SERGEY Banadysev, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Doka Gene Technologies LLC
Mbatata minitubers (MK) ndi mbadwa zoyamba za mbatata zosabala. Kupeza mini-tubers ndi chaka choyamba cha chiwembu cha mbewu ya mbatata m'maiko onse omwe ali ndi mbatata yotukuka. Mbatata mini-tubers imabzalidwa pamalo otetezedwa, omwe samaphatikizapo kuopsa kwa kufalikira kwa mbewu ndi matenda a virus, fungal ndi bakiteriya (ngati ma tubers ochokera ku mbewu zosabala amamera pamalo otseguka, ndiye kuti si ma mini-tubers omwe amapezeka zotsatira, koma m'badwo woyamba).
Ambiri amavomereza kuti awiri a mini-tuber ayenera kukhala osachepera 10 mm, chirichonse chochepa ndi microtuber.
Kufunika kwa mini-tubers kuti apange matani 10 zikwi za osankhika ndi: ndi ndondomeko ya zaka zisanu za OS ndi ES (zoyambirira ndi zopanga mbewu zapamwamba) - zidutswa 50 zikwi; ndi ndondomeko ya zaka zinayi za OS ndi ES - zidutswa 400 zikwi; ndi chiwembu chazaka zitatu - zidutswa 3 miliyoni.
Chitaganya cha Russia chili ndi maziko ake olimba asayansi komanso anzeru m'derali. Kukhazikitsa kwakukulu kwamatekinoloje amakono okulitsa ma mini-tubers ku Russian Federation kwakhala kukuchitika patsogolo pa mayiko ena omwe akukula mbatata: chifukwa chake ukadaulo wa gawo lapansi udayambitsidwa zaka 40 zapitazo, malo 15 a biotechnological adagwirapo ntchito; hydroponic - zaka 30 zapitazo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Doka - Gene Technologies, Meristematic Cultures; aeroponic - opangidwa ku All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology) kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, kuyambira 2010 lusoli lakhala likulimbikitsidwa ndi International Potato Center ndikufalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Ku Russian Federation, mbewu zamafakitale zokulira mini-tubers zimapangidwa: Mtengo wa Mbatata ndi Meristem. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mabizinesi ambiri olima mbewu apakhomo akupangabe timitengo tating'onoting'ono, mkati mwa malire akufunika kwa chiwembu chazaka zisanu chopezera anthu apamwamba. Kampani ya FAT-Agro yokhayo yafika pamlingo wa mayunitsi opitilira 2 miliyoni pachaka, zomwe ndi zokwanira kusinthira ku chiwembu chazaka zitatu.
Kuchulukitsa kwapang'onopang'ono kupanga ma mini-tubers kuti muchepetse chiwembu chopanga mbewu ndikuwongolera mtundu wazinthu ndi njira yabwino yopangira mbewu za mbatata. Poganizira zimenezi, m’zaka zaposachedwapa ayesa kuwongolera njira zolimira. Cholinga chachikulu chazatsopano ndikupeza ma mini-tubers ambiri momwe angathere pa chomera chilichonse mu vitro komanso pagawo lililonse la wowonjezera kutentha. Kuti akwaniritse izi, njira zambiri zopangira mbewu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma si njira zonse zomwe zaperekedwa potengera zotsatira za kafukufuku wasayansi zomwe zimapereka zotsatira zopanga mafakitale.
Zambiri pakupanga kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa minituber ndizodziwa. Kupanga kwa mbatata ku Russia kwa mini-tubers kwakhala kukuchitika pazasayansi komanso ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri. Ndipo pakali pano, dziko lili ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje omwe ali apamwamba kwambiri kuposa dziko lonse lapansi.
