Malinga ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi ku Russian Federation, pafupifupi matani 2022 miliyoni a mbatata adakololedwa mchaka cha 7,23. Kutengera zolosera za matupi am'madera a agro-industrial complex, adakonzekera kulandira matani 152 ocheperako. Pali kukwaniritsidwa kwa dongosololi, komabe, malinga ndi momwe zilili pano, izi zimangokulitsa mkhalidwe wa alimi a mbatata.
Kuchokera ku chiyembekezo mpaka kutaya mtima
Mitengo yokwera pa zokolola za 2021 komanso phindu labwino pamapeto pake zidakakamiza alimi a mbatata aku Russia kuti asankhe kuwonjezera malo omwe amalima ndi mahekitala 30. Ndipo nyengo yatsopano inalonjeza kuti idzakhala mbiri yeniyeni kwa iwo.
- Dongosolo lopanga mbatata mu 2022 lidakwaniritsidwa ndi 102 peresenti, - akutero mkulu wa Union of Potato and Vegetable Market Participants (Potato Union) Alexey Krasilnikov. - Ngati tiganizira zokolola zazaka zingapo zapitazi (matani 24-25 pa hekitala), zokolola zonse zitha kufika matani 7,4 miliyoni. Koma chifukwa cha zolinga zambiri, olima alimi adamaliza nyengoyi ndi zotayika kwambiri.
"Chaka chatha chinali chovuta kwa alimi a mbatata ndi masamba," akutsimikizira mkulu wa famu ya Sverdlovsk. Andrey Aimetov. - Tidagula feteleza pasadakhale, tidayimitsa ndalama kuti tikwaniritse zosowa zamtsogolo, kuchulukitsa kwa mbatata. Adachita zonse molondola, mwaluso, adayika ndalama zambiri ndikuyembekeza kuti nyengoyo ikhala bwino. Koma pamapeto pake anangotaya ndalama.
Ngakhale ku Russia konse kunali kotheka kukumba mbatata pamalo okwana mahekitala 282,6, kapena 94 peresenti ya zobzalidwa, zotayika zake ndizambiri. M'madera angapo, kuphatikizapo Tula, Lipetsk, Tambov, Belgorod, Orenburg, Ryazan, Kirov zigawo, Trans-Baikal ndi Primorsky madera, mayiko a Mari El, Mordovia, Chuvashia, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Khakassia ndi Komi. amachokera pa 11 mpaka 48 peresenti ya zokolola.
Koma alimiwo anakhumudwa kwambiri atayamba kugulitsa zinthu zawo. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa msika, mpikisano wowopsa, mitengo yotsika, kusowa kofunikira - zonsezi zidalepheretsa opanga mwayi wotseka nyengoyo ndi phindu lomwe likuyembekezeka.
Palibe nyengo yoipa?
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwa kulima mbatata sikunadziwike kapena kupewedwa.
Kuzizira kwa nthawi yayitali komanso chilala chachilimwe kunabweretsa mavuto ambiri kwa alimi a mbatata, chifukwa chake zokolola zidachepa kwambiri ndipo mtundu wa tubers udavutika.
"Chilimwe chitatha mu 2021, Julayi ndi Ogasiti 2022 zidakhala ngati mvula," akuvomereza Aleksey Mikheev, Wachiwiri kwa Director General wa Crop Production pafamu ya Krasny Mayak Yaroslavl. – Choncho, ntchito yathu sanafike mlingo wa zokolola, mbatata analibe chinyezi chokwanira. Ndipo chifukwa cha zomera pang'onopang'ono, tubers analephera kupanga mokwanira mphamvu peel. M'chaka, m'malo mwake, chinyezi chachikulu chinalembedwa. M’nthaka munali zisonga zazikulu zambiri zomwe zinavulaza mbatata pokolola.
- Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, tinali ndi mvula, - Alexander Alekseev, wamkulu wa famu ya anthu wamba ya Novgorod, akugawana zomwe adakumana nazo, koma kuyambira kumapeto kwa Julayi mpaka Seputembala sikunagwe mvula konse. Zida za pa famu yanga sizikhala zamakono kwambiri, makina ena akadali a nthawi za Soviet, ndipo sizingatheke kubzala tubers mozama. Kuphatikiza kwa zinthu ziwirizi kunapangitsa kuti mbatata idadwala chilala cha nthaka ndipo idabadwa yaying'ono.
