M'kupita kwa nthawi yaitali kusungidwa kwamagulu akuluakulu a mbatata, kuyanika pang'onopang'ono ndi kuzizira, condensate pazogulitsa ndi zosungirako, kutayika kwa turgor, kumera, kuwonongeka kwa zinthu chifukwa chakukula kwa matenda ndi kusokonezeka kwa thupi kungadziwike.. Zovuta zomwe zimabwera ziyenera kupewedwa kapena kuthetsedwa mwachangu komanso mwaluso, apo ayi pali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chitetezo chazinthu komanso kuthekera kwachuma kosungirako nthawi yayitali. Zochitika zoyipa nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi zifukwa zina. Mwachitsanzo, kuchepa thupi ndi turgor ndi chotsatira cha mpweya wabwino, kumera ndi chifukwa chosungira pa kutentha kwambiri. Mavuto ovuta kwambiri osungira ndi kuyanika pang'onopang'ono, condensation ndi matenda.
Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zosungirako mbatata kwa nthawi yayitali zimatheka mukakolola ndikukweza ma tubers owuma, opanda matenda m'malo osungira kutentha kwa 10 mpaka 15 ° C. Komabe, zenizeni pakupanga kwakukulu, m'nthaka komanso nyengo ya Russian Federation, sizowoneka bwino kwambiri. Kusiyanasiyana kwamunda ndi nyengo pa nthawi yokolola m'dzinja nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kuti ma tubers amasungidwa kutali ndi chikhalidwe chabwino. Zitha kukhala zonyowa, zodwala, ndi/kapena zotentha kwambiri kapena zozizira kwambiri. Nthawi zina, kusinthasintha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa ola limodzi ndi kutentha kumapangitsa kuti mumtolo umodzi wosungirako pakhale kutentha komanso kuzizira kwambiri, ma tubers owuma ndi onyowa. Mwamwayi, sizinthu zonse zomwe zimatayika muzochitika zotere: pogwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono komanso loyenerera, chisamaliro chapadera ndi chisamaliro chapadera, ma tubers amathanso kusungidwa bwino komanso kwa nthawi yaitali. Chotsatira chake, zotsatira za kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali zimaperekedwa mwezi woyamba mutatha kusungirako, makamaka pazovuta.
Tiyeni tilingalire kuthekera kothana ndi zovuta zosungira osati aliyense payekhapayekha, koma ndikuyika zochitika zenizeni zenizeni zomwe zitha kuwonedwa mu chitsanzo cha nyengo ya 2022. April - May anali ozizira ndi mvula, pa dera lalikulu, kubzala kunkachitika pa nthaka insufficiently okhwima, zomwe zinachititsa kuti overconsolidation ake ndi clod mapangidwe. M'madera ambiri (Non-Chernozem zone, Urals) kunali chilala chachilimwe, kutentha kwakukulu kunawonedwa mu July ndi August. Chiyambi cha kukolola misa (masiku khumi oyambirira a September) chinachitika ndi dothi louma, lolimba. M'zaka khumi zachiwiri, mkhalidwe wa nthaka yabwinoko pang'ono. Zaka khumi zachitatu za September zinabweretsa mvula yambiri, kutentha kwa mpweya kuli mkati mwa 10 оC, waterlogging wa nthaka ndi tubers kwambiri complicates kukumba mbatata.
Kuyanika pang'onopang'ono. Kuyanika kwapamwamba kwa zinthu zomwe zimalandiridwa posungirako ndizofunika kwambiri kuti zisungidwe bwino. Mosasamala kanthu za chinyezi choyambirira, kuyanika kwathunthu kwamagulu a tubers kuyenera kuchitika osapitilira masiku awiri. Ngati kuyanika kumatenga nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti izi zimabweretsa kusungunuka kwa chinyezi, kufota komanso kufalikira kwa matenda pa tubers. Nthawi zambiri chifukwa chowumitsa pang'onopang'ono ndi kupanga kwautali kapena kosawoneka bwino kwa mpanda - pamtunda wosiyana, ndizovuta kwambiri kuumitsa madera okhala ndi kutalika kwake. Ngati mpanda umapangidwa mwachangu komanso moyenera, ndiye chifukwa chowumitsa pang'onopang'ono ndi kukhalapo kwa madera osasunthika, okhala ndi dothi losakanikirana, kapena mphamvu zosakwanira za mafani potengera kuthamanga kwa mpweya. Njira zopangira mpweya wabwino zosungirako mbatata ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zosachepera 50-70 m3 pa tani pa ola pa kupanikizika kwa 350-450 Pa, malingana ndi zipangizo zanyengo, njira yosungiramo, kusungirako mapangidwe ndi dongosolo logawa mpweya. Ichi ndi gawo lasayansi la kukwanira kwa mpweya wabwino panthawi yosungiramo mbatata. Ponseponse m'zaka zaposachedwa, pamalingaliro a ogulitsa zida za ku Europe, mulingo wa mpweya wabwino wa 100-125 m.3 pa tani pa ola popanda kutchula kufunika kopereka mpweya wokwanira wothamanga ndi njira ya amateurish. Ngati kupanikizika komwe kumapangidwa ndi mafani sikukwanira, mpweya sungathe kugonjetsa kukana kwa kayendedwe ka mpweya wogawira mpweya ndi kuponyedwa kwa mankhwala, chifukwa chake kuyanika kumakhala pang'onopang'ono ndi zotsatira zake zonse zoipa. Ngati kuyanika kumatenga masiku opitilira atatu, izi zikuwonetsa mphamvu zosakwanira za fan kapena kutayikira kwakukulu kwa mpweya munjira yogawa mpweya. Izi ndizowonanso pakuwumitsa m'zotengera. Kuwumitsa kosauka ndi vuto lachikhalidwe komanso chifukwa chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala kuchokera ku chitukuko chotsatira cha matenda, komanso m'mafiriji opanda mpweya kapena mpweya wokwanira. Machine ozizira kusungiramo zamasamba ndi ogwira yekha osakaniza ndi okwanira mphamvu yogwira mpweya wabwino.