Chofunikira chachikulu pakupanga koyenera kwa mini-tubers ndikutsata malamulo ndi malamulo omwe alipo. Ndondomeko yoyendetsera dziko la Russia pamutuwu ndi upangiri mwachilengedwe, m'malamulo apano a certification ya mbewu zaulimi, mwachitsanzo, palibe mawu okhudza malamulo opangira ndi certification ya mini-mbatata tubers. Zikatero, m'pofunika kuganizira zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi. M'mayiko onse omwe ali ndi mbeu za mbatata zotukuka, zofunikira zomwe zimafunikira pagulu, ukadaulo ndi mtundu wa ma tubers opangidwa amatengedwa, kuvomerezedwa mwalamulo ndikutsatiridwa mosamalitsa.
Zofunikira izi ziyenera kutengedwa ngati maziko ndi mabizinesi apakhomo omwe amagwira ntchito yopanga ma mini-tubers, mwanjira yamabizinesi, kudziletsa, mpaka boma litapanga dongosolo loyang'anira dera lino. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chitaganya cha Russia pali chizolowezi kamangidwe kaukadaulo wa kuswana maofesi ndi kubalana greenhouses NTP-APK 1.10.09.001-02. Komabe, omwe akupanga NTP sanaphatikizepo m'chikalatacho gawo lofunikira pazomangamanga zomwe zimapangidwira kukula kwa machubu ang'onoang'ono. Ndipo pali zinthu zambiri zotere, mwachitsanzo: wowonjezera kutentha ayenera kukhala ndi khomo lachiwiri ndi chipinda chovala chosinthira zovala. Malo osinthira azikhala ndi zoyala pamapazi ndi zotsukira pochapira ndi kupha m'manja. Zitseko zolowera ndi mipata yonse yolowera mpweya iyenera kuphimbidwa ndi ma mesh oteteza nsabwe za m'masamba (kukula kwa mauna 0,5 ndi 0,9 mm). Chipindacho chiyenera kuyendetsedwa bwino chifukwa cha kutentha ndi chinyezi (chogwiritsidwa ntchito panyumba yamagalasi). Malo opanda dothi akuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito potengera mbewu zosabala. Ngati dothi/dothi losakanizidwa ligwiritsidwa ntchito, liyenera kusamalidwa bwino kuti liwonetsetse kuti palibe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mbewu ya minituber iyenera kupezedwa kuchokera ku ma microplant ovomerezeka kapena ma microtuber omwe amakula m'malo a aseptic kuchokera ku minofu ya meristematic ya gwero, yoyesedwa kuti palibe ma virus, ma viroids ndi mabakiteriya omwe amapatsira mbatata mu labotale yovomerezeka yovomerezeka.
Njira, njira, kuchuluka kwa kuyesa kwa zinthuzo pamagawo onse opanga ma mini-tubers zimayendetsedwa mosamalitsa.
Zambiri zofunikira zasonkhanitsidwa pakukhathamiritsa kwa ma protocol a mbatata micropropagation. Kafukufuku m'derali akuwonetsa mwayi wokwanira wopititsa patsogolo kukula kwa zomera ndi chitukuko kutengera kusintha kwa ndende ndi chiŵerengero cha zakudya. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zowongolera kukula mu chikhalidwe cha mbatata meristems sikofunikira, koma kuwonjezera kwa zinthu zina, ngakhale pazigawo zochepa, kumawonjezera ndikufulumizitsa kupanga zinthuzo. Ndikofunikira kukhathamiritsa makulitsidwe a micropropagated mbatata zomera ntchito zosiyanasiyana kuwala, kuunikira modes ndi chipinda mpweya wabwino. Kubwera kwa nyali za LED, kuthekera kwawo kudayamba kuphunziridwa mwachangu pokhudzana ndi ma micropropagation a mbatata. Kuwala kofiira ndi kutali kumawonjezera mawonekedwe a kukula; komabe, kuphatikiza kofiira + buluu + kofiira kwambiri / koyera kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pakupanga tuber ndi kudzikundikira kwa metabolites oyambirira.
