Yu.P. Boyko, Yu.A. Masyuk, O.A. Starovoitova, O.V. Abashkin, V.N. Zeyruk, L.Ya. Kostina, N.N. Gordienko, Z.N. Morzhenkova D.V. Abrosimov, Federal State Budgetary Institution "All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Economy dzina lake A.G. Lorha "
ZOCHITITSA KUKULA KWA KHALIDWE PAKATI PA ZINYENGA ZA MOSCOW NDI TVER
Chogwiritsidwa ntchito chopangidwa ndi mankhwala ndi mankhwala omwe mulibe mankhwala owopsa kapena omwe ali ndi malire a ukhondo komanso chitetezo cha chakudya. Kupeza zinthu zachilengedwe zoteteza chilengedwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kusagwiritsa ntchito chitetezo chamakina, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi zolimbana ndi tizirombo, matenda azomera ndi namsongole zomwe sizikhala ndi vuto pachitetezo cha chilengedwe.
Kukula kwa njira ndi njira zopezera zinthu zaulimi kumachitika ndi International Organic Agriculture Association (IFOAM) - bungwe la demokalase lomwe limagwirizanitsa anthu opitilira 800 m'maiko 117 padziko lonse lapansi. Makomiti okhazikitsidwa ndi magulu akhazikitsidwa ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana kuyambira pakukhazikitsa mfundo zapadziko lonse lapansi kuti zitsogolere chithandizo chamakhalidwe, zakuthupi ndi upangiri pakulima kwa organic.
Mu Russia, ntchito yoyamba yopanga zinthu zachilengedwe zaulimi idayamba kuwonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990. Koma mpaka pano, gawo la mabungwe azaulimi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito popanga zinthu zachilengedwe ndilochepa kwambiri. Kukula kwa msika kumakakamizidwa ndi zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza kusowa kwa zikhalidwe zopanga mpaka pano posachedwa: aliyense atha kuyika baji ya "bio" kapena "eco" pazogulitsa zawo, zomwe zidathandizira kukulitsa kwa zinthu zabodza ndikuwononga kudalira kwa ogula makampani onse.
Pa Januware 1, 2020, Federal Law on Organic Products idayamba kugwira ntchito mdzikomo, chikalatacho chimapanga malamulo oyendetsera kapangidwe ndi zopangidwa ku Russian Federation, mfundo zopangira zomwe sizimaphatikizira kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ndi mankhwala.
Pansi pa lamulo latsopanoli, Russia idzakhala ndi kachitidwe kawo kotsimikizira zinthu zachilengedwe. Zikalata zidzaperekedwa ndi makampani ovomerezeka, certification yawo imayendetsedwa ndi Federal Accreditation Service ("Rosaccreditation"). Kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2019, mabungwe atatu adapereka chiphaso: Organic Katswiri, FSBI Rosselkhoztsentr ku Voronezh Region ndi Roskachestvo.
Lamuloli limayambitsa malingaliro a zinthu zachilengedwe ndi omwe amazipanga, zimayang'anira chikhalidwe chazomwe zimapangidwa, kusungidwa, kayendedwe, kulembera ndi kugulitsa.
Chikalatachi chimafotokozanso zaulimi. Ili kale ndi mndandanda wazofunikira pakupanga zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zili ndi mfundo 11. Kwa obereketsa mbewu, Kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ma agrochemicals ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndizofunikira: othandizira majeremusi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera tizirombo ndi matenda azomera. Vto imaphatikizidwa pamakina opangira ma genetic ndi kulima kwa hydroponic.
Lamuloli limaletsanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira zinthu zomwe zitha kuyipitsa zinthu komanso chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo polyvinyl chloride.
Opanga atha kutsimikiza kudzipereka modzifunira ndi katundu kukhazikitsa kutsatira malamulo adziko, apakati komanso mayiko. Pambuyo pake, adzatha kugwiritsa ntchito zilembo, zomwe zidzakhala chizindikiro cha zinthu zachilengedwe.
Okhazikitsa malamulo amayembekeza kuti lamuloli lidzagwiradi ntchito mchaka chimodzi ndi theka kapena ziwiri, popeza njira yofufuzira opanga ndikupereka satifiketi imatenga nthawi yayitali.
Komabe, nthawi sidzafunika osati zolemba.
