Monga mukudziwa, alimi samakhala ndi nyengo zosavuta, koma chaka chilichonse amabweretsa zovuta ndi zovuta zake. Kodi olima mbatata ku Russia azikumbukira bwanji kutha kwa 2020?
Malinga ndi magaziniyi, rhizoctoniasis yaonekera pokhudzana ndi kuopsa kwa matenda onse odziwika "mbatata" chaka chino. Ngakhale kuti vutoli silinakhudze madera onse aku Russia.
Matendawa ayamba kufalikira
Malinga ndi Russian Agricultural Center, makamaka, m'chigawo cha Russian Federation mu 2020, chiwonetsero cha rhizoctoniae chidatsalira pamlingo wa 2019 ndipo kukula kwa matendawa kudadziwika. Kumbukirani kuti nthawi yachilimwe ya 2019, matendawa adapezeka m'malo a mahekitala 23,30. Nthawi yomweyo ya 2020, kugunda kwamitengoyi kunalembedwa pa mahekitala 21,47.
Nthawi yomweyo, kuwonjezeka kwa vutoli kudadziwika mzigawo zingapo.
Chifukwa chake ku Central Federal District ku 2020, kufalikira kwa matendawa kunalembedwa pa mahekitala 5,59 (mu 2019 - 4,90 mahekitala zikwi). Dera lothandizidwa motsutsana ndi rhizoctonia linali mahekitala 1,50 zikwi (mu 2019 - 0,03 zikwi mahekitala). M'chigawo cha Northwestern Federal, kufalikira kwa tizilomboti pa kubzala mbatata kunapezeka pamalo a mahekitala 7,56 (mu 2019 - 5,01 mahekitala zikwi). Malo omwe amathandizidwa ndi matendawa anali mahekitala 1,79 zikwi (mu 2019 - 1,30 mahekitala zikwi). M'dera la Volga Federal, dera lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mitengo ya mbatata linali mahekitala 3,19 zikwi (mu 2019 - 2,64 mahekitala zikwi). Palibe mankhwala omwe adachitidwa motsutsana ndi matendawa (mu 2019 - 1,4 mahekitala zikwi).
Koma kunalinso madera omwe kufalikira kwa matenda a Rhizoctonia kunachepa.
Mwachitsanzo, ku Southern Federal District, mawonetseredwe a matendawa kubzala mbatata adalembedwa m'malo a mahekitala 0,31 (mu 2019 - 1,20 mahekitala zikwi). Malo ochiritsira motsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anali mahekitala 0,01 zikwi (mu 2019 - 1,08 zikwi mahekitala). M'chigawo cha North Caucasus Federal, palibe chowonongeke chomwe chidapezeka pazomera za mbatata (mu 2019 - 0,30 mahekitala zikwi). Palibe mankhwala opangira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe adachitidwa.
M'dera la Ural Federal District, pobzala mbatata, matendawa adadziwonetsera kudera la mahekitala 2,10 (mu 2019 - 3,69 mahekitala zikwi). Malo ochiritsira motsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anali mahekitala zikwi 2,36 (mu 2019 - 1,63 mahekitala zikwi). M'dera la Siberia Federal, m'minda ya mbatata, kufalikira kwa tizilomboti kunapezeka m'malo a mahekitala 2,21 (mu 2019 - 4,16 mahekitala zikwi). Panalibe mankhwala ochizira matendawa mu 2019 ndi 2020. Kudera la Far Eastern Federal, matenda a rhizoctonia obzala mbatata adapezeka pamalo a mahekitala 0,50 (mu 2019 - mahekitala 1,40 zikwi). Palibe mankhwala olimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe adachitika (mu 2019 - 0,06 XNUMX mahekitala).
Akatswiri a Russian Agricultural Center of the Russian Federation akuti kuchepa kwa madera omwe akhudzidwa ndi kubzala mbatata kumadera akum'mwera, North Caucasian, Ural, Siberia ndi Far Eastern ndi nyengo yomwe ikukula nyengo yazomera. Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi akatswiri, kupambana kwa minda yambiri polimbana ndi matendawa kumafotokozedwa ndi ntchito yolongosoka pakukonza minda yokhala ndi zoteteza kuzomera.
