Mu 2020, chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwa malire ndikukhazikitsa ziletso zakulowa kwa alendo, mabizinesi ambiri aku Russia adakumana ndi kusowa kwakukulu kwa ogwira ntchito. Monga chiyambi cha nyengo ino chidawonetsa, m'nthawi yapitayi zomwe zakhala zikuipiraipira pamakampaniwa, ndipo sitiyenera kuwunika zonse pofika kumapeto kwa chirimwe, nthawi yokolola ikayamba.
Malinga ndi alimi ambiri, sipadzakhala chilichonse choti mutole.
Monga mutu wa famu ya Volga-Agromashimport ku Volgograd Yuri Lemyakin, olima zaulimi m'derali adayamba kulankhula za vutoli ntchito isanayambike. Ntchito yomalizayi itamalizidwa, ambiri mwa omwe adasamukira kudziko lina adachoka kwawo, ndipo mafunso: ngati angathe kubwerera ndipo ngati angathe, zidzachitika nthawi yanji, sizinayankhidwe. Kodi mungagule bwanji mbewu ngati izi?
- M'zaka zam'mbuyomu, pafupifupi anthu zikwi khumi ndi awiri osamukira kumayiko ena adagwira ntchito mdera la Volgograd (ndipo makamaka kumadera atatu olima ndiwo zamasamba: Gorodishchensky, Sredneakhtubinsky, Svetloyarsky). Chaka chatha, isanayambitsidwe njira yopatula, pafupifupi anthu 12-3 masauzande adakwanitsa kudzatichezera. Nyengo idakhala yovuta, mtengo kwa wogwira ntchito aliyense, ndipo chifukwa cha izi, mtengo woyeretsa wonse, wawonjezeka kwambiri. Chaka chino, ngati anthu chikwi amatigwirira ntchito, ndizabwino. Ndipo chilimwe chidzakhala chocheperako: omwe sangathe kapena sangakhale ndi nthawi yokonzanso chilolezo chantchito mpaka Juni 3,5 (malinga ndi Lamulo la Purezidenti wa Russian Federation wa Disembala 15, 15 No. 2020) achoka . Sipadzakhala wogwira ntchito.
Olima ndiwo zamasamba adatembenukira kwa oyang'anira onse ndikukonzekera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za olamulira. Komabe, sanali okonzekera zina.
“Ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito zolembera anthu olowa m'dziko lawo pafupifupi zaka 18., - akutero Yuri Lemyakin, - ndipo panthawiyi sipanakhale chaka kuti malamulo olowera akhale osavuta kapena osasinthika.
Chaka chino, tidatumiza koyamba kwa miyezi iwiri, tidasonkhanitsa ndikuwapatsa zambiri, tiziwayika pamasamba. Nthawi yomweyo, zofunikira zina zidachotsedwa, popeza pakuchita izi sizinali zotheka.
Kenako chidziwitso chatsopano chinabwera: makampani akulu okha omwe ali ndi osachepera 250 ogwira ntchito wanthawi zonse komanso ma ruble mabiliyoni awiri azopeza pachaka azitha kukopa alendo kuti adzagwire ntchito. Palibe minda yamtunduwu m'boma lathu.
Tsopano zidadziwika kuti othawa kwawo amangodutsa malire ndi ndege, dziko lomwe akulandiranalo limalipira ulendowu, ndipo izi ndi zodula kwambiri. Chifukwa chotaya mtima, mabizinesi ena azaulimi akulemba ntchito munthu m'modzi, awiri kapena asanu, koma palibe amene amabweretsa anthu pazambiri zofunika. "
Kodi wogwira ntchito anganene kuti, Uzbekistan amawononga ndalama zingati?
“Mwalamulo, tikiti ya ndege imawononga ma ruble 37., - akutero katswiri wathu. - Koma sizikugwira ntchito kuti mutulutse: mutadzaza tsambalo, uthenga umachokera patsamba lomwe munthuyu alibe chilolezo cholowera. Koma kugula tikiti kuchokera ku kampani yophatikizira ku Uzbekistan - kwa munthu yemweyo, ndege yomweyo, koma ma ruble 100. - zimachitika munthawi yochepa kwambiri komanso popanda zovuta.
Zimatengera pafupifupi ma ruble zikwi makumi asanu kuti akonze zikalata zofunika. Ndipo awa ndi ndalama zachindunji. Nthawi yomweyo, kwa milungu iwiri yoyambirira, mlendo akuyenera kuyang'aniridwa, ndiye kuti zimatenga milungu itatu kuti mupeze chilolezo. Nthawi yonseyi, munthuyu amafunika kudyetsedwa. Tiyeni tiwonjezere pamalipiro, ndiyeno mtengo waulendo wobwerera. "
Ndipo sizomwe zimafunikira.