"Chifukwa cha mvula ya June, mpaka 25-30 tubers pa chitsamba chilichonse apanga m'minda yathu," akufotokoza Andrey Aimetov. - Koma panthawi ya kukula kwawo, pamene kutentha kunali madigiri 30-40, palibe dontho la mvula. Chifukwa chake tili ndi mbatata zambiri zokhala ndi mainchesi 40 mpaka 50 mm. Panthawi yokolola, ma tubers adawonongeka ndi makina, chifukwa panthawiyi nthaka inali yolimba ngati mwala.
"Famu yathu yakhala ikugwira ntchito ndi mbatata kwa nthawi yayitali," akutero katswiri wazamalimi wa Tver KFH Saratov A.V. Evgeny Saratov. - Koma sipanakhalepo kuyeretsedwa kotere monga mu 2022 m'makumbukiro athu. Kuphatikiza pa mfundo yakuti dziko lapansi linakhala mopitirira malire mpaka malire, chiwerengero chachikulu cha misampha chinapangidwa, chomwe, pamodzi ndi tubers, chinalowa mu yosungirako. Koma pali kufotokozera kwa izi. Tinabzala mbatata m'kasupe wouma ndi wozizira, nthaka isanakhale ndi nthawi yokhwima.
Kuyeretsa kwa nyengo ya 2022 kutha kuperekedwa ku buku lina.
“Chifukwa cha nyengo, mkhalidwe wangozi unayambitsidwa m’zigawo 16 za dziko,” akutero Alexey Krasilnikov. - Pakati pawo panali atsogoleri odziwika pakupanga mbatata. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa chakuthirira kwamadzi m'nthaka mkati mwa kukolola, vuto ladzidzidzi lachitika kumadera a Tula, Belgorod, Oryol, Lipetsk, Ryazan, Penza, Voronezh, Tambov, Kursk ndi Bryansk.
M’mwezi wa September ndi October, alimi ambiri sanathe kulowa m’munda, chifukwa mvula sinayime kwa milungu ingapo. Liŵiro la ntchito linachepetsedwa kwambiri, nthaŵi inatayika, ndipo chotero, minda imene inali isanakololedwe chisanu chisanaloŵe m’chipale chofeŵa.
Palibe zingwe zasiliva
Mkhalidwe wa ndale padziko lapansi wachititsa kukwera kwa mtengo wa katundu ndi ntchito zambiri, zomwe zakhudza mtengo wa ntchito yaulimi. Kuonjezera apo, kulephera kwakukulu kunachitika pa ntchito ya ndondomeko zokhazikitsidwa bwino.
Ogwira ntchito kumadzulo anakana kupereka katundu ku Russia, panali mavuto ndi ma charter a zombo ndi zoyendera njanji. Ambiri amayenera kuwongolera magalimoto kumagalimoto, koma kuchepa kwake sikunawalole kuti akwaniritse nthawi yake.
“Kuchedwa kwa zida ndi zida zosinthira zidafunikira kulowererapo kwa akuluakulu aboma,” akutero Alexey Krasilnikov. “Zitachitika izi, ogulitsa m’nyumba adayesetsa kupatsa alimi zida zogulitsira komanso kupewa kuchepa kwa ntchito. Ndipo mtengo wa feteleza wa m’migodi utakwera ndi pafupifupi 50 peresenti, mothandizidwa ndi unduna wa zamafakitale ndi malonda ndi unduna wa zamalimidwe, kukwera mtengoko kudayimitsidwa.
Ngakhale kuti panali zovuta zonse, m’nyengo yapitayi, alimi anatha kugula makina ochuluka a ulimi, apakhomo ndi akunja. Sizithekabe kukwaniritsa zofunidwazo, ndipo pamaudindo angapo, mwachitsanzo, kwa otuta kuti akolole masamba ndi mbatata, mzere wadutsa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu pasadakhale.
“M’chilimwe, ruble itakula, tinkalipiratu zipangizo zatsopano, tinayamba kumanga nyumba yosungiramo mbewu,” akutero. Евгений Saratov. - Izi zinathandizidwanso ndi mtengo wapamwamba wa zinthu zathu chaka chatha, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti tipeze phindu labwino. Zowona, mu December, pamene ndalama za dziko zinatayika, mtengo wa magalimoto unakwera kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, wokolola mbatata adakwera mtengo ndi ma ruble 4 miliyoni nthawi imodzi.