Kuwonjezeka kwa gawo logawa kwa rhizoctonia m'minda yabzala mbatata ku Central, North-Western ndi Volga Federal District kudachitika chifukwa chazinyalala zazitali, komanso kuchepa kwa mankhwala azomera chaka chatha.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti matenda opitilira 100 (2020) mchilimwe cha 2019 adapezeka ku Perm Territory (mu 29,28 - 1,58). Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa matenda kudalembedwanso ku Republic of Karelia - 2019 (mu 6,30 - osakumana), Vologda - 2019 (mu 4,90 - 0,24), Kaluga - 2019 (mu 1,58 - osakumana), Kostroma - 2019 (mu 1,29 - 0,04), Tver - 2019 (mu 0,03 - osakumana), zigawo za Yaroslavl - 2019 (mu 0,84 - osakumana) , The Komi Republic - 2019 (mu 0,11 - osakumana), Mari El Republic - 2019 (mu 0,78 - osakumana), Sverdlovsk - 2019 (mu 0,69 - 0,81) ndi Madera a Chelyabinsk - 2019 (mu 0,36 - XNUMX).
Kuwonjezeka kwachangu kwambiri kwa zotupa ndi rhizoctonia kunawonedwa mu Julayi ndi Ogasiti. Kusintha kwapafupipafupi kutentha kwa mpweya ndi mvula yamphamvu kumathandizira kukulitsa kwachangu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Akonzi akufuna kuthokoza atolankhani aku Russia Agricultural Center pazinthu zomwe zaperekedwa
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Kuchokera pakuwona kwa sayansi
Maria Kuznetsova, Mutu wa Dipatimenti ya Mbatata ndi Mbewu Za mbeu Matenda a Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VNIIF, Wosankhidwa wa Biological Science
Malinga ndikuwona kwa All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology (VNIIF), mawonetseredwe ofunikira kwambiri a rhizoctonia chaka chino anali a Vladimir, Tver, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Novgorod, Leningrad, Kostroma, Moscow, Smolensk, Pskov ndi madera ena angapo mdzikolo.
Zifukwa za matenda
Chimodzi mwazifukwa zakukula kwachangu kwa matenda a Rhizoctonia munyengo yapano ndi nyengo yabwino ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Rhizoctonia solani. Mwachitsanzo, m'chigawo cha Moscow, mzaka zachiwiri ndi zachitatu za Meyi, kutentha kwa mpweya kunali kotsika poyerekeza ndi kutentha kwakanthawi. Kutentha kozizira sikungakhudze zomwe zakulimidwa: mbewu za mbatata panthawiyi zatsalira m'mbuyo pakukula, poyerekeza ndi ziwerengero zapakati pa masabata 1-2, ndipo zidafooka. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyambira mzaka khumi zapitazi za Meyi, komanso mu Juni ndi Julayi chaka chino, derali lidalandira mphepo yamkuntho (motsutsana ndi ziwonetsero zapachaka). Zonsezi zidathandizira kukulitsa komanso kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa rhizoctonia.
Nthawi yomweyo, vuto la rhizoctonia limalumikizidwa osati ndi nyengo zokha, komanso ndi zifukwa zingapo zofunika. Zina mwazo: mbewu zochepa; kuphwanya masiku obzala (tikulankhula za nthawi yomwe olima mbatata amayamba kubzala mbewu zamtundu wosazolowereka m'nthaka yozizira), osatsatira kusintha kwa mbeu, kuchedwa kukolola, ndi zina zambiri.
Mawonetseredwe akunja
Zimadziwika kuti bowa Rhizoctonia solani imatha kupatsira mbatata magawo onse a ongenesis, kuyambira kumera mpaka kukolola. Matendawa amatha kuwonekera ngati nkhanambo yakuda, retic necrosis ndikuwonekera kwambiri pa tubers, ziphuphu zowola, kufa kwa stolons ndi mizu. Kuphatikiza apo, zizindikirazo zimaphatikizapo kuvunda kowuma kwa gawo lobisika la tsinde - mwa mawonekedwe a zilonda zofiirira ("nkhuni zowola") kapena zoyera zotuwa "zimamveka" chikwangwani ("mwendo woyera").
Bowa amachititsa kuvulaza kwakukulu pakukula kwa mbande. M'nyengo yonyowa komanso yozizira, kutentha kwa nthaka ndikochepera 8° C, pa tubers yomwe idabzalidwa, sclerotia (gawo lokhazikika la bowa) imamera ndi mycelium, yomwe imalowa mkati mwa ziphukazo ndikupangitsa kuti apange madera akuda kwambiri. Zipatso zamatenda nthawi zina zimafa zisanakwane. M'nyengo yotentha, mbande zimatha kukula kukhala chomera chokhala ndi chotupa cha shingle kumunsi kwa tsinde, masamba akumtunda amapindika pamitsempha.
