengera iwo zipatso, adayesera. Atazindikira kuti sizokoma, adakwiya nati: "Ntchito zanga zonse zidatha." Woyang'anira mundawo adawonetsa zipatsozo kwa woyang'anira, yemwe adamulamula kuti atulutse chimacho ndi muzu kuti zisawononge m'mundawo. Anadabwa kuti wolima dimba uja pachitsamba chilichonse adawona mitengo yambiri yomwe adabzala. Tizilomboti tinkawiritsa ndipo tinapatsa nyakulayo kuti alawe. “Ah! Adanenanso, "Zomera zabwino bwanji!" Zitatha izi, wosamalira mundawo sikuti adangokulitsa yekha mbatata, komanso adathandizira kulima ena.
Kwa zaka 50-100, chidziwitso chathu cha kapangidwe kazakudya zamankhwala ndi kuchuluka kwa thupi la zinthu zake (ndi zovuta) zakula kwambiri. Zonsezi ndizofunikira kuzilingalira pamalingaliro amakono azakudya zaanthu, osati kungokhutitsa njala, komanso kuchokera pamalingaliro azakudya zopatsa thanzi. Njira imeneyi imathandizira kuwunikiranso zinthu zonse zomwe zimapezeka m'matumba a mbatata.
Ubwino wa mbatata umapangidwa makamaka ndi kuchuluka koyenera kwa michere yofunika kwambiri (wowuma, mapuloteni, mafuta, mavitamini, michere, antioxidants a anthocyanin ndi chikhalidwe cha carotenoid ndi zina zina) mu tubers.
Nthawi yomweyo, padziko lapansi mabuku, zambiri pazomwe zimakhala michere ya mbatata zimasiyana kwambiri. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti kuphatikiza kwachilengedwe kwa ma tubers kumadalira zinthu zambiri: mitundu, nthaka ndi nyengo, feteleza, ukadaulo wokula, kuchuluka kwa kucha, malo osungira, ndi zina zotere. Nthawi yanthawi ya kusanthula (nthawi yophukira kapena yophukira) imakhudzanso zotsatira zake.
Akatswiri apadziko lonse mu dongosolo la Organ for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) adagwirizana pazizindikiro zapakati pazakudya zoyambira komanso kusinthasintha kwawo chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana (tebulo 1).
Kufunika kwa mbatata mu michere ya anthu kumakhalanso chifukwa cha zomwe zili pazinthu monga mavitamini, mchere, ma organic acid (tebulo 2).
Kukhala ndi kuthekera kokwanira mokwanira pazinthu za ascorbic acid makamaka zinthu zofunika - ma antioxidants (anthocyanins, carotenoids), mbatata zitha kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popewa matenda angapo, ndipo pankhaniyi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri muzakudya zabwino za anthu.
Malinga ndi akatswiri azakudya ku UK, m'zakudya za munthu wamakono, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yazinthu ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, muzakudya zopatsa thanzi, kuchuluka kwabwino kwambiri kumaganiziridwa ngati gawo la mbatata, buledi ndi zinthu zina zosapsa 33%, masamba ndi zipatso - 33%, mkaka ndi mkaka - 15%, nyama, nsomba ndi zinthu zina - 12 %, zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndimafuta ndi shuga - 7%.
Mapuloteni a mbatata amakhala ndi 8 mwa 20 amino acid ofunikira. Gawo lalikulu la zofunika tsiku lililonse la vitamini C limakwaniritsidwa ndi mbatata. Mukamadya mbatata 100 g, yophika m'maso ndi kusenda musanagwiritse ntchito, thupi la munthu limalandira 20 g yamafuta, 2 g mapuloteni, 0,1 mafuta ndi 2 g ya CHIKWANGWANI, ngakhale zizindikirozi zimathanso kutengera kutengera mawonekedwe, kukula kwa magawo zinthu zina.
Potengera chidziwitso chamakono ndi malingaliro, kufunikira kwa magawo a kuphatikiza kwachilengedwe kwa mbatata kuchokera pakuwona kwamunthu wathanzi kumayesedwa mosiyanasiyana.