MALO OGWIRITSA NTCHITO PA ZINSINSI
Mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo, amagwera m'nthaka, amakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri. Ndikofunikira kuti opanga ulimi omwe agwiritsa ntchito kapena akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oteteza chomera (kuphatikiza omwe sanaganizirepo zakukonza zopangira zinthu zachilengedwe) kuti adziwe mawu ena.
Madeti akuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi kutembenuka kwake kukhala mankhwala ochezeka. Mwa kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka, ziphe zigawidwa m'magulu 6:
- - kuwonongeka kwa miyezi yoposa 18,
- - osakwana miyezi 18,
- - Pasanathe chaka,
- - mpaka miyezi 6,
- - mpaka miyezi itatu,
- - osakwana miyezi itatu.
MLC (Zovomerezeka Zotsalira Zotsalira) mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'zakudya ndi zakudya, m'nthaka ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe, zokhazikitsidwa pamaziko a zotsatira zakuwerenga kawopsedwe wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'zinthu zina. Chakudya ndi chakudya cha nyama zapafamu chokhala ndi DOC yochulukirapo ya zinthu imodzi sichiloledwa.
MDU. Mulingo wambiri wovomerezeka wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena zinthu zina zapoizoni m'zakudya ndi chakudya cha ziweto za pafamu, zotetezeka.
Kulimbikira kwa mankhwala. Kutalika kwa mankhwala oopsa kusungidwa kwa poizoni m'chilengedwe (m'mlengalenga, ma hydrosphere, dothi).
Malinga ndi nthawi yosamalira poizoni (kuwonjezereka kwa kulimbikira), mankhwala ophera tizilombo agawidwa m'magulu 6:
- - kuteteza katundu kwa miyezi yosakwana 3,
- - mpaka miyezi 6,
- - mpaka chaka chimodzi,
- - mpaka miyezi itatu,
- - mpaka zaka 2,
- - zaka zoposa 2.
Kutengera zachilengedwe komanso nyengo yogwiritsika ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kulimbikira kwa mankhwalawa kumatha kusiyanasiyana. Chepetsani kutalika kwa mankhwala omwe amawola ma tizilombo awo.
Mphamvu yovulaza. Mlingo wa tizirombo, kuchuluka kwa matendawa kapena kufalikira kwa udzu, kuwonongeka komwe zimayambitsa sikupitilira mtengo woteteza (zomwe zimapangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitetezera kuti sizikuyenda bwino) kapena kupezeka kwa tizirombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sikuyambitsa kuchepa kwa zokolola.
T0.5 (theka la moyo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo). Nthawi ya kuchepa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'chilengedwe ndi 50%.
Kuopsa kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kuthekera pamlingo wina kuyambitsa kusokonezeka kwa moyo kapena poyizoni waziphuphu ndi kufa kwa chomera kapena nyama.
Phytotoxicity. Zowopsa za mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mmodzi yemweyo mankhwala atha kuthira mitundu payekhapayekha, thupi lathu, gawo la chitukuko cha mbewu munjira zosiyanasiyana.
Chithandizo chilichonse cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo chiyenera kukhala chopindulitsa komanso mwachuma.
MABODZA A BIO-ECOLOGICAL OTHANDIZA MISONKHANO NDI ZINSINSI
Kodi njira ina yomwe ingagwiritsidwire ntchito pa agrochemistry ndi iti? Zinthu za thupi za Abiotic zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera tizirombo ndi matenda a chomera: kuwala, ultrasound, phokoso, zida zamagetsi; Zotsatira zoyipa: makasitomala opindulitsa opindulitsa, maluwa ndi nyama, zomera zopulumutsa, ma entomophages. Njira zakale zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito polimbana ndi tizirombo ndi matenda: misampha, kutentha kwa mitundu, mitundu ya mabungwe olanda.
Musaiwale kuti mbewu sizingofunika kutetezedwa kumatenda, tizirombo ndi namsongole zokha, komanso kwa zina (zovuta komanso zovuta) zachilengedwe. Awa ndi mwadzidzidzi matalala, chilala, kuipitsa kwa dothi.
Ntchito yayikulu yoteteza zomera ndikufikitsa umodzi wazinthu zachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe pakupanga zinthu zabwino pakukula kwake, chitukuko, kubereka ndi kusankha kosankhidwa mu ecocenoses zokhazikika.