Ukadaulo wokulitsa machubu ang'onoang'ono amagawidwa m'magulu awiri akulu: gawo lapansi (zosiyanasiyana zazikulu) ndi zopanda gawo lapansi (chikhalidwe chamadzi ndi aeroponics). Tekinoloje yayikulu yopanga machubu ang'onoang'ono: pazigawo zachilengedwe (80% ya voliyumu), hydroponic ndi aeroponic. Kupeza ma microtubers kumagwirizananso ndi mutu wa MC ndipo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukira kutulutsa zinthu zambiri zomwe zidachokera. Kusiyana pakati pa ma microtubers ndi minitubers kuli mumayendedwe a sing'anga (ma microtubers amangokula pansi pa mikhalidwe yosabala mu m'galasi ndi minitubers pokhapokha pachitetezo cha ex vitro) ndi kukula kwa tuber. Zotsatira ndi ziganizo zomwe zimapezedwa pakuyesa kothandiza nthawi zambiri sizimagwirizana ndi malingaliro azongopeka okhudzana ndi kuthekera kolimbikitsa tuberization mu chikhalidwe cha m'galasi. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito pazakudya zonse, kugwiritsa ntchito zowongolera kukula, komanso kukula kwa zinthu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopsinjika. Ngati zidziwitso zopezeka pagulu za malamulo aukadaulo opanga ma microtubers zimalola, nthawi zambiri, kupeza zotsatira zochepera - pafupifupi kapena pang'ono kupitilira microtuber imodzi yolemera 200-400 mg pa chomera chilichonse, ndiye kuti kusintha kwaukadaulo kwaukadaulo kumagwirizana ndi zenizeni. kupanga zinthu kumawonjezera mphamvu ya ndondomeko nthawi zina. Ku Russian Federation, pali chidziwitso m'derali ndikupanga ma microtuber osachepera atatu olemera kuposa 0,5 g kuchokera ku chomera chimodzi mu chubu choyesera.
Pakulima kwachaka chonse kwa ma microtubers ndikusintha kakhalidwe kawo, mitundu ingapo ya ma bioreactors amapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Machitidwe a semi-automatic awa amakulolani kuti muchepetse kuwongolera kwamanja ndikuwonjezera zokolola ndikuchepetsa ndalama zopangira. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapeza mu bioreactors tili ndi misa yokulirapo komanso m'mimba mwake. Ukadaulo waposachedwa kwambiri m'derali ndi chitukuko cha asayansi aku Japan ndi okonza mapulani.
Dongosolo lalikulu lopanga ma microtuber pogwiritsa ntchito matumba achikhalidwe cha pulasitiki amatulutsa bwino ma microtuber 100 mpaka 300 pa thumba lililonse, kutengera mitundu. Kusintha kuchuluka kwa michere m'magawo otsika a sucrose, nayitrogeni, kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu phosphate mkatikati kunapangitsa kuti ziwonjezeke kuchuluka komanso kulemera kwa ma microtubers. Ukadaulo waku Japan umalola kupanga ma microtubers 250 pachaka (m'mizere itatu ya mbewu) m'chipinda cha 000 m2. ndipo 80% ya ma microtubers omwe amapezedwa ndi teknolojiyi ali ndi unyinji woposa 1 g, i.e. oyenera kubzala mwachindunji m'munda.
Padziko lonse lapansi, kupanga ma-tubers ang'onoang'ono pazachilengedwe kumakhalapo. Ukadaulo uwu, ngakhale udakhazikitsidwa bwino, utha kuwongolerabe kwambiri. Genotype, nthawi ndi momwe kulima mu vitro, kukula kwa mbewu, kuwonekera kwa michere ndi zowongolera zakukula zimakhudza kwambiri kupanga kwa minitubers. M'badwo ndi kusamalidwa kwa mbande panthawi yobzala, nyengo ndi nthawi yowumitsa, nyengo yobzala ndikukula, mapangidwe a nthaka, njira yobzala, kachulukidwe kakuyika kwa mbewu, Mlingo wa feteleza, ndi kuunikira kumakhudzanso. kukula kwa mini-tuber kupanga.