Zotsatira
Rhizoctonia ya mbatata imapangitsa kuchepa kwa zokolola zonse komanso kutsika kwa malonda a tubers. Zizindikiro zokolola za mbatata zimatsika chifukwa cha kutaya mmera, kuwonongeka kwa zimayambira, stolons ndi mizu, zomwe zimakhudzanso kukula, kuchuluka komanso kugulitsa kwa tubers.
Ku Russia, kutayika kwachakudya kuchokera ku rhizoctonia kumatha kufikira 25%, ndipo kutsika kwa kugulitsa kwa tubers kumafika 30%.
Njira zopewera ndi kuwongolera
Pofuna kuthana ndi matendawa, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana:
- Gwiritsani ntchito kubzala mbewu zathanzi, makamaka zovomerezeka.
- Kuyambitsidwa koyamba kwa mitundu ya mbatata yoyambirira komanso yapakatikati yokhala ndi nyengo yokula ya masiku 60-80, komanso mitundu yomwe imagonjetsedwa ndikumakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi matendawa
- Kutsata kasinthasintha wa mbewu.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti bowa wa Rhizoctonia solani ukhoza kukhala ndi moyo kwa nthawi yayitali m'nthaka (zaka 3-4), pa tubers ya mbatata, odzipereka ake, ndi zinyalala zazomera. Bowa amalekerera bwino nyengo yozizira ngati sclerotia pa tubers ndi nthaka, komanso mawonekedwe a mycelium.
Kuphatikiza apo, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti, kuwonjezera pa mbatata, R. solani amatha kupatsira mbewu zingapo zamasamba (monga tomato, beets ndi maungu), komanso namsongole wamtchire (monga quinoa, kubzala nthula ndi nsapato za akavalo).
Mbewu (phala, tirigu wachisanu ndi rye, balere, chimanga), lupine, nyemba zamatabwa, ndi udzu wosatha zimawerengedwa kuti ndizomwe zimayambitsa matenda a rhizoctonia.
- Kudzala tubers m'nthaka yotentha malinga ndi zofunikira zakuya komanso kachulukidwe.
Kuzama kwabwino kwambiri kumatsimikizika poganizira kapangidwe kake ndi chinyezi cha dothi (pa dothi lolemera - kubzala kumakhala kosazama, pamchenga wamchenga - kuzama). Pakhoma pakakhala nthaka yolemera, yoyandama, gawo logwiririka ntchito ndikumenya m'munda masiku anayi kapena asanu mutabzala komanso mbande, chifukwa kuthekera kotenga matenda kumakula.
Kuchuluka kwabwino kwa kubzala kuchokera kumalo azachilengedwe ndi 50 zikwi za tubers pa hekitala. Kuwonjezeka mpaka 60-80 zikwi kumathandizira kukula kwa rhizoctonia pazigawo zonse.
- Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kuchuluka kwa feteleza m'nthaka ndikugwiritsa ntchito manyowa obiriwira.
Ndizovuta kuti R. solani apikisane ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tanthaka, chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza kumatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda m'nthaka.
Udindo wa omwe ali pagulu nawonso ndi ovuta kuuzindikira. M'mafamu ambiri, mbewu zochokera kubanja lopachikidwa - Brassica juncea (Sarepta mpiru), Raphanus sativus (wamba radish), Sinapis alba (white mustard), Eruca sativus) - amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma biofumigants motsutsana ndi tizilomboto tambiri tomwe timakhala m'nthaka (Rhizoctonia solanic, Colletotrichum , Helminthosporium solani, Streptomyces nkhanambo, Spongospora subterranea) ndi chotupa cha mbatata. Panthawi yamaluwa (pamene zoposa 50% za pachimake chonse), chomeracho chimadulidwa, kuphwanyidwa ndikulima. M'nthaka, ma metabolites achiwiri (glucosinolates) amasinthidwa kukhala mankhwala osakhazikika (mwachitsanzo isothiocyanates), omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
- Kuyeretsa kwakanthawi komanso kwapamwamba.
Kukolola sikuyenera kuzengereza kwa milungu yopitilira iwiri mutakolola; sizilandiridwa kusiya timachubu tating'onoting'ono pamunda).
- Kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides pochizira mbewu za tubers kapena kuzigwiritsa ntchito mukamabzala mbatata.
Ntchito yayikulu yazodzitetezera kunthawi imeneyi ndikuchepetsa kuopsa kwa rhizoctonia ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ena.
Zotsatira zoyesedwa kwanthawi yayitali ku VNIIF motsutsana ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a Rhizoctonia solani zimatsimikizira kuti mankhwala ndi othandiza kwambiri potengera azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, penflufen, fluxapiroxade ndi zinthu zina zoteteza ku matenda a rhizoctonia.
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