Mbatata iyenera kukololedwa motere: khungu limapangika bwino, mpweya wozizira usiku, chinyezi chokwanira cha dothi kuti chisunthike mumsanganizo wopanda zibungwe, kutentha kwa tuber pa madigiri 15 kapena pafupifupi XNUMX. оC. Mukangokweza chipindacho kapena mbali ina ya chipindacho, mpweya wabwino wopitilira ndi mpweya wozizira kwambiri umachitika.Nthawi zambiri, nthaka ndi kutentha kumatha kukhala kocheperako, komwe kumafunikira kusintha kosungirako koyambirira. Malamulo a kuyanika ayenera kusinthidwa poganizira momwe nyengo ilili. Mwachidule, zosinthazo ndi izi:
1. Ngati kutentha kwa nthaka ndi ma tubers kuli pamwamba pa 25 оC ndi nthaka youma pokolola: pamene kusungirako kukukwezedwa, yatsani mafani mosalekeza mpaka kutentha kwa tubers kufika 15 ° C (chinyezi chachibale chiyenera kukhala 95%); kutentha kwa mpweya panthawi yozizira kuyenera kukhala 1-2 оC m'munsimu kutentha kwa tubers.
2. Ngati kutentha kwa nthaka ndi ma tubers kuli pamwamba pa 25 оC ndi nthaka yonyowa pokolola: pitirizani kuyatsa mafani mpaka chinyezi chonse chaulere chichotsedwe mu tubers; kutentha kwa mpweya kuyenera kukhala 1-2 оC pansi pa kutentha kwa tuber mpaka kufika pa 15 оC.3. Ngati kutentha kwa nthaka ndi tubers ndi 10 - 15 оC, ndipo nthaka imakhala youma pokolola: nthawi ndi nthawi kuyatsa mafani (chinyezi chachibale chiyenera kukhala 95%); perekani kutentha kwa mpweya - ndi 0,5-1 оC m'munsimu kutentha kwa tubers.
4. Ngati kutentha kwa nthaka ndi tubers ndi 10 - 15 оC, ndipo nthaka imakhala yonyowa pokolola: pitirizani kuyatsa mafani mpaka ma tubers auma; perekani kutentha kwa mpweya - ndi 0,5-1 оC m'munsimu kutentha kwa tubers.
5. Ngati kutentha kwa nthaka ndi tubers kuli pansi pa 10 оC ndi nthaka youma pokolola: nthawi ndi nthawi kuyatsa zimakupiza (cholinga cha chinyezi wachibale 95%); perekani kutentha kwa mpweya - ndi 0,5-1 оC pamwamba pa kutentha kwa tubers mpaka tubers ndi 10-13 оС
6. Ngati kutentha kwa nthaka ndi tubers kuli pansi pa 10 оC ndi nthaka yonyowa pokolola: thamangitsani mafani mosalekeza mpaka ma tubers auma; perekani kutentha kwa mpweya - ndi 0,5-1 оC pamwamba pa kutentha kwa tubers mpaka tubers ndi 10-13 оС
Kufunika kuchepetsa kapena kuonjezera kutentha pa kuyanika, motero, "kutentha" ndi mbatata ozizira mpaka 10-15 оC ndi chifukwa chakuti mulingo uwu ndi wabwino kwambiri pa nthawi yofulumira kwambiri yosungiramo mankhwala, yomwe imatsatira kuyanika kwa zinthu. Kuyika kwa zotupa pakhungu kumachitika pa kutentha kwakukulu m'masiku 7-14 (Table 1).
Table 1. Kutalika kwa magawo osiyanasiyana a machiritso a zotupa pakhungu (suberization)
kutentha, оC | Kuwala kwa suberization | Complete suberization | Chiyambi cha mapangidwe a periderm | Mapangidwe awiri zigawo za bala periderm |
2,5 0 5,0 | 7-14 | 21-52 | 28 | 28-63 |
10 | 4 | 7-14 | 7-14 | 9-16 |
20 | 1-2 | 3-6 | 3-5 | 5-7 |
Malingaliro akunja a malamulo owumitsa mbatata akuwonetsa kufunika koyatsa zonyowa m'nthaka youma komanso kutentha kulikonse. Kuchita izi mu nyengo ya Chitaganya cha Russia n'kopanda pake, ngati sikuvulaza. Kupatula apo, kuyanika kumachitika ndi mpweya, ndipo mpweya uyenera kumangirira chinyezi chochulukirapo cha ma tubers, omwe panthawiyi amapumira kwambiri ndikutulutsa chinyezi kwambiri, makamaka motsutsana ndi maziko a kuwonongeka kosalephereka kwa khungu. kukolola mu nyengo youma. Humidification imachepetsa mphamvu ya mpweya kuchotsa chinyezi chochulukirapo. Komanso, ndi chinyezi cha mpweya komanso kutentha kwa mpweya kosasunthika posungirako panthawi yoyeretsa, chiopsezo cha condensation chimawonjezeka. KOMA Condensation ndi chinthu choopsa kwambiri panthawi yosungiramo mbatata.
madzi condensation ndi njira yosafunika kwambiri komanso imodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zosungira masamba. M'malo otsekedwa, m'maola ochepa okha, mbatata imatha (kupuma, kusungunuka) kupanga malo okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri cha 95% kapena kupitilira apo. Ndi chinyezi chambiri chotere, condensation imatha kuchitika pachinthucho kapena pamapangidwe ngati pamwamba pawo pamakhala ozizira pang'ono kuposa mpweya. Chinyezi chosungunuka ndi madzi oyera, omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timakhala pakhungu la tubers kapena mabala, mphodza ndi maso nthawi zonse. Nthawi ya condensation ya ola limodzi yokha ndiyokwanira kuyambitsa kukula kwa matenda ovunda.