«Tengani, mwachitsanzo, nkhani yolipira malipiro, - akufotokoza Yuri Lemyakin... - Kwa ogwira ntchito okhala nzika zaku Russia, famu yaying'ono (komwe nthawi zambiri sipakhala wowerengera ndalama) imatha kulipira ndalama ndi ndalama malinga ndi zomwe ananena. Ndipo kwa othawa kwawo, ndalama ziyenera kutumizidwa ku khadi yakubanki. (Pansi pa malamulo osinthana ndi zakunja, makampani aku Russia komanso mabizinesi ena amadziwika ngati okhalamo, ndipo alendo omwe alibe chilolezo chokhala kwawo amadziwika kuti siomwe akukhalamo.Kulipira kwa wokhalamo m'malo mwa aliyense wosakhala ndalama iliyonse ya ruble, kuphatikiza malipiro, kumawerengedwa kuti ndi ndalama zakunja, malo omwe ayenera kupangidwa osakhala ndalama - kudzera kumaakaunti akubanki ndi mabanki ovomerezeka. - Mkonzi.)
Koma kutsegula khadi kulinso vuto: muyenera kupita ndi wogwira ntchito (monga lamulo, amene salankhula Chirasha) kubanki, ndipo zisanachitike, mutanthauzire pasipoti yake kupita ku Chirasha ... mchaka chomwe tidalandira Kwa zaka zitatu zapitazi nthawi imodzi: chindapusa mu 100% ya ndalama zomwe mudalipira. Kwa ena, kuchuluka kwa "chilango" kumafika ma ruble miliyoni 20. "
Chaka chino, minda yambiri m'dera lathu, yomwe kale idakopa alendo kuti azigwira ntchito, idalandira chindapusa. "
“Sindikusankha kuti sitima ingapite nthawi yachilimwe, matikiti ake amalipira ma ruble zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi. - akuwonjezera Yuri. - Izi zikachitika, nditenga anthu ena asanu kapena asanu ndi awiri mnyumba mwanga. Koma kwakukulu, izi sizingathandize dziko mwanjira iliyonse, kwachedwa kale kuti tichite kena kake ”.
Chakumapeto, chifukwa kubzala kunali kutatha, sizinali zovuta kuneneratu zotsatira zake: malinga ndi Rusprodsoyuz, kugulitsa mbewu kumapeto kwa nyengo ino kunachepa ndi 50-60% poyerekeza ndi chaka chatha, kugulitsa mbande kudagwa theka.
"Kuchepetsa kwa zokolola zonse zomwe zimafuna ntchito yamanja (tomato, tsabola, biringanya, nkhaka, mavwende, mavwende, zukini) ndizofunikira kwambiri, - akutsimikizira Yuri Lemyakin. - Chifukwa panthawiyo, pomwe mbande zimayenera kubzalidwa m'nyumba zosungira, sizikudziwika bwino zakutsogolo. Anthu adasankha kuti angochepetsa ndalama, kuti pambuyo pake asadzalandire ndalama kusiya munda kumunda. ".
Kodi dzikoli liyenera kukonzekera chiyani pamapeto pake? Kutsogolo ndikukula kwa mitengo yamasamba, kukula kwa zogulitsa kunja, mavuto akulu pakukonza bizinesi.
“Ku minda ina yoyandikana nayo nyengo ino adabzala mahekitala 20 a tomato m'malo mwa 160 yamakolo. Khonsini idagula kale zokolola zawo pa ma ruble 80 / kg. Izi zili choncho ngakhale kuti m'mbuyomu mtengo wazinthu zabwino kwambiri sunadutse ma ruble 20 / kg, ndipo muyezo udagulitsidwa pa 10 rubles / kg "- Yuri Lemyakin akupitilizabe.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti ngakhale akuneneratu zakukwera kwamitengo, anthu aku Russia ambiri (makamaka iwo omwe amafotokoza mwachangu malingaliro awo pa intaneti ndikuchita nawo kafukufuku wa pa intaneti) sagwirizana ndi lingaliro la kubwerera kwa othawa kwawo. Malingaliro odziwika kwambiri pamasamba awa: Opanga zaulimi ayenera kulipira malipiro abwino, kenako nzika zadziko lino zibwera kudzawagwirira ntchito.
“Tsopano famu yathu ili ndi anthu asanu ndi anayi, - Yuri Lemyakin ndemanga. - Anayi mwa iwo ndi nzika zakomweko. Tikadatha kutenga zambiri, koma bizinesiyo ili pamtunda wa makilomita 10 kuchokera ku Volgograd, ndipo ambiri amakonda kugwira ntchito mumzinda, ngakhale timapereka malipiro abwino - pafupifupi, pafupifupi ma ruble zikwi makumi asanu. Omwe amasamukira kudziko lina amalandila 50-35 zikwi aliyense, koma bizinesiyo imakhalanso ndi ndalama pakudya ndi pogona (kutengera izi, kuchuluka kwake sikusiyana). Sizipanga kusiyana kwa ife omwe tigwire ntchito, koma ndizovuta kupeza omwe akufuna kuchita ntchito zamanja m'munda. Kuphatikiza apo, kwa anthu ambiri vuto lakumwa mowa ndilolondola. "
Njira ina yothetsera vutoli ndikusintha magwiridwe antchito ambiri. Masiku ano, atolankhani ambiri alemba kuti kusowa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito yotsika mtengo kukakamiza alimi onse aku Russia kuti aziyenda bwino, ndipo izi zipangitsa kuti pakhale chitukuko chamakampani.