Zinakhala zofunika kwambiri kuti mubatizidwe wa mbatata mumakhala madzi ambiri (75% kapena kuposerapo) ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yokha (i., Kachulukidwe ka michere pa 100 kcal) ndizochepa. Mu mbatata, ndende iyi imafanana ndi zomwe thupi laumunthu limafunikira pokonza chimbudzi ndi chakudya. Malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi, mbatata ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi zosowa za munthu wamkulu poyerekeza ndi zakudya zina zam'mera ndi nyama.
Osaka. Ili ndiye gawo lalikulu la mbatata ndi chakudya chake chachikulu komanso mwayi wachuma (wachuma). Mu tuber yatsopano, pafupifupi, gawo la wowuma ndi pafupifupi 17,5% (kusinthasintha kwa magawo 8,0-29%) kapena 75-80% pazowuma.
Zowuma zosawoneka bwino sizingagayidwe ndi anthu. Komabe, mankhwala atatha kutentha (mwachitsanzo, kuphika), kugaya kwake mphamvu kumawonjezeka - mpaka 90%. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti m'matumbo amtundu wa munthu pamakhala kuwuma pang'onopang'ono (mozungulirapo) ndi ma enzymolytic ma enzymes ndipo ndiye chomaliza chomwe chimaphatikizidwa mu metabolism kuzungulira kwa thupi la munthu.
Wowuma wa mbatata mumtumbo wa anthu samakopedwa kwathunthu kumaziphuphu osavuta; gawo lina losasankhidwa limalowa m'matumbo akulu. Izi ndizomwe zimatchedwa "wowuma otetezedwa." Malinga ndi kafukufuku watsopano wamankhwala, wowuma ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri kwa micobiota ya m'matumbo a anthu.
Pakati XVIII c. mbatata zinali kale ku Europe, komanso munthawi ya Catherine II Inayamba kubadwa ku Russia m'malo akulu mderali.
Anthu a ku Europe anaphunzira kukula pang'onopang'ono mbewu za mbatata, makamaka kumpoto kwa Africa. Izi zinali zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu wamba komanso okhala m'matawuni, omwe nthawi zonse, makamaka pazaka zam'munda zokhazokha, amadzipezera chakudya ndi mabanja awo. Ku Europe, ndipo patapita nthawi pang'ono ku Russia, mbatata zasintha kukhala mtundu wotsimikizira chitetezo cha chakudya. Wolemba wamkulu waku Russia L.N. adatengera izi m'mabuku ake olemba. Tolstoy, pamene adaphunzira zomwe zimayambitsa njala ku Russia kumapeto XIX c. Amakhulupirira kuti mbatata zomwe zimapezeka mu chakudya cha alimi aku Russia mwanjira inayake adasinthanitsa mkate ndikuwathandiza kuti azikhala ndi moyo zaka zanjala.
Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri ambiri azachuma amati kukwera kwachuma ku Europe ndi Russia ku XVIII-XIX zaka mazana ambiri ndi mbatata. Chikhalidwe ichi, m'malingaliro awo, chinapulumutsanso miyoyo mamiliyoni ambiri osati pazaka zolepheretsa mbewu, komanso panthawi ya nkhondo ku Europe pazaka mazana atatu zapitazi.
Mphamvu yachitetezo cha "wowuma otetezedwa" ndikuti kupukusika kwa microflora yamatumbo kumalimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa ma organic acid, omwe, limodzi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa ballast, zomwe zimalepheretsa kukula kwa maselo a nyama m'mimba. Zotsirizirazi ndizofunikira kwambiri popewa khansa yamatumbo awa.