Kutentha kwa mpweya ndi chinyezi chambiri zimagwirizana. Pamene kutentha kwa mpweya kumakwera, chinyezi chimawonjezeka ndipo chinyezi chapafupi chimatsika. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati kutentha kwa mpweya kumachepetsa, ndiye kuti chinyezi chiwonjezeka. Mpweya wozizira ukakumana ndi mbatata zotentha sizimayika chiwopsezo cha condensation. Kuundana pamwamba kudzachitika ngati mpweya wozungulira mbatatayo uli wofunda kuposa mbatata yokhayo komanso ngati kutentha kwa pamwamba pa mbatata kuli pansi pa kutentha kwa mame a mumlengalenga. Nthawi zambiri, kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa 4 ° C kapena kupitilira apo pakati pa mpweya wofunda ndi mbewu zozizirira kumapangitsa kuti ma condensation apangidwe. Koma nthawi zina (mwachitsanzo, kutentha kotsika), kusiyana kumeneku kumatha kukhala kochepera 1 ° C kuti condensation ichitike. Kutsika kwa kutentha kwa tuber poyerekeza ndi kutentha kwa mpweya wa mame, m'pamenenso chinyezi chimayikidwa. Kawirikawiri, condensation imachitika pazifukwa zotsatirazi:
- Mpweya wakunja wofunda umalowa mosungirako mbatata, mwachitsanzo kudzera pakhomo lotseguka. Zomera pafupi ndi khomo zidzanyowa;
- Mbatata zotentha zimalowa m'malo osungiramo ndi mbewu yozizira. Ngati kusiyana kwa kutentha sikuyendetsedwa, mpweya wofunda kuchokera ku mbewu zofunda umakhazikika pa mbatata yozizira;
- Kuzunguliranso kwa mpweya wotentha, wodzaza ndi chinyezi kutuluka pamwamba pa muluwo kubwerera kumunsi wozizira kwambiri wa muluwo kumabweretsa chiwopsezo cha condensation m'munsi mwa muluwo;
- Pambuyo poyatsa pamwamba pa chidebecho ndi mpweya wozizira, mafani amazimitsa, kulola kuti mpweya wotentha utuluke muzomera ndi convection. Mpweya wotenthawu umalowa m'nthaka yozizirira bwino yomwe ili pamwamba pa chosungirako ndikukhazikika pansi pa ma tubers (chith.1);
- Nthawi yopanda mpweya wabwino, mpweya wotentha umatuluka kuchokera kumalo otentha kwambiri (nthawi zambiri pakati) m'sitolo ndipo m'malo mwake ndi mpweya wozizira kwambiri kuchokera pansi. Mpweya wofunda umalowa m'derali ndikukhazikika pamphepete mozizira kwambiri.
Kuti muchepetse condensation pokweza zosungira, kusiyana kwa kutentha pakati pa mbatata yobwera ndi yosungidwa kuyenera kuchepetsedwa. Muzosungira zambiri, ikani masensa 100mm ndi 300mm pansi kuchokera pamwamba. Pamwamba (100mm) sayenera kuzizira kuposa 0,5 ° C kuposa 300mm pansipa. Posungiramo zotengera, wongolerani kusiyana pakati pa chidebe chapansi ndi chapamwamba mu muluwo. Sungani kusiyana kwa kutentha kukhala pansi pa 4°C ponyamula ndi kuchiza mabala ndi pansi pa 1,5°C mbewu ikatsikira ku kutentha kwakukulu kosungirako. Ngati kumera kumachitika, onetsetsani kuti sikuli chifukwa cha condensation. Pewani mpweya wotentha kulowa m'zipinda zosungiramo zinthu potseka mipata ndi kusunga zitseko zosungirako zotsekedwa, makamaka nyengo yofunda ndi yachinyontho.
Panthawi yowumitsa kapena kuzizira kwa mbewu, lowetsani mpweya wakunja mosungirako pokhapokha ngati kusiyana kwa mpweya ndi mbatata kuli kosakwana 4°C. Ndikotheka kutulutsa mpweya wotentha kuposa mbewu pokhapokha ngati kutentha kwa mbewu kuli kopitilira mame amlengalenga. Kumene mpweya wakunja uli woyenera (monga 1-4°C pansi pa kutentha kwa mbeu), mpweya wabwino m'malo mozungulira ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mufanane ndi kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa mbewu. Kubwezeretsanso kumachitika pokhapokha ngati masensa a kutentha amasonyeza kusiyana ndipo ngati kutentha kwa mpweya pamwamba kumakhala kochepa kusiyana ndi kutentha kwa mbatata pansi pa muluwo.
Kutentha kwa zokolola. Kutentha kwa mpweya wogwiritsidwa ntchito potenthetsera kumafunika kupitirira kutentha kwa chinthucho. Ngati n'kotheka, tenthetsani mankhwalawa ndi ma heaters kuti akwaniritse vutoli. Mukabweza zinthu zotentha zosungidwa m'malo ozizira (mwachitsanzo, mutasankha mbewu), ziziziritsani kuti zisakhale zotentha kuposa 4 ° C kuposa zomwe zasungidwa.
structural condensation. Mapangidwe a condensate pa zosungirako ndizowopsa kwa mbewu. Padenga, imapanga kuchokera pansi, imatsikira ku purlins, ndiyeno imayenderera m'mizere kupita ku mbatata pansipa. Mbatata zonyowa zimatha kuola kapena kudwala pakhungu. Condensation pa makoma ndi owopsa m'masitolo chochuluka, kumene chinyezi akhoza kudziunjikira pansi, wetting ndi tubers pansi mlingo.