“Timalima anyezi, - atero mkulu wa Volga-Agromashimport LLC, - Chikhalidwe ichi, monga mbatata, kaloti, beets, chimalola m'malo mwa ntchito zamanja ndi makina, ndipo njira zazikulu zogwirira ntchito zakhala zikugwira ntchito kwanthawi yayitali. Zida zofunikira zidagulidwa kale mbiri isanatseke malire, chifukwa kukhazikitsa kwake kumakuthandizani kuti muchepetse ndalama ndikuchepetsa ndalama zopangira. Ndizopindulitsa.
Ndipo tsopano, mwachitsanzo, tikugwira ntchito yothirira njira yothirira kuti ulimi wothirira ndi umuna zichitike malinga ndi kompyuta, osakhudzidwa ndi zomwe munthu akuchita. Koma sindikuganiza kuti ambiri azitsatira njira yomweyo.
M'mafamu ambiri mdera la Volgograd, gawo lalikulu kwambiri la ntchitoyi limachitika pamanja, ndipo izi ngakhale zili choncho, mwachitsanzo, kukolola pamanja kumawonjezera ndalama zofananira mtengo wa kilogalamu ya anyezi (4 rubles, ngati Mtengo wa mbewu ndi kulima umaganiziridwa). Ndipo mtengo wogulitsa wapakati wakhalabe pamlingo wa 11 rubles / kg kwa zaka zambiri. Koma kuti muchepetse ntchito yamanja, muyenera kuyika ndalama pazida. Sikuti aliyense ali ndi mwayi wotere.
Ndalama zomwe minda imalandira zimachepa pafupipafupi (zomwe sizosadabwitsa: 90% ya mbewu zakusankhidwa zakunja imagulidwa mumauro, feteleza amagulitsidwa m'madola). Mu 2013, mtengo wa famu yathu yotuta unali 180 zikwi za ruble / ha, chaka chatha - 380 zikwi za ruble / ha.
Ndipo ngakhale alimi amatha kukhala moyo wabwino, kupanga zinthu kwa ena ndikulipira malipiro abwino kwa antchito awo, alibe ndalama zotsalira kuti apange bizinesi.
Ndizovuta kupeza ngongole yokondera pa 5% pachaka, koma ambiri safunanso kutenga ngongole ngakhale atakhala pamikhalidwe yotere, chifukwa ndizovuta kwambiri kuneneratu mavuto omwe angakumane nawo. Chaka chino, mwachitsanzo, kuyambira pa Marichi 20, maunyolo athu ogulitsa adatseka makhadi a anyezi, kaloti ndi mbatata zopangidwa ku Russia, potengera kuti kulibe mankhwala abwino mderalo. M'malo mwake, lingaliro ili lidachitika chifukwa choyesera kukhazikitsa mitengo pamsika. Alimi adalephera kugulitsa malonda awo, adataya katundu wambiri, ndipo omwe adatha kusunga zinthuzo mpaka pakati pa nthawi yamasika, ndiye kuti, adayikamo ndalama nthawi yayitali, adavutika. Zotsatira zake, mahekitala 4 a anyezi adabzalidwa mdera lathu chaka chino m'malo mwa mahekitala 7 wamba. Anyezi ndiwo mbewu yotsika mtengo kwambiri yopanga. Omwe adataya ndalama pa anyezi nyengo yatha adasankha kaloti wotsika mtengo ndi beets. Ndizotheka kuti izi zithandizira kuti zokolola zizichulukirachulukira, ndipo palibe amene adzalandire chilichonse. "
Kutuluka kuli kuti?
“Tikabzala mulimonse, - Yuri Lemyakin sataya chiyembekezo, - chifukwa sitingachite china chilichonse. Koma muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti kuti dzikolo likhale ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso, alimi akuyenera asasokoneze ntchito yawo, osapanga zopinga zabodza. Titha kuthana ndi zotsalazo. "
Kuti muwerenge:
Malinga ndi Unduna wa Zam'kati mwa Januware-Epulo 2021, kuchuluka kwa ma patenti ogwira ntchito operekedwa kwa nzika zakunja ndi anthu osawerengeka ku Russia kwatsika ndi 36% kuyambira koyambirira kwa chaka poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha.
Komanso kuchuluka kwa ma patenti ovomerezeka kumapeto kwa nthawi yolengeza kunatsika pafupifupi 40%, ndipo chilolezo chovomerezeka cha alendo akunja chidatsika ndi gawo limodzi.
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