Mapuloteni (mapuloteni osakongola). Zakudya zomanga thupi zosaphika m'm mbatata ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo zimakhala pafupifupi 2% (0,69-4,63%). Komabe, izi sizongowonjezera kuchuluka, komanso mapuloteni a mbatata. Kuwerengera kwa ma amino acid ofunikira komanso osafunikira mkati mwake ndikofunikira kwambiri (ali pafupifupi ofanana ndi mapuloteni oyambira nyama), motero, mapuloteni a mbatata amawerengedwa kuti ndi amtengo wapatali, akuyandikira zoposa 80% ya mapuloteni a dzira pakupanga zigawo. Digestibility ya mapuloteni a mbatata m'matumbo amunthu imaposa 90%. Pakati pa mapuloteni am'mera opangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu zomwe zimabzala, mapuloteni a mbatata ali ndi phindu lalikulu kwambiri zachilengedwe, m'thupi lake limakhala lofunikira kwambiri kumapuloteni amtundu (nyama, mkaka, dzira la nkhuku). Masiku ano amadziwika kuti mapuloteni a mbatata ali ndi lysine komanso sulufule yokhala ndi ma amino acid ofunikira.
Mothandizidwa molimba mtima kwakhala kuti kwatsimikizika kuti kuphulika kwa anthu ku Europe m'zaka za XVIII-XIX. zinali chifukwa chakuti mu zaka zakudya za azungu panali 400 makilogalamu a mbatata (pa munthu wamkulu pachaka) ndi mkaka wokwanira ndi mkaka. Kuphatikizidwa kwa zinthu ziwiri izi kunapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi thanzi.
Mafuta. Mafuta omwe amapezeka mu mbatata ndi osakwanira, omwe pawokha ndiofunikira mu dongosolo la zakudya popanga zakudya zosiyanasiyana komanso kukonza zakudya. Komabe, kapangidwe ka mafuta acids ndi kofunika kwambiri - choyambirira, chifukwa cha zinthu zofunika monga linoleic yosagwirizana (pafupifupi 50% ya mafuta achilengedwe) ndi asidi osapangika mwanjira ina (pafupifupi 20%).
Mu 1902, dokotala wofufuza zamankhwala waku Germany komanso waukhondo M. Rubner adazindikira kuti mapuloteni a mbatata ndi abwino kwambiri, kuphatikiza zomwe zili ma amino acid ofunika. Pambuyo pake, izi zidatsimikizika mobwerezabwereza. Umboni wodabwitsa kwambiri kumbali yawo unaperekedwa mu 1965 ndi akatswiri azakuthambo achi Germany a K Krani ndi F. Jackat, omwe adazindikira kuti mbatata ndi mazira athunthu ndiofanana mu protein, ndipo pakuyesa kwawo moyenera pa anthu, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mapuloteni adawonetsedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kusakaniza kwa mbatata ndi unyinji wa dzira muzakudya (chiyerekezo 65: 35, i.e. osakaniza 500 g wa mbatata ndi dzira limodzi. Wofufuza Wachingelezi A. Jones adawona kuti mapuloteni omwe ali mu mbatata zaphika zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi njira yawo yokonzekera: mbatata wamba yophika - 1,5%, yokazinga - 2,8, yokazinga - 3,8, ndi mbatata zosenda mbatata - mpaka 6%.
Zinthu za Ballast. Kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimatchedwa ulusi wazomera sizinayanjidwe ndi akatswiri azakudya. Zinthu za Ballast zimamvetsetsa, choyambirira, monga zigawo zosagwiritsidwa ntchito pazigawo zamadzimadzi za chomera monga chakudya (cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, lignin), zomwe zimagwira ntchito zambiri, mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana muzogaya chakudya, zomwe zimakhudza kagayidwe. Amachita gawo lalikulu pakudya wathanzi. Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti zinthu izi ndizophatikiza ndi microsota ya m'matumbo a anthu. Ilidi "mimba yachiwiri"; ma organic acid omwe amapangidwa chifukwa cha zochita za Microbiological zimakhudza kagayidwe kachakudya mwa anthu. Zingwe zopanda chomera zimagwiritsa ntchito ngati adsorbent yamadzi, mipweya ndi zinthu zina zosafunikira, ndikuthandizira kuti zichotse thupi. Ngakhale gawo lazinthu izi mu tubers ndizochepa (2,5%), gawo la 200 g la mbatata limakwaniritsa pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a zofuna za munthu tsiku lililonse pazinthu izi.