Condensation pamapangidwewo idzachitika ngati kutentha kwa mkati kumagwera pansi pa mame a kutentha kwa mpweya pafupi ndi pamwamba. Izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa chimodzi kapena zingapo mwazifukwa izi: kutsekereza sikukwanira kapena kwalephera chifukwa kumakhala konyowa, palibe mpweya wokwanira mkati mwa denga kuti upeze chinyezi chambiri padenga, nyengo yozizira imayambitsa. kutentha koma osati nthunzi, tulukani kusungirako, mlengalenga wamkati wa malo osungiramo zinthu wafika pa chinyezi chambiri. Mwachitsanzo, malo osungiramo otsekedwa amakhala ndi kutentha kwa mkati kwa 8 ° C ndi chinyezi cha 92% (mkuyu 2). Kutentha kwakunja kwa mpweya wa 8 ° C, kulibe kutentha ndi kusuntha kwa chinyezi, zinthu zimakhala zokhazikika. Ngati kutentha kwazungulira kukwera mpaka 12 ° C, kutentha kumayenderera kumalo osungira, kukweza kutentha kwa mpweya kufika 10.оC ndi kuchepetsa chinyezi mpaka 82%. Kutentha kwakunja kukatsika, kutentha kumatha kudutsa muzitsulo, koma nthunzi imatsekeredwa mkati. Ngati mpweya wakunja uzizira mpaka 3 ° C, kutentha kumachoka m'sitolo, kutentha kwa mpweya m'sitolo kudzatsika, ndipo chinyezi chake chidzakwera kufika 100%. Condensation idzachitika pamalo ozizira kwambiri mkati mwa sitolo, nthawi zambiri padenga, koma imatha kuchitikanso kumalo ozizira a mbewu. Ngakhale izi ndizochitika kwakanthawi, zimatha kuyambitsa matenda komanso zowola. Condensation imathanso kupanga mkati mwa kapangidwe kake komanso kuseri kwa kutsekereza. Ngati chinyezi chimalowa m'kati mwake, khalidwe la kutsekemera kumachepa kwambiri.
Structural condensation imachepetsedwa ndi:
- Kutchinjiriza kwabwino kwamafuta omwe ali ndi kutsika kwamafuta otsika (zosungiramo firiji - 0,3 W / m 2 °C padenga, 0,38 W/m2 °C kwa makoma; yosungirako ochiritsira -0,4 W/m2 °C padenga, 0,45 W/m2 °C kwa makoma).
- Kubwezeretsanso mpweya m'zipinda zosungiramo zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito mafani kuti muteteze kusinthasintha kwa kutentha mu zigawo za mpweya wotsalira pansi pa kutchinjiriza, zomwe zingayambitse kuzirala kwapadera komanso kuwonjezeka kwa chinyezi. Mafani ayenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti kayendedwe ka mpweya kakhale kopingasa.
- Kuyika zotenthetsera padenga kuti zithandizire kutayika kwa kutentha panyengo yozizira. Zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mafani a attic ndi / kapena mapaipi ogawa polyethylene. Kutentha kwa denga kungathe kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe chotenthetsera chamagetsi chomwe chimayimitsidwa padenga, kapena zinthu zotentha zamagetsi zomwe zimayikidwa mu mafani oyendetsa mpweya pansi pa denga. Kutentha kuyenera kukhala 10 W/m2 dera la denga.
- Kujambula kwazitsulo kumachepetsa mapangidwe a condensate pa iwo.
- Yang'anani pafupipafupi ngati kuzizira kukakhala kozizira (kupitirira 6 ° C pansi pa kutentha kosungirako), yang'anani mwatcheru kuti muwone zizindikiro za condensation pamtunda monga pansi pa denga. Yang'anani zizindikiro za kudontha kapena kugwa kwa denga chifukwa cha condensation. Yang'anani makulidwe a polypropylene kutchinjiriza (nthawi zambiri osachepera 100 mm m'malo ozizira ndi opitilira 75 mm m'masitolo oziziritsidwa kunja). Bwezerani zotsekera zowonongeka.
- Automation ya anti-condensate action program. Sinthani makonda abwino molingana ndi tsatanetsatane wa vault. Moyenera, gwiritsani ntchito chowongolera chomwe chingathe kuwongolera mpweya wabwino, kubwezeretsanso mpweya komanso kutentha kwapansi padenga. Condensation mufiriji. Malo ozizira amakhala ndi chiopsezo chocheperako cha condensation pamwamba pa zotengera, chifukwa mpweya wozizirira nthawi zonse umakhala wozizira pafupifupi 1,5-2,5 ° C kuposa mbewu. Koma kuzizira kofulumira kwambiri, mwachitsanzo> 0,7 ° C / tsiku, nthawi zambiri pofuna kuchepetsa kukula kwa matenda, kungayambitse kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha komwe kungayambitse condensation. Kuzizira kwambiri, ndikwabwino kuziziritsa kwa maola ochepa ndikusinthanso mpweya kwa nthawi yonseyi. Ngati condensation iwonedwa, kufupikitsa nthawi yozizira ndi kuonjezera nthawi recirculation. Kuyesa kuchepetsa kuyambika kwa matenda sikuyenera kubweretsa kukomoka mosadziwa komanso matenda. Condensation ndi kuzizira kwa chinyezi mu evaporator kumawonjezeka pamene kusunga kutentha amachepetsa (mkuyu. 3).