Kuyang'ana misika
Panthawi yokolola mu 2022, mbatata zambiri zazing'ono zidakololedwa. Ndipo izi zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa alimi kugulitsa mbewuzo.
"Nthawi yafika yoti tipange zisankho zochepetsera zofunikira zamaketani ogulitsa," akukhulupirira Alexey Krasilnikov. - Mbatata yapakatikati sikhala yotsika kuposa yayikulu, imakhala ndi zothandiza komanso zopatsa mphamvu zomwezo. Chifukwa chake, padzakhala kufunikira kwa ogula pazinthu zotere. Potato Union ikukonzekera kukambirana ndi ogulitsa aku Russia pamutuwu posachedwa.
"Malinga ndi zomwe ndawonera, masiku ano pamanetiweki pali mbatata zomwe sizimakwaniritsa zofuna zawo kaya malinga ndi mtundu kapena mtundu," akudabwa. Evgeny Saratov. - Koma sitolo yathu unyolo anakana kutenga tubers ngakhale ndi ming'alu yaing'ono. Zinthu zinafika poipa kwambiri m’katikati mwa chilimwe, pamene sitinagulitse chilichonse kwa mlungu wathunthu. Koma kenako kasitomala adabwera yemwe amatenga mbatata kuti azitsuka ndikugulitsa kenako, ndipo tidafika mwachangu mabuku abwino.
“M’zaka za m’mbuyomo, tinkatumiza mbatata ndi magalimoto onyamula katundu, ndipo makasitomala ankaima pamzere,” akukumbukira motero Andrey Aimetov. - Koma nthawi yophukira yomaliza ndinayenera kupikisana ndi anzanga ochokera kumadera a Kemerovo ndi Omsk, komwe adabweretsa ma tubers akuluakulu pa 7-8 rubles pa kilogalamu. Titayamba kutumiza katundu wathu ku Uzbekistan, zikuwoneka kuti msika wogulitsa wapezeka. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, mbatata zinabweretsedwa kumeneko kuchokera kumadera a Sverdlovsk ndi Chelyabinsk, chifukwa chake, mtengo unagwa, malonda anasiya. Koma sititaya mtima ndikupitiriza kufufuza mwachangu makasitomala omwe timapereka ma tubers osanjidwa ndi opakidwa amitundu isanu kuphatikiza.
“M’makampani athu, mbatata zimagawidwa m’tigawo ting’onoting’ono ndi kusanjidwa molingana ndi ubwino wake tisanagulitsidwe,” akutero Alexey Mikheev.- Chachikulucho chimapita ku maunyolo ogulitsa, ma tubers apakati amapita kwa ogulitsa ang'onoang'ono, amalonda, komanso amagulitsidwa kudzera m'masitolo awo. Pali ndondomeko yomveka bwino, ndipo mogwirizana ndi izo, tiyenera kukhala ndi nthawi yogulitsa zokolola zonse kumapeto kwa masika.
Posawona kukwera kwamitengo, opanga ambiri ayimitsa kugulitsa mbatata, ndipo kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa chaka chatsopano akhala akuyang'anitsitsa zomwe zikuchitika pamsika.
- Mu 2021, ndidapeza ndalama zabwino, - akufotokoza Alexander Alekseev, - kotero ndinaganiza zosintha teknoloji yopangira, kugula zipangizo, kugula mbewu zamtundu wapamwamba. Kuti zolinga zawo zitheke, ndinafunika kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zobwereka. Ndipo ndinagulitsa mbatata za mbewu yatsopanoyo mpaka nditabweza ngongole zanga. Kuyambira pamenepo, ndakhala ndikudikirira kukula kwa mtengo wopanga, chifukwa kugulitsa tsopano kumatanthauza kugwira ntchito mpaka zero. Ndikuganiza kuti sipadzakhalanso mtengo wotere wa tubers ngati chaka chapitacho. Koma ndikuyembekeza kuti pofika masika idzakwera ma ruble 18-20 pa kilogalamu.
Komabe, si aliyense amene adzatha kudikirira mitengo yokongola popanda kutayika. Alimi amene ankakolola m’malo achinyezi kwambiri anakumana ndi vuto lina. Chinyezi chochuluka chinasokoneza kusunga khalidwe la mbatata zomwe zimatumizidwa kuti zisungidwe mochuluka.
Kupanga moyenera
Alimi ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana amavomereza kuti mu nyengo yatsopano m'pofunika kuchepetsa malo omwe ali ndi mbewu. Chaka chatha chawonetsa bwino zotsatira za kuchulukitsa.