Patsamba lawebusayiti (zikafika ma maekala 3-5), chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakung'ono komanso zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana za zomera ndi nyama, mwayi umapangidwa kuti athane ndi tizirombo ndi matenda ndi manja awo ndikukhalanso ndi chilengedwe. M'madera akulu, ntchitoyi imakhala yovuta chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ma monocultures omwe sangathe kudziwongolera okha. Osati pachabe kuti ngakhale ku Russia wakubwezeretsa, anthu wamba adabzala rye ndi tirigu m'miyeso pa scythe.
KUKULA MABODZA OGANIZIRA
Zopinga zazikulu kupeza mbatata yachilengedwe ndi matenda, tizirombo, ndi kusowa kwa michere m'nthaka. Mbatata ndizovulaza ku kachilomboka ka ku Colorado, choipitsa mochedwa, matanthwe a phytopathogenic ndi matenda a virus.
Mukakonza zowongolera tizirombo ndi matenda, vuto lofunika ndikuteteza ku kachilomboka. Pokhala mlendo wochokera ku bara la America, kachilomboka ka mbatata ku Colorado kalibe tizirombo toyambitsa matenda ku Europe ndi Asia, ndipo ambiri aiwo amayenera kupititsidwa (kuchokera kunja) kuchokera kunja. Kuphatikiza apo, mphutsi ndi achikulire a chikumbu cha mbatata za Colorado ndizoperewera, ndipo si nyama zonse zopanda chitetezo zomwe zimatha kuzidya. Zomwe tikutsatira zakomweko zakomweko zimasinthasintha pang'onopang'ono kuzungulira kwa mlendo waku America ndikumavulaza kwambiri.
Mphutsi za mibadwo 4 (kumapeto kwa chitukuko), printerphos ndi achikulire a kachilombo ka mbatata ya Colorado amapezeka m'nthaka motero sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Poyerekeza magawo azisamba, biologics yozikidwa pa entomopathogenic nematode (Nemabakt, Fitoverm) ndi ma micobiological biologics (Bitoxibacillin, Boverin, Novodor) amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito mayankho a izi kuyambitsa manyowa kapena kompositi munthawi yomwe akuchoka pansi kuti atole mphutsi za mibadwo 4 kapena akulu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito nthawi yachisanu. Mphutsi zowononga za entomopathogenic nematode zimalowa mu dothi, zimasunthira mmenemo ndikuyang'ana omwe akuziwononga, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga nthaka m'nthaka.
Mabakiteriya a Entomopathogenic amapha tizilombo timeneti, ndikupangitsa kuti akhale ndi matenda enaake - septicemia - ndikupanga zigawo zawo mkati mwa tizilombo tomwe tafa. Mabakiteriya omwe amaberekana kumeneko amadya magawo a saprophytic a entomopathogenic nematode mkati mwa tizilombo tomwe timakhudzidwa, timadutsa kumeneko mibadwo yambiri yotsatizana. Chakudya cha ma nematode mkati mwa tizilombo chimatha, chimasiya kukula panthawi ya mphutsi zowononga. Kenako amasiya tizilombo tofa, ndikupita kukafunafuna anthu atsopano.
Mthupi la chikumbu chimodzi cha mbatata za ku Colorado, mphutsi zowukira 200 zowonjezera za patomopathogenic nematode zitha kupangidwanso. Nematode amapanga zigawo zazikulu (masentimita 000 mpaka 15) kuzungulira mbozi zakufa, zomwe, pomwe mbande za mbatata zimadzaza kwambiri ndi kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata, pang'onopang'ono zimagwirizanitsidwa, ndikutsutsa kufa 20 mphutsi kapena achikulire omwe amapita nthawi yachisanu. Imfa ya kachilomboka wa mbatata ya Colorado m'nthaka ifika 4-80%, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri ngozi yakufalikira kwa mbewu zamatumbo chaka chamawa m'malo otetezedwa.
Chapakatikati, limodzi ndi masamba oyambilira a mbatata, kafadala kamayamba kuwoneka kuchokera kumtunda pamalo omwe amafikira mbewu kapena kusuntha kuchokera kumalo ena (kachilomboka ku Colorado kamatha kuyenda mtunda wamakilomita angapo). Mbadwo wamasamba a tizilombo ndi tating'onoting'ono kwambiri, choncho tiyenera kuwunika kwambiri pa gawo ili la kufalitsa kachilomboka (kuti muchepetse kubalanso kwake). Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kupanga magulu a mphutsi za nyama yolusa Pikromerus, Perillus, Podizus.