Kufunika kwa defrosting kumachepetsedwa pamene kutentha kwapakati kumasungidwa mu yosungirako. Kusiyana kwa kutentha pakati pa mpweya wolowa mu evaporator ndikuusiya sikuyenera kupitirira 2,5-3°C. Ndalama zowongolera ma condensate zitha kuchepetsedwa ngati nyumba yosungiramo katunduyo itasindikizidwa bwino. Khomo limodzi lokha laling'ono latsala lolowera m'nyengo yozizira. Tsekani ndi kusindikiza zitseko zonse kapena zotsekera zomwe sizikufunika kuti mulowe kapena mpweya wabwino.
Kupewa chinyezi condensation pa nthawi yonse yosungirako n'zotheka pamaziko olondola mlandu kutentha ndi chinyezi cha mankhwala misa, mpweya mu yosungirako ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi mpweya mpweya wabwino. Magawo awa akuphatikizidwa mu tebulo lapadera la psychrometric (mkuyu 4). Kusanthula kwa chithunzi cha psychrometric kumachitika makamaka pakutheka kwa condensation. Condensation imatanthauza kuti mpweya womwe uli m'malo omwe udalipo umakhazikika kapena utakhazikika mpaka kutentha kwa mame.
Mwachitsanzo, kutentha kwa zamkati kwa 16 ° C kwa ma tubers omwe abwera kumene kumafuna kutentha kwa sitolo kwa 15 ° C, ndipo kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa nyengo kumachepetsa kutentha kwa sitolo yolowa m'madzi kufika 10 ° C. Chithunzi cha psychrometric chikuwonetsa kuti mpweya woperekedwa pa 15 ° C pa 70% chinyezi wachibale, utakhazikika mpaka 10 ° C, udzafika pa mame (chinyezi chodzaza) ndipo madzi amaundana pa mbatata pa kutentha kumeneko. Ndipo ichi ndi chinyezi chachibale cha 70%, chomwe sichiwoneka kawirikawiri mu nyengo ya Russian Federation. Ndipo mpweya wabwino ndi ofunda kuposa mbatata ndi chinyezi mpweya Mulimonsemo kudzachititsa wochuluka condensation pa tubers. Ndikosatheka kuwomba mbatata yoziziritsa ndi mpweya wofunda komanso wonyezimira. Dongosolo la mpweya wabwino lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati izi ndi zitseko zosungirako zotseguka, mophiphiritsa, zikutanthauza kuthirira ma tubers ndi madzi kuchokera ku payipi.
Kuwunika kwa tchati cha psychrometric kumapereka chidziwitso pazomwe zimachitika kumayambiriro kwa kusungirako koyambirira pomwe mpweya wodzaza ndi chinyezi umalowa muzokolola zotentha panthawi yokolola. Ngati njere ndi zofunda mokwanira poyerekeza ndi kutentha kwa mpweya woperekera, ndiye kuti ma tubers amathandizidwa ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri, ngakhale mpweya wozizira uli pafupi ndi chinyezi. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chinyezi cha mpweya wake chimachepa pamene ukuwotha. Kwa kuyanika ma tubers, njira yotereyi ndi yabwino, ponena za nthawi ya chithandizo, sikuti zonse ndizosavuta.
The akwaniritsa digiri machiritso a khungu kuwonongeka predetermined mlingo wa kuwonda kwa tubers pa nthawi yonse yosungirako. Akuluakulu ambiri amavomereza kuti chinyezi cha 90 mpaka 95% chimapereka mpweya wabwino. Panthawi yokolola, chinyezi chochepa cha mpweya woperekera nthawi zambiri chimakhala mumtundu uwu chifukwa cha chinyezi chapamwamba. Malo osungira akadzadza, ndi bwino kusunga kutentha kwa tubers pa 10-13 ° C kwa masabata awiri kapena atatu kuti mbatata zichiritsidwe (suberization = machiritso a mabala), izi ndi nthawi yofunikira kuti mubweretse. kutentha kwa zamkati mpaka 10-13 ° C. Nthawi ndi nthawi anakakamizika mpweya wofunika pa kuchiritsa kuchotsa kupuma kutentha ndi mpweya woipa ndi kupereka mpweya onse tubers. Chinyezi chachifupi cha mpweya woperekera panthawiyi nthawi zambiri chimakhala 85-95% popanda kufunika kowonjezera chinyezi. Ngakhale zomwe zili pamwambazi ndi zabwino kwambiri pochiritsa zotupa pakhungu, kupatulapo nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira. Inde, m'mwezi woyamba ndi theka la kusungirako, kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwa tuber kumadalira kwambiri chinyezi cha mpweya woperekera. Koma chinyezi chokwanira cha mpweya panthawi ya chithandizo chiyenera kusungidwa pa 90-95%, pokhapokha ngati ma tubers anyowa kapena akudwala. Ngati mavuto omwe ali ndi matenda adziwikiratu, ndiye kuti kusintha kwakukulu kuyenera kupangidwa kuzinthu zosungirako, kutentha ndi chinyezi, ndi mpweya wabwino.
matenda osungira Phatikizanipo omwe amatha kupita patsogolo kwambiri pakatha nthawi yokolola komanso kukula kwake komwe kumadalira kwambiri momwe amasungirako: chowawa mochedwa komanso zowola zapinki, anthracnose, zowola za bakiteriya - mphete, dikeya, pectobacterium, nkhanambo ya tuberculate - oosporosis, zilonda zam'madzi (pithy). ) zowola - pytium, nkhanambo ya siliva, anthracnose, phomosis, fusarium. Kusunga mbatata yotentha kapena yozizira koma yonyowa ndi matenda ndizovuta, koma ndi chisamaliro choyenera ndi chisamaliro, ndizotheka. Ma tubers onyowa, ophatikizidwa ndi kuthamanga kowawa komanso kutentha kwambiri, ndi owopsa kwambiri.