"Kumangidwa kwa mabizinesi angapo okonza zinthu kunayimitsidwa chifukwa cha kuchoka kwa osunga ndalama akunja m'dziko lathu," akukumbukira. Alexey Krasilnikov. - Ndipo komabe tikuyembekeza kuti kuchuluka kwa processing pofika 2024 kudzakhala matani 2 miliyoni a tubers pachaka. Mafakitole opanga ma fries aku France ndi wowuma posachedwa adzawonekera m'magawo angapo aku Russia, mwachitsanzo, kumadera a Kaliningrad, Lipetsk, Tula ndi Moscow. Chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulojekiti oterowo, kudzakhala kotheka kuchotsa malonda ochulukirapo pamsika, zomwe zingathandize kusunga phindu la olima ulimi pamlingo wabwino.
"Chaka chatha tidabzala mahekitala 30 a tchipisi ta mbatata," akutero Alexey Mikheev. - Chomeracho, choposa matani 700, chinagulitsidwa nthawi yomweyo pamtengo wotsika mtengo, ndipo ma tubers onse, kuyambira 35 mm, anachoka. Tinakhutitsidwa ndi zotsatira zake, ndipo, mwina, tipitiliza kukulitsa njira iyi. Msika waku Russia sunakhudzebe mbatata zokonzedwa. Kufuna kwake kumakhalabe kwakukulu, komwe kumayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
"Gawo la mbatata za tchipisi m'minda yathu lafika 30 peresenti, koma tikufuna kuwonjezera mpaka 50," akugawana mapulani ake. Evgeny Saratov. - Kwa chaka chachiwiri, takhala tikupereka zinthu ku kampani yayikulu yaku Western yomwe ikugwira ntchito ku Russia. Mitengo ya tchipisi ta mbatata ndiyopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa chakudya, ndipo ndikuwona chiyembekezo chowonjezera kupanga kwake. Ngati tilankhula za chuma chonse, ntchito ikupitilizabe kuchita bwino pamagawo onse a ntchito yake.
"Tikuyesetsa kuchita chitukuko, kuyika ndalama pakupanga, kupanga ntchito zatsopano, kukonza zomangamanga m'chigawo chathu," akutsindika. Andrey Aimetov.- Nyengo yatha, ntchito yomanga malo osungiramo matani zikwi zitatu inayamba, kumene ndalama zonse zomwe zilipo zinatsogoleredwa. Tili ndi njira yathu yosankhira, koma tifunikanso kupanga malo opangira zinthu zoyambira ndikuyika, zomwe zidzafunika ndalama zambiri. Cholinga chathu ndikulowetsa maunyolo ogulitsa ndi zinthu zathu ndikumaliza nawo mapangano anthawi yayitali. Kuti tichite izi, mgwirizano ukupangidwa womwe ungagwirizanitse mabizinesi angapo ndikulola kugulitsa mbatata mwadongosolo komanso mwadongosolo.
Kumapeto kwa Novembala 2022, Rosstat adasindikiza zambiri za kalembera waulimi yemwe adachitika chaka chatha. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti, poyerekeza ndi 2016, malo omwe ali ndi mbatata m'malo ocheperako adatsika kuchokera pa miliyoni imodzi kufika mahekitala mazana asanu.
- Kukana kwa anthu kulima mbewu kumatsegula chiyembekezo chabwino kwa gawo lazamalonda, - Ndikukhulupirira Alexey Krasilnikov.- Ndipo ngati izi zipitilira, alimi azitha kuchulukitsa zokolola popanda kuopa kuchulukirachulukira kwa msika komanso kufunikira kochepa kwazinthu.
Kutsika kwamitengo ya mbatata kumapeto kwa nyengo ya 2022 kudadabwitsa anthu ambiri. Zinthuzi zitha kubwerezanso nyengo ino, kotero kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zatsopano zothandizira boma ndizothandiza kwambiri.
Pa Januware 1, 2023, ntchito ya federal "Kukula kwa masamba ndi mbatata" idayamba kugwira ntchito. Zimapereka chiwonjezeko cha 2030 peresenti yopanga tuber m'magulu okonzedwa pofika 20. N'zotheka kuti chithandizo cha ruble chidzamveka kale kumapeto kwa nyengo yotsatira, ndipo alimi adzakhala ndi zifukwa zambiri zolankhulira za kupambana ndi zomwe apindula.
Irina Berg