Mphutsi za nsikidzi, zomwe panthawiyi sizipeza chakudya china, choyenera, zimawononga 70-80% ya kachilomboka ku Colorado kutuluka panthaka ndikuchokera kunja. Magulu oyambilira a mazira a chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa ndi matenda achamba, chifukwa cha chinyezi chambiri nthawi imeneyi.
M'chaka, ndibwino kuti muzichita mankhwala ndi mankhwala a Boverin, omwe akugwira ntchito yolimbana ndi mazira a kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata. Kuphatikiza apo, motsutsana ndi mazira a kachilomboka ka mbatata ku Colorado, kutulutsa kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadya mazira edovum ndi omwe amadya mazira am'deralo - mphutsi za lacewings, mphutsi ndi imago wa ladybugs, mphutsi za ngamila wamba ndi mphutsi za ntchentche za sirfid zimachitika. 1 zaka.
Kuphatikiza apo pamwambapa, mu mphutsi ndi achikulire omwe amapanga mbatata ya Colorado, zopangira zazing'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi zimasokoneza, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi kusapezeka kwa mitsempha yopingika pamapiko.
Komabe, zonsezi sizingatanthauze kubzala mbatata kuchokera kwa kachilomboka mbatata ya Colorado. Kusamukira kwa chisumbu kuchokera kumalo ena kumapitilira nyengo yonse ya mbatata ndipo nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyaza kuyesayesa kwamtundu wa biomethod. Motere, kubzala mbatata kumapambana, kuzunguliridwa ndi nkhalango, malamba amtchire kapena zopinga zina zosagonjetseka kwa kafadala wosamuka.
Kwa prophylaxis, nthawi yonse yokula, ma entomophages am'deralo amabwera nthawi ndi nthawi (kutulutsidwa m'chilengedwe) (komanso amakopeka pogwiritsa ntchito zomera: cosme, chamomile, artichoke ya ku Yerusalemu, katsabola) kuti akhalebe ndi chitetezo chotetezedwa ndi kachilomboka ka mbatata ku Colorado ndi ma vector a matenda amtundu - nsabwe za m'masamba, masamba otsekemera ndi nsikidzi. Kulimbana ndi globoderosis kumachitika ndikulima kwanthawi yayitali m'malo omwe mbeu sizingathe kuwonongeka ndi nematode wagolide.
Mukakulitsa mbatata, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimathandizira kuti pakhale mizu yamphamvu.
Mizu yake imayamba kuthamanga kuposa tizilombo tambiri, chifukwa tchire la mbatata "limathawa" kuukira kwa nematode ndikutha kumaliza zomerazo popanda kuvutika ndi tiziromboti.
Mbatata zitha kubzalidwa m'malo opanda ma globose pokhapokha zaka zisanu mutabzala mbewu zosafunikira pa iwo, apo ayi palibenso chonde chokhazikitsidwa ndi dothi, komanso kuthekera kwa kutuluka ndi kudziunjikira kwa mitundu yankhanza yatsopano ya mbatata za mbatata. Ngati kubzala kwa nematode kulekerera mitundu ya mbatata kumachitika molingana ndi omwe anakonzeratu, yomwe ndi mbatata yolima mbatata yomwe ingayambitse matenda a globose, ndiye kuti izi zimabweretsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imakhala yoopsa m'mizere ya mbewu.
Njira yodzitetezera polimbana ndi mbatata glauberosis ndi machitidwe a phenological akuwoneka kuti akukula ndikukula kwa mbatata zamatumbo (kuwunikira), ndi cholinga chofufuza nthawi yomweyo, kutulutsa kapena kuchotsa nthawi yomweyo zomwe zayamba kudwala. Mchigawo choyambirira cha maluwa, zizindikiro za matenda a mbatata globose zimawonekera kwambiri.
Zomera zimasiyidwa kumbuyo mu kukula ndi chitukuko: monga lamulo, awa ndi nthambi zosenda bwino ndi imodzi kapena ziwiri zopyapyala, ndi masamba opindika, okhala ndi tsamba lamaluwofu, omwe amayamba kupeza mtundu wowala kwambiri chlorosis. Kuzindikiritsidwa kwa matenda omwe akudwala komanso kuchotsedwa kwake pa nthawi yake kumalepheretsa kubwezeretsanso mbatata kwapang'onopang'ono, kudziwikanso kwina kwa mfundo zowopsa m'nthaka komanso kufalikira kwa matendawa ku malo aulere ndi minda yoyandikana nayo.