Zinthu zachilengedwe zambiri ndi zida zake ndizoyenera kukulitsa ma tubers a mini-mbatata. Chigawo chachikulu cha greenhouse substrates ndi chikhalidwe peat. Zosakaniza zina - monga perlite, vermiculite ndi vermicompost - zayambanso kutchuka posachedwapa chifukwa cha kuvomerezeka kwawo kwa mpweya komanso kusungira madzi.
Nthawi zambiri, mukamakula machubu ang'onoang'ono mumkhalidwe wagawo lapansi, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito ma macro- ndi ma microfertilizers. Pakati pa akatswiri, ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito kuthirira nthawi ndi nthawi komanso feteleza wosabereka ndi michere umatchedwa hydroponics. Ukadaulo wa Hydroponic pakukulitsa ma tubers a mini-mbatata uli ndi mitundu yogwiritsa ntchito magawo a inert (mchenga, khungwa lamitengo, kokonati, ndi zina zambiri) ndi chikhalidwe chamadzi oyera (filimu yocheperako yazakudya).
Zonse zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi chiphunzitso cha zakudya za mbatata zokhudzana ndi kuthekera kwa kulamulira tuberization zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito mu kulima kwa hydroponic, koma pali kumvetsetsa kufunikira kwa kusintha kwakukulu kwa ndende ndi chiŵerengero cha zakudya zamtundu uliwonse komanso pazigawo zosiyanasiyana. kukula kwa vegetative, kuyambitsa kwa tuberization ndi kukula kwa ma tubers. Zolemba zowonjezera zowonjezera zimaperekedwa m'mabuku ambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chiwerengero cha tubers chomwe chimachokera ku chomera ndi kudera la unit chimasiyana kangapo. Monga akulimbana kusintha zikuchokera ya michere njira kuti kwambiri kuonjezera chiwerengero cha tubers (ndipo ndendende ubwino wa hydroponics) pali zochepa lotseguka zambiri. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mabuku ochepa okha ndi omwe adasindikizidwa osati ndi zolemba zodziwika bwino za zaka zapitazo, koma ndi zipangizo zoyambirira.
Ukadaulo wamakono - aeroponic - ukadaulo wokulitsa ma mini-tubers uli ndi zinthu zingapo zofunika. Mpaka pano, magawo onse otsatizana a kukhazikitsidwa kwake akonzedwa, koma kafukufuku wofufuza akupitirirabe. Phindu lapadera lazidziwitso zaukadaulo wa aeroponics ndikuti zikuwonetsa momwe chitukuko cha minituber chimayendera padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano. Izi zikugwira ntchito kapena zitha kusinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi matekinoloje ena okulitsa ma mini-tubers.
Kusankhidwa kwaukadaulo wopanga ma mini-tubers pamikhalidwe yeniyeni kuyenera kutengera kusanthula kwa zisonyezo zopanga, kuchuluka kwa zoopsa, kufunikira kwazinthu zogwirira ntchito, kuyerekezera ndalama zogulira, mtengo ndi phindu. Tekinoloje iliyonse imakhala ndi zosankha komanso kusinthasintha kwakukulu pakupanga bwino kutengera zinthu zambiri. Tekinoloje zonse zimagwiritsa ntchito ndipo zimatengera mbewu zoyambirira kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chosabala kapena ma microtubers. Gawo ili ndi pafupifupi konsekonse, likhoza kuonedwa ngati muyezo. Mu ukadaulo wa kukula kwa mini-tubers, muyenera kusankha kuchokera pamitundu yambiri.
Ambiri mwamakampani akuluakulu ambewu pano amalima timitengo tating'ono m'magalasi kapena m'nthaka zamakanema pamagawo achilengedwe a organo-mineral omwe amagwiritsa ntchito peat. Tekinoloje iyi ili ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri wa mini-tuber. Monga lamulo, mbewu imodzi imabzalidwa pachaka. Ku Europe, zimatengedwa ngati zachilendo kupeza ma tubers 4-5 kuchokera ku chomera chimodzi. Kusiyanasiyana kwa ma microfertilizers, biologically yogwira zinthu, PPP amalola kuchulukitsa kuchulukitsa mpaka 8-10.