Zinthu zamafuta. Mbatata za mbatata zimakhala ndi macro- ndi ma microelements ambiri, omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu metabolism. Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa 200 ga mbatata, zosowa za anthu tsiku lililonse zimakwaniritsidwa: potaziyamu - mwa 30, magnesium - 15-20, phosphorous - 17, mkuwa - 15, chitsulo - 14, manganese - 13, ayodini - 6 komanso fluorine - ndi 3%.
Mavitamini. Mbatata zimakhala ndi mavitamini athunthu othandiza anthu, makamaka osasungunuka ndi madzi, koma kuchuluka kwawo mu tubers kumatha kusinthasintha kwambiri. Chofunikira kwambiri ndizofunikira kwambiri za vitamini C (10-20 mg / 100g cholemera chonyowa), zomwe ndizokwera pang'ono kuposa maapulo (10mg / 100g chonyowa). Mukaphika, 10-20% ya Vitaminiyi imatayika. Ndi kumwa kwa 300 g wa mbatata, zofunikira tsiku ndi tsiku zimatha kukwaniritsidwa: Vitamini C - ndi 70, B6 - 36, B1 - 20, pantothenic acid - 16, mu B2 - ndi 8%.
Anthocyanins ndi carotenoids. Potengera malingaliro atsopano okhudzana ndi gawo lazakudya chazakudya pokonzanso moyo wa anthu, mbatata zimawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazomera zofunika kwambiri zomwe zili ndi antioxidants, makamaka anthocyanins ndi carotenoids, omwe amalimbitsa chitetezo cha mthupi cha anthu (Anisimov 2006, Simakov 2012).
Mu mbatata, ma flavonoids awa ndi omwe amachititsa kuti mtundu wabuluu, violet, wofiira, lalanje, wowala wachikasu owoneka bwino komanso zamkati za tubers. Ndizovala zamtunduwu zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri monga gwero la antioxidants, chifukwa chakutha kumasula ma free oxygen magene mthupi la munthu. Ndizodziwika kale kuti zakudya zama antioxidant zimathandizira kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha atherosulinosis, mitundu ina ya khansa, kusintha kokhudzana ndi zaka mu khungu lamkati, khungu.
Kupenda koyerekeza kunawonetsa kuti mitundu yokhala ndi chikasu chowala, lalanje, wofiirira, ndi utoto wofiirira kwambiri imaposa mitundu yokhala ndi zamkati zoyera za tubers zomwe zili mu anthocyanins ndi carotenoids (Table 3).
Kutalika kwa kusinthasintha kwa zomwe anthocyanins amapanga mu mbatata zokhala ndi matumba kumakhala mu 9,5-37,8 mg pa 100 g yaiwisi yaiwisi ya tubers. Ziyembekezero zakupititsa patsogolo mikhalidwe ina mbali iyi zimalola kuyika mbatata zokhala ndi zamkati pazithunzi zamtengo wapatali zamasamba monga broccoli, tsabola wofiira ndi sipinachi, wodziwika chifukwa cha katundu wawo wa antioxidant. Mbatata zokhala ndi chikaso chachikasu zakhala zikutchuka kwambiri m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi chifukwa chaopezeka kwambiri ndi ma carotenoids.
Kafukufuku wamakono amatsimikizira kuthekera kwakusintha kwazowonjezereka kwa zizindikirozi potengera kupangika kwa mitundu yokhala ndi chikasu chowala, lalanje ndi zamkati wofiyira, chifukwa cha zomwe zili ndi carotenoids (500-800 mg pa 100 g yatsopano). Kupambana kosankhidwa mwanjira iyi kungakhale kofunikira kwambiri m'zakudya za anthu ndikupatsa chidwi chatsopano pakupanga mbatata monga chofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Pakanthawi kochepa, tingayembekezere izi mitundu yomwe ili ndi chikasu, lalanje, ofiira komanso wofiirira izikhala yotchuka kwambiri, ndipo zopereka zawo ku zakudya zamagulu azachuma ziziwonjezeka.