Kuunikira kwabwino komanso kozama pa ngozi ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti mbatata isungidwe ndikofunikira chifukwa imapereka chithunzithunzi cholondola chakukula ndi kufalikira kwa matenda enaake mu mbewu. Ndikofunikira kuwunika munthawi yake zonse zomwe zidayambitsa nkhawa panthawi yakukula ndi kukolola: mtundu wa mbewu, mawonekedwe a nyengo, mphamvu ya kuwongolera mankhwala, zovuta m'minda yoyandikana nayo, zizindikiro za matenda pamitengo ndi ma tubers, ndemanga pa khalidwe la zitsanzo zosankhidwa kale, khalidwe la desiccation, tuber kukhwima, kuyeretsa kuwonongeka, kutentha ndi chinyezi panthawi yoyeretsa. Kuwunikanso zolemba za agronomist pamunda uliwonse panyengo yakukula, makamaka m'masabata atangotsala pang'ono kukolola, kumapereka njira yothetsera mavuto kudzera pakukhazikitsa moyenera magawo akuluakulu osungira kapena kukana kusungirako nthawi yayitali ngati zoopsa zili zochulukirapo. Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti sizothandiza kusunga mbatata zokhala ndi ma tubers opitilira 4% omwe ali ndi vuto lochedwa choipitsa kapena 1% zowola zofewa. Ndi matenda otsika kwambiri muzomera zomwe zimalowa mu yosungirako, kufalikira kwa matenda kumatha kuwongoleredwa, i.e. gwirani. Kuwongolera kutentha ndi chinyezi motsutsana ndi malo opatsirana kumafuna mzere wabwino kwambiri. Pali mkangano pakati pa mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri ya suberization ndi kuwongolera matenda. Kuti muchepetse kutayika, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa dongosolo lomveka bwino komanso njira zingapo. Kuthekera kowongolera matenda onse panthawi yosungirako mbatata kudasindikizidwa mwatsatanetsatane kale (1-3). Miyezo yapadziko lonse poyambira posungira ndi motere:
Pewani mavuto pothyola mbatata zowuma ndi kutentha kwapakati pa 7 ndi 13 оC.
• Pazambiri zosonyeza zizindikiro za kunyowa, zowola zowuma, choipitsa mochedwa, ngati nkotheka, dikirani mpaka kukolola mpaka zizindikiro zitawonekeratu musanakolole.
• Kusankha machubu omwe ali ndi matenda pa chokolola; izi zimafuna anthu owonjezera.
• Kusankha ma tubers omwe ali ndi matenda pamene akulowetsedwa mu yosungirako, kuonetsetsa kuti pali kuwala kokwanira, anthu komanso nthawi yogwira ntchito moyenera.
• Konzani malo osungira omwe ali ndi mpweya wabwino wogwira ntchito komanso wowongolera. Onetsetsani kuti pali mpweya wokwanira m'zipinda ndi malo osungira. Mpweya wabwino ndi wofunikira kwambiri posunga mbatata.
• Osathera nthawi yamankhwala. Chifukwa mbatata yomwe ili ndi vuto nthawi zambiri imakhala yonyowa komanso yodzaza ndi zamoyo zowola, cholinga chake ndi kuziziritsa ndikuumitsa mbewu mwachangu.
• Kuzizira msanga mpaka kutentha komaliza kosungirako (3-4оKUCHOKERA). Musati moisten mbatata ndi kupewa condensation mu yosungirako.
• Muzilowetsa mpweya mosalekeza (ikani zowonjezera zofanizira ngati kuli kofunikira) mpaka mbewuyo itauma ndipo zowola zawonongeka. Panthawi yamavuto, mpweya uyenera kuperekedwa nthawi zonse ku unyinji wa mbatata, ngakhale mpweya wakunja sugwiritsidwa ntchito.
• Kuonetsetsa kusuntha kwa mpweya kupyolera muzinthu zonse, zomwe kuwonjezereka kwamphamvu kwapafupi kumakhala komveka, popeza mbatata zowola ndi dothi zimalepheretsa kuyenda kwa mpweya.
Yang'anirani malo osungira tsiku ndi tsiku. Ma thermometers omwe ali m'madera osiyanasiyana a malo osungiramo zinthu amapereka chisonyezero chabwino cha kutentha kwapakati. Ma scanner a infrared amathandiza kuzindikira kutentha komwe kumakwera asananunkhe ndikufalikira.
• Osayika mbatata yoziziritsa ku kutentha kunja kwa mpweya. A wosanjikiza madzi aulere adzakhala condensed pa tubers. Kukhudzana ndi madzi pa tubers kumabweretsa suffocation, pamene pa nthawi yomweyo kulimbikitsa kubalana zofewa zowola mabakiteriya.
Zitsanzo ziwiri za njira zapadera zokhudzana ndi matenda.
1. Zowola zofewa panthawi yosungira, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi pectobacteria:
- pali chidziwitso chokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti athetse zowola zofewa za bakiteriya posungira. Izi zidzakambidwa pansipa;
- zosungirako ndi zotengera ziyenera kutsukidwa bwino (ndi kuthira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ngati mbatata zodwala zidasungidwa kale) musanagwiritse ntchito;
- kukwaniritsa mapangidwe amphamvu peel ndi kukhwima pamaso kukolola;
- kukolola mosamala ndikupewa kuvulaza, osakolola mvula;
- ngati matenda ovunda ofewa akuganiziridwa m'gawo lokha la maere, ndiye kuti ayike pafupi ndi kupezeka kotero kuti akhoza kuchotsedwa mwamsanga ngati ayamba kuwonongeka;
- gwiritsani ntchito mpweya wokhala ndi chinyezi chochepa ndi mpweya wokhazikika panthawi yowumitsa, suberization, kusungirako koyambirira.