Entomophages akugwira mwachangu onyamula matenda a ma virus (nsikidzi za ma herbivorous, nsabwe za m'masamba, cicadas).
Pofuna kukopa anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi wopindulitsa, amapanga "zisumbu zachitetezo", zomwe ma ambulalo ambiri, opachika ndi ma Asteraceae nectaronos amafesedwa: mwachitsanzo, katsabola, mpira, mpendadzuwa, clover, yarrow, chamomile. Amakopa ma ladybugs, ngamila, ma midges a ndulu, zingwe, nsapato zokongoletsa, sirfid, etc. Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achibadwa Entomoftorin kumapereka zotsatira zabwino.
Njira zomwe tafotokozazi zimapereka chitetezo chodalirika ku tizirombo ndi matenda nthawi yonse yakukula.
ZOSAVUTA ZAULEMAULE
Ntchito yopeza mbatata yopanda mbatata ikuchitika ku All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Medicine yotchedwa A.G. Lorch kuyambira 1985. Kwa zaka zambiri, Bungwe lidapanga zopangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe motsutsana ndi choipitsa mochedwa, kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado, tizirombo tina ndi matenda: activator-A, Diprin ndi Nematol. Zolemba zasayansi ndiukadaulo (malamulo, maulamuliro aukadaulo (TU) ndi malingaliro ogwiritsidwira ntchito apangidwa. Mankhwalawa adathandizira kuchiritsa kwa mbewu, kuwonjezera chitetezo chawo komanso akuwonetsa ogwira ntchito mwamphamvu polimbana ndi vuto loyipa kwambiri (makamaka ndi mkuwa wa sulfate (0.01%), yomwe ili ndi fungistatic katundu).
Zinthu zonse zoyesedwa zachilengedwe zidawonetsa kuchuluka kwa nematicidal, fungicidal ndi entomocidal, ndipo pankhani ya Diprin kugwiritsa ntchito chiwonjezero chinali chachikulu kwambiri (1.9 t / ha), chomwe timafotokozera ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mankhwalawa atulutsidwe ndi nematode Pristionchus uniformis - mfundo yogwira ya mankhwala. Mankhwala odziwika bwino a bakiteriya (Bitoxibacillin, Novodor), ma virus (VIRIN-OS), fungal (Boverin) ndi nematode chiyambi (Nemabakt, Fitoverm) adagwiritsidwanso ntchito bwino.
Kuchokera pazotsatira zakafukufuku wazaka zambiri za mbatata VNIIKH. A.G. Loti pakuwunika mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata biocenosis imakonda kukhazikika. Mu 2017-2018 panali dontho lakuthwa pakuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse ya zinthu zamitundu mitundu zophunzitsidwa ndi ife. Kuchulukana kwa ma entomophages, makamaka ma ma ladybugs ndi ma sirfid, ma pollinators: ma bumblebees ndi njuchi zachepa. Mwa entomophages, okhawo midge ya aphidymysis ndi lachingwe yomwe imakula.
Kampani ya Redkinskaya agro-mafakitale Organic Mbeu ndi Mbatata ya Ware yomwe ili pamalo abwino kulima mbatata (mudzi wa Koshelevo, Chigawo cha Konakovsky, Tver Region) adayamba ntchito yopanga mbatata zachilengedwe mu 2013. Pansi pa kutembenuka kwachilengedwe mahekitala 200 adagawidwa. Satifiketi yaulimi wokhala ndi organic idapezeka, yoperekedwa pamutu wa Article 29 (1) wa EU Regulation No. 834/2007 ndi EU Regulation No. 889/2008 ndi State Limited Liability Company Certification and Testing Center (Latvia).
Pakakulitsa mbewu yachilengedwe ndi mbatata zauchoko, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala achilengedwe sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito. Zomera zamitundu ya mbatata zapezeka: Zhukovsky oyambirira (matani 110), Kladodez (matani 11), Kuznechanka (matani 116), Layla (matani 6), Lyubava (210 matani), Nevsky (187 matani), Red Scarlett (358 tani) , Romano (55 t), Tuleevsky (73 t), Luck (100 t), Violet (3 t), ndi zipatso zapakati pa 12-14 t / ha. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwachilengedwe potetezera mbatata kunapereka chiwonjezeko cha 20-60% poyerekeza ndi chiwongolero chosaphunzitsidwa. Pamaziko a deta yoyesera, mapu aukadaulo a kulima kosaphera tizirombo ta mbatata adapangidwa.