Chifukwa chake, kuwunika udindo wa mbatata muzakudya za munthu wamakono, zitha kunenedwa popanda kukokomeza kuti mazira a mbatata sikuti ndi chakudya, komanso mankhwala. Amadzidulira ndipo amakamizika, amakhala opanda ma allergen, angagwiritsidwe ntchito pama protein apadera, muzakudya zomwe pakufunika kuchepetsa acid, etc.
Komabe, tisaiwale kuti mbatata ndi za banja la nightshade, lomwe limadziwika ndi zomwe zili mu alkaloids zomwe zimawononga thanzi la munthu. Mbatata imakhalanso ndi nitrate, zitsulo zolemera ndi acrylamide. Zonsezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito mbatata zam'madzi mbatata ngati chakudya.
Nitrate. Monga mukudziwa, mbatata za mbatata zimakhala ndi nitrate pang'ono. M'zaka zaposachedwa, sayansi yatenga deta yambiri yotsimikizira kuti kumwa moyenera ma nitrate ndi chakudya kumathandizanso ku thanzi la munthu. Zikatero, m'thupi la munthu, ma nitrate amaphwanya ma nitrites, ndipo omaliza amaphera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amkamwa ndi m'mimba.
Komabe, izi zimachitika ndimtundu wa nitrate wabwino. Koma pochita, nthawi zambiri, malo okwera a nayitrate mu mbatata amalembedwanso. Zimatengera zinthu zingapo: mitundu, nyengo ndi malo olimidwa dothi, kuchuluka kwa feteleza, malo osungirako, ndi zina. Nitrate zomwe zimapezeka mu mbatata zimachepetsa panthawi yophika, kusenda, komanso kukonza kwa mafakitale (kuyanika, kuyanika, tchipisi).
Mankhwala a mbatata akhala akudziwika kale. Makamaka, kufalikira kwa mbatata ku Europe, miliri yokhazikika idatha. Madzi a mbatata amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zilonda zam'mimbazi ndi zilonda zam'mimba. Mbatata ndi chimodzi mwazakudya za odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a impso ndi mtima. M'maluwa ndi mbatata za mbatata, wothandizira othandizira amapezeka.
Phwetekere ya glycoalkaloid yomwe imakhala ndi mbatata imakhala ndi mankhwala othana ndi tizirombo toyambitsa matenda komanso mabakiteriya, komanso ntchito ya antihistamine, yofunikira pa matenda a ziwengo.
Mankhwala wowerengeka, mbatata yaiwisi yophika imayikidwa m'malo omwe akhudzidwa ndi khungu ndi kupsa, chikanga ndi matenda ena amkhungu. Pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wambiri wa mbatata, timatumbo tomwe timapumira timapezekanso.
Solanin. Mu ziwalo zonse za mbatata, kuphatikizapo mu tubers, yomwe ili ndi poizoni wa steroid glycoalkaloid solanin, wopangidwa ndi solanine ndi a-panoin. Koma ndende ya alkaloid iyi ndiyotsika: 2-60 mg / kg yatsopano ya mbatata. Kuchuluka kwa solanine pamlingo wa 300-500 mg wa pa 1 makilogalamu ya mbatata yaiwisi yaiwisi imawonedwa kukhala yowopsa ku thanzi la munthu. Popeza solanine ndi yofunika kuti chomera ichochokha chitetezeke kwa adani achilengedwe, chimazunguliridwa kwambiri ndi ngale. Mlingo wa ndende ndiwosiyanasiyana. Pakusungidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa ma tubers, kuchuluka kwa solanine kumawonjezeka pang'ono. Koma wina ayenera kusamala ndi tubers zomwe zasintha kukhala zobiriwira ndipo zinamera mumdima. Mwa iwo, kuchuluka kwa solanine kumakhala koopsa ku thanzi la munthu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti pophika kuphika, solanine samawonongeka.
Enzyme (enzyme) zoletsa - Monga solanine, amatiteteza ku machubu a mbatata. Kwa anthu, si owopsa, chifukwa amawonongeka mosavuta chifukwa cha kutentha.
Zitsulo zolemera. Zowopsa zaumoyo makamaka zimakhala cadmium ndi lead. Komabe, zomwe amapezeka mu mbatata ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa mipata yolondola. Poyeretsa, zomwe zimatsogolera mu mbatata zimatsika ndi 80-90%, cadmium - ndi 20%. Mukaphika, kuchuluka kwa cadmium kumachepa ndi wina 25-30%; zomwe zimatsogolera pakuphika sizikuchepa.