- musachiritse kuvulala pa kutentha kwambiri (> 15 оNDI);
- sungani kutentha kochepa kwa tuber zamkati pa siteji ya kusungirako kwakukulu (pansi pa 4 ° C);
- ngati matendawa sakuwoneka nthawi yomweyo, koma panthawi ya chithandizo, kuchepa kwa kutentha kwazomwe zimawonekera kuyenera kukhala kofulumira, ndi mpweya wambiri;
- kupewa mapangidwe condensate pa tubers, ntchito mosalekeza koma otsika-liwiro mpweya kotunga bwino kufanana kutentha m'madera onse zakhala zikukuchitikirani;
- gwiritsani ntchito mpweya wowonjezera wa zotupa zomwe zakhudzidwa kwambiri, zilekanitseni, ngati kuli kotheka, pamankhwala awa.
2. Zowola zowuma zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi Fusarium sambucinum ndi Fusarium spp..:
- kuchepetsa mapangidwe a mikwingwirima panthawi yokolola ndi kukonza;
Pewani kukolola mbatata pamalo otsika kwambiri chifukwa mbatata yoziziritsa imakhala yovuta kwambiri kuvulazidwa.
- musanakolole, onetsetsani kuti khungu ndi kukhwima kwa mbatata zili bwino;
- chotsani zinyalala ndi zibululu zochulukirapo panthawi yokolola komanso musanazisunge;
- Kusamalira ma tubers pambuyo pokolola popanda kuipitsidwa.
- kutentha kwa 13 ° C ndi chinyezi chachibale cha 95% kumalimbikitsa machiritso a bala, machiritso a mabala amatha kumapeto kwa masabata 2-3;
- Pambuyo pomaliza, chepetsani kutentha pang'onopang'ono pamlingo wa 0,5 ° C patsiku mpaka nthawi yosungiramo zinthu zazikulu ikwaniritsidwe.
Pofuna kuchepetsa matenda opatsirana posungirako, kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda, ndi bwino kuchiza ma tubers musanasungidwe kapena, ngati n'koyenera, mwachindunji posungirako ndi fungicides kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Chisankho chopanga zisankho chamankhwala chimadalira pazochitika zambiri ndipo ndi yeniyeni pa matenda aliwonse (mkuyu 5).
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mbatata motsutsana ndi matenda osungira ndi azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, difeconazole, sedaxan, mancozeb, flutalanil, penflufen, prothioconazole, thiophtanate-methyl, phosphorous acid, potaziyamu phosphite, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, benzoic acid, peroxyacetic acid. Palibe njira zapadziko lonse lapansi zopondereza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito pazinthu zomwe mukufuna (Table 2, 3).
Table 2. Mankhwala ena a tuber fungicides
Zosakaniza zogwira ntchito | Rhizoctonia stolons ndi zimayambira | Tuber rhizoctoniosis | Fusarium | nkhanambo ya siliva | Nkhope Obyknov | Mochedwa |
Thiftanat methyl + mancozeb + cymoxanil | 5 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 |
mankhwala fludioxonil | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
Fludioxanil MZ | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
Thioftanatmethyl 2,5D | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Thioftanatmethyl 5D | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Thioftanatmethyl MZ | 5 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
Thioftanate methyl MZ + imidacloprid | 5 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
5 - zabwino kwambiri; 4-zabwino; 3 - zabwino; 2 - ofooka |
Chithandizo chapamwamba kwambiri ndi ma fungicides ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa motsika kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito madzi osapitilira 3 l / t. Izi ndizotheka mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma atomizer a disc pamtunda uliwonse wozungulira - zodzigudubuza, matebulo oyendera kapena zida zapadera za Mafex. Kuthamanga kovomerezeka kwa madzi ogwira ntchito a 10-20 l / t kuchipatala ndi zolakwika komanso zosavomerezeka. M'masiku ano a phytopathological, kunyowetsa kodziwikiratu kwa ma tubers ndikuyambitsa koyambitsa matenda a bakiteriya. Pambuyo pokonza ku chipatala, ngakhale madzulo obzala, mbatata iyenera kuuma .. Apo ayi, mavuto ndi kumera ndi kuvunda kwa tubers ndizosapeweka.
Mpaka pano palibe fungicides ndi antibacterial ntchito. Zamtengo wapatali za mbatata muzovuta ku Germany kuti adziwe zowola za bakiteriya, ma tubers amathiridwa fumbi asanasungidwe ndi laimu wowuma wowuma pamlingo wa 20-50 kg pa tani.. Laimu samawononga tebulo la ma tubers, koma pambuyo pake mawonekedwe amakhala achilendo. Zikuwonekeratu kuti pamenepa, mbatata iyenera kutsukidwa kapena wogula ayenera kuvomereza kugula mbatata zokhala ndi laimu.
Kutsuka mbatata musanasungidwe ndi ntchito yosowa kwambiri yaulimi.. Ndizomveka kutsuka mbatata kuti musunge zambiri zamtengo wapatali pamene matope owola afalikira ponseponse panthawi yokolola. Pankhaniyi, simungagwiritse ntchito zotengera za submersible, zopopera zokha. Ndikofunikira kukhala ndi mayendedwe angapo a nozzles kuti malo onse a tubers atsukidwe. Mbatata yotsukidwa isanayambe kuyanika mwamsanga ndi kuvomerezedwa mwamsanga iyenera kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo (hydrogen peroxide, benzoic acid, sodium hypochlorite, etc. ndi mlingo wokwanira).