Mikangano mokomera bioreactor ndi sterility, zokolola pazipita micro-tubers pa unit dera. Kuipa kwa bioreactor ndi kufunikira kwa zomera zambiri, kukula kochepa kwa tubers, vuto lakucha ndi kubzala makina m'munda.
Ubwino wa hydroponics ndi manufacturability, kuthekera kwenikweni kolimbikitsa tuberization, zida zamafakitale; kuipa - kusakhazikika bwino kwa mizu, chiwopsezo cha matenda ofalikira kudzera munjira ya michere, kuvutikira. Aeroponics imafuna malo ochulukirapo komanso mthunzi wathunthu wa mizu, chifukwa chakukula bwino komanso mpweya wabwino, ma tubers ambiri amatha kupangidwa poyerekeza ndi ma hydroponics. Komabe, luso la aeroponic ndilofunika kwambiri, magetsi sayenera kusokonezedwa kwa theka la ola.
Ndemanga yachiduleyi ikuwonetsa kuti kupangidwa kwa chiwembu chazaka zitatu chopanga mbatata yosankhika pogwiritsa ntchito machubu ambiri ndizochitika kale. Kuwonjezeka kwa voliyumu ndi kukulitsa kwa kupanga kumatheka popeza kuchuluka kwa machubu ang'onoang'ono pagawo lililonse lokhala ndi mbewu zochepa zoyambira. Nthaka yokutidwa ndi magwero ndi okwera mtengo, kotero kupeza ma tubers 2-3 okha kuchokera ku chomera chimodzi ndi njira yosayembekezereka, ngakhale kuti ma volumes a mini-tubers padziko lapansi amapangidwabe motere. Ndi ukadaulo wa gawo lapansi, mulingo weniweni wopanga umayesedwa molingana ndi magawo awa: zachilendo - 100 zidutswa / m.2, zabwino - 200 zidutswa / m2; pamwamba - 300 zidutswa / m2 kwa nyengo yakukula. Tekinoloje ya Hydroponic imatha kupanga 500 mini-tubers, aeroponic - 1000 mini-tubers pa sq. m. malo unsembe kwa nyengo ya kukula. Kufotokozera: mtengo wamalo olimapo ukadaulo wagawo mu 2021 unali ma ruble 50. pa mita lalikulu, hydroponic - 100 zikwi rubles, kwa aeroponic - 150 zikwi rubles.
Vuto lalikulu la kukula kwa mini-tubers m'nyumba ndikukwaniritsa kuphatikiza kwachitukuko chamasamba ndi mapangidwe achubu. Ndi zotheka kuonjezera kukula kwa tuberization mwa kukhathamiritsa microclimate (kutentha, chinyezi, photoperiod), kukhathamiritsa mchere zakudya; kugwiritsa ntchito tuberization stimulants, zoletsa vegetative kukula. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kupeza ma-tubers ang'onoang'ono m'magulu akuluakulu ndi ntchito yovuta ya bungwe komanso zamakono. Ma nuances a kulima mozama kwa mini-tubers akhala akudziwika kwazaka zopitilira 20. Palibe malamulo aukadaulo pagulu la anthu, uku ndiko kudziwa kwabizinesi iliyonse.
M'gawo lachiwiri la 2022, buku la "Mini Potato Tubers" lidzasindikizidwa, kuwonetsa ndi kusanthula zomwe zilipo zasayansi ndi zamalonda pamutuwu, ndikugogomezera njira zogwirira ntchito zowonjezera kukula kwa kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka tuber. Unyinji wa chidziŵitso ndi masamba oposa 400. Bukuli lidzapezeka kokha mwa kulembetsa. Tumizani mapulogalamu ku: s.banadysev@dokagene.ru