Acrylamide. Acrylamide mu mankhwala a mbatata amapangidwa kuchokera ku ma amino acid aulere komanso kuchokera ku shuga wosavuta (glucose, fructose) pa chithandizo cha kutentha (pamwambapa +1200C) ndi madzi ochepa. Ndi kutentha kowonjezereka pa kukonzanso kwa mbatata zam'matumbo, kuchuluka kwa acrylamide kumawonjezeka.
Ma processors amadziwa izi, chifukwa chake amagwira njira zowonjezera ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zamatekinoloje kuti achepetse zinthu zomwe zili mu acrylamide mumalonda omaliza a mbatata (tchipisi, ma fries achi french).
Mitundu yamatumbo ya mbatata
Zina mwazofunikira kwambiri zodyera zomwe zimazindikira mtundu wamtundu wa mbatata, kuchuluka kwa kugaya chakudya, kupezeka kwa zamkati, zofunikira za mealy komanso zamadzi zam'madzi ndizofunikira kwambiri (Bukasov, 1975; Anisimov et al., 2012). Malingana ndi magawo awa, mitundu ya mbatata imagawidwa m'mitundu inayi ya 4: kuchokera ku saladi osagaya chakudya (mitundu yachitetezo cha A) kupita kumitundu yambiri yogaya ndi mafuta (B, C, D), omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zakudya zamatumbo (ziwerengero 1,2).
Lembani A - mbatata ya saladi, sikupukusira, tubers imakhalabe yolimba pakuphika, zamkati ndi zowonda, osati zotsekemera, zamadzi.
Mtundu B - wowiritsa pang'ono, zamkati ndizolimba pang'ono, pang'ono pang'ono, pang'ono madzi. Ma tubers ndi athunthu, osangalatsa kukoma. Ndikosavuta kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya zopangira tokha popanga msuzi ndi mbale zam'mbali zamaphunziro otentha (mbatata yophika m'madzi kapena yotenthedwa, mbatata yophika kapena kuphika mu peel, mbatata yosenda kapena batala wopanga, etc.).
Mtundu C - wopetedwa bwino, zamkati ndi wolemetsa, wofewa (wofewa), m'malo wouma, ming'alu ya tuber, koma siziwonongeka mukamaphika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamakampani azakudya.
Mtundu D - mbatata zimakhala zophika kwambiri, zotsekemera kwambiri, osati madzi ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga mbatata zosenda ndi kukonza kwa wowuma.
Mitundu yambiri ya mbatata ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe apakatikati pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya lore (AB ndi BC). Poterepa, kalata yoyamba ikusonyeza mtundu wapamwamba wa zofananira.
Njira yoyamba yofalitsira mbatata imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Permantier wa ku France wotchuka. Adabzala mbatata kunja kwa Paris ndikulondera mundawo. Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe, mbatata zitakhazikika, alonda mwadala adayamba kusiya masamba awo usiku. Mumdima, anthu wamba, akuyang'ana mozungulira mozungulira, adatsitsa mabedi ndikuthira mbatata. Wasayansi anapambana kuchokera pa zomwe anapezazo - fanizo lokhazikika kwa dictum: "Chipatso choletsedwa ndichokoma."
Permantier adakopanso mfumu ya ku France Louis XVI zikhomani pachifuwa chanu maluwa oyamba omwe adawonekera patchire la mbatata. Izi zidapanga phokoso m'bwalo lachifumu, atavala maluwa a mbatata m'matumba a mabatani adakhala mafashoni. Anzathu okhala pafupi ndi Paris adayamba kulima mbatata kuti agulitse maluwa.
Mfumu ya Prussian Frederick William I adapereka lamulo loti azidula mphuno ndi makutu kwa iwo osabzala mbatata.
Kusavomerezeka kwa mbatata ngati chakudya kumalumikizidwa ndi kuukira kwa "mbatata" ku Russia.