Mofanana ndi masitepe owumitsa ndi kuchiritsa, ndondomeko za sitepe yotsatira yoziziritsa iyeneranso kuganizira za migulu ya mbatata, mwachitsanzo, kutentha, chinyezi, zoopsa ndi zovuta. Munthawi yabwinobwino, kutentha kwa mpweya wa mpweya kumachepetsedwa pamlingo wa 0,3-1,0 ºC patsiku mpaka nthawi yosungirako nthawi yayitali ikwaniritsidwa. Kuyeza kutentha kwa zamkati ndi njira yolondola kwambiri yowongolera ndondomeko. Nthawi yabwino yoyezera zotsatira za kuziziritsa ndi m'mawa kwambiri chifukwa kuzizirira kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa kunja kwa usiku. Mpweya wabwino uyenera kuchitika nthawi zonse pozizira. Zinthu zikakhazikika m'sitolo, mpweya wabwino wa tsiku ndi tsiku uyenera kukhala wautali wokwanira kuti pakhale kusiyana kosaposa 1,0 ºC pakati pa zotengera zapansi ndi zam'mwamba kapena zodzaza zigawo, komanso kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo kwa zipinda zosungirako. Ndikwabwino kuyendetsa mafani ndi maulendo afupikitsa (maola 2-4 ndi osachepera maola awiri). Ndondomekoyi imachepetsa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha mkati mwa chipinda. Ngati mafani aimitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, ma tubers amakonda kutentha; choncho, zidzatenga nthawi yochulukirapo kuti muzizire mpaka kutentha kogwira.
Kuchepetsa kutentha kosungirako mwamsanga kumathandiza kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa matenda ambiri. Komabe, njirayi si popanda kuopsa yachibadwa, okhwima tubers. Chimodzi mwazovuta za kuzizira kofulumira ndikuti ma tubers pansi pa mbiya ndi m'munsi mwa chulu amatha kutaya turgor, kuphwanyidwa pansi pa kupanikizika ndi kuchepa kwambiri. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa mpweya wozizira kwambiri womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pozizira kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa chinyezi. Zotsatira zake, mpweya wozungulira ma tubers umadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa mpweya wa nthunzi poyerekeza ndi madzi amkati a mbatata. Izi zimapangitsa kuti madzi amkati atuluke mu ma tubers kuti apangitse kusowa kwake. Kutayika kwa chinyezi kumafooketsa mphamvu ya mkati mwa ma cell a mbatata. Choyipa chachiwiri cha kuzizira kofulumira ndikuti panyengo yofunda kwa nthawi yayitali m'dzinja komanso ngakhale koyambirira kwachisanu, mutatha kuzirala, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wabwino wakunja kwa nthawi yayitali (kuti kutentha m'sitolo kusawuke), zomwe zimalepheretsa ma tubers a oxygen ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale mpweya woipa. Mbeu zokhwima zimakhala zovuta kwambiri panthawiyi. Komanso, kutentha kochepa komanso kuchuluka kwa carbon dioxide kumachepetsa kuchira kwa mabala. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kuzirala mofulumira chofunika ngati pali chiopsezo oyambirira kumera tubers. Chiwopsezochi chimafanananso ndi nyengo yamakono, popeza ma tubers adalandira kutentha kwakukulu pakukula pakukula. Pazifukwa izi, mitundu yokhala ndi nthawi yocheperako imatha kumera kale mu Okutobala - Novembala, zomwe sizofunikira patebulo ndi mbatata.
Pomaliza. Ndizosatheka kusiyanitsa kuthekera kwa zovuta pakusungirako mbatata kwa nthawi yayitali. Katswiri aliyense wolima mbatata amakumana nazo yekha akamakula ndikukololedwa mosagwirizana ndi malamulo komanso nthawi zambiri zomwe sizingafanane kwambiri. Mwezi woyamba wosungira ndi wofunikira, chifukwa ndi nthawi yomwe muyenera kuumitsa mwachangu, kuchiritsa kuwonongeka kwa peel ndikuziziritsa bwino. Kaya mavutowa ndi okhudzana ndi nyengo kapena matenda, kutentha kapena chinyezi, chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwa pazifukwa zonsezi kuti muteteze misala ndi khalidwe la tubers. Kupereka mpweya wokwanira pa kutentha koyenera ndi chinyezi ndikofunikira pamavuto a mbatata. Njira zenizeni zoyendetsera magawo oyamba kusungirako zingafunike kunyengerera kuti muchepetse kutayika. Kuti asunge kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa mbatata m'njira zonse, akatswiri odziwa bwino ntchito ayenera kukhala ndi udindo wosunga ndikusankha zofunikira mwachangu, ndipo malo osungira mbatata ayenera kumangidwa bwino ndikukhala ndi zida zamphamvu zopumira mpweya.
Zolemba:
1. Kusungirako mbewu za mbatata / S.A.Banadysev. - M .: Knihizdat, 2020. -292 p.
2. Ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wabwino wa masamba (2nd ed.) / S.A.Banadysev, Yu.V.Patsyuk - Minsk: Witposter, 2016. - 148 p.
3. Banadysev S.A. Matenda osungira mbatata. - "Dongosolo la mbatata", 2021. - No. 4, p.42-47
4. XieT, Shen S, HaoY, LiWandWangJ. Kuwunika Kofananitsa kwa Microbial Community Diversity and Dynamics pa Tubers Odwala Panthawi Yosungira Mbatata M'magawo Osiyanasiyana a Qinghai China. kutsogolo. Genet., 2022.-13:818940. gawo: 10.3389.
5. Vuto Mbatata Pa Kukolola./Suberizer Inc. — 2019
Author: Sergey Banadysev, Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi Sayansi, "Doka-Gene Technologies"