B.V. Anisimov, S.N. Zebrin, Federal State Budget Science Science Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Potato dzina lake A.G. Lorha "
Zochita zapadziko lonse lapansi pakukonza, kuwongolera bwino komanso kutsimikizira kwa mbatata za mbewu zimayang'ana pa chitukuko ndikupitilizabe kusinthasintha kwa kayendetsedwe kazomwe zakhazikitsidwa pozindikira zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi m'munda uno.
Kukonzanso pafupipafupi zofunikira ndi zisonyezo zofananira za malonda a mbatata za mbewu zimalola nthawi komanso moyenera kuwunikira kwa kusintha komwe kukugwirizana ndi kupanga ndi kugulitsa mbatata za mbewu, kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zatsopano zaumboni, makamaka pakusintha kwa tizirombo ndi kusintha kwa phytosanitary pokhudzana ndi kwanuko njira zapadziko lonse lapansi zosinthira nyengo. Malinga ndi zomwe zikupezeka masiku ano, kusintha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo toopsa tosokoneza mbatata zomwe zachitika m'zaka zaposachedwa ndizofunikira kwambiri, ndizo:
• ma virus atsopano amatuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa mitundu yowonongeka kwambiri yazomera ndi ma tubers. Pakati pawo, PVY (ntn), yomwe imayambitsa ma necrotic pobowola mbatata ya mbatata (Potato Tuber Necrotic Ringspot (PTNR)), nzoipa kwambiri;
• Mavuto obwera ndi mabakiteriya amawonjezeka chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa mitundu yatsopano ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akuda (Pectobacterium / dickeya spp.) Ndi kufalikira kwamphamvu kwa mphete zowola (Clavibacter michiganensis) ndi bulauni wa bakiteriya (Ralstonia Solancearum);
• madeti oyambilira a kuzimiririka kwamasamba pamasamba ndi kupangika kwa anthu ovuta kwambiri komanso owopsa a mtundu wamtunduwu adadziwika;
• kufalikira kwa alternariosis kukuchulukirachulukira, makamaka mitundu yomwe ili ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha matendawa;
• pali kufalikira kwakukulu kwa mitundu yosamukira ya ma aphid yomwe imafalitsa matenda a ma virus pamatumbo;
• mawayilesi ambiri, ma scoops ndi tizirombo tina tomwe timayambitsa, kuwononga kwakukulu pamalonda a mbatata;
• pali njira zoweta za nematode zochulukirapo;
• Tizilombo ta mbatata ku Colorado tikupita kumadera ena akumpoto.
Kusintha kwachilengedwe kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizirombo tomwe timayambitsa kufunikira kwa kukhathamiritsa zolemba zoyenera ndikuchepetsa milingo yoletsa phytopathogen ndi tizirombo ta mbatata.
Chizindikiro chazaka zaposachedwa chikuwonekeranso pa mbatata zamadzimadzi otentha nyengo yakula, nthawi zambiri chilala chambiri komanso chautali chilimwe, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa CO2 m'mlengalenga. Zotsatira zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zinthuzi zimathandizanso kuchepetsa zomwe zikuwonetsa ma tubers ndi zina zofunikira za mbatata za mbewu:
• pakuwonjezereka kukula kwa tuber komanso kuwonjezeka kwa timizere tating'onoting'ono tambiri tomwe sitimakwaniritsa zofunikira pakukula kwa mbatata;
• kuthekera kochedwetsa kapena ngakhale kuyimitsa njira zokulira mu nthawi ya kukula ndi mawonekedwe ogwirizana ndi zofooka za omwe amatchedwa "kukula kwachiwiri" mu mawonekedwe a kukula ming'alu mu tubers, mapangidwe a voids mkati mwa tuber ndi zolakwika zina zikukula;
• Kukula kwa tuber zowola panthawi yosungirako kumakulitsidwa chifukwa chazirala nyengo yachisanu.
Muzochita zamakono zapadziko lonse lapansi, chida chofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi vuto la kukhazikika kwa mbatata zambewu ndikusintha kosasintha kwa kayendetsedwe kazomwe zimayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zamasayansi zomwe zimaganizira, mwa zina, kusintha kwa nyengo.
Kuyambira pa Januware 1, 2018, mtundu watsopano wa Gost 33996-2016 "Mbatata za Mbeu. Mkhalidwe ndi njira zothandizira kudziwa luso. " Ogwira ntchito ndi akatswiri a Federal State Budget Science Science Institution VNIIKKH, Union of Potato and Vegetable Market Partists (Potato Union) ndi Federal State Institution Rosselkhoztsentr adatenga nawo gawo pantchito zake.
Cholinga chachikulu pakukhazikitsa ndikukhazikitsa muyeso watsopano ndikukwaniritsa zisonyezo zamtundu wamalonda wamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata kuti ziwonekere mogwirizana ndi zovomerezeka zapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso kulumikizana kwawo ndi zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ogulitsa mbatata zovomerezeka. Kuti izi zitheke, popanga muyezo watsopano, zofunikira zonse ndi zofunikira pakukonzekera kwa UNECE mayiko apadziko lonse okhudzana ndi kutsatsa ndi kayendetsedwe kabwino ka mbatata zambewu zinaganiziridwa.
Kapangidwe ka muyezo kamafanana ndi zinthu zikuluzikulu zochokera ku Russia ndipo zikuphatikiza zigawo zikuluzikulu izi:
- malo ogwiritsira ntchito;
- Zolemba zabwinobwino;
- tanthauzo la tanthauzo ndi chidule;
- gulu;
- zofunikira paukadaulo;
- malamulo ovomerezeka ndi zitsanzo;
- njira zodziwira zabwino;
- kulongedza;
- kulemba;
- mayendedwe ndi kusunga;
- chitetezo.
Matendawa pazomera ndi ma tubers *
Malangizo omwe ali mgulu lachitetezo pafupifupi chilichonse chofunikira pakuwongolera ndi kutsimikizira mbatata za njere:
• kutsimikizika ndi kuyera kwa mitundu;
• Kutsatila komwe kunachokera mbeu zochuluka;
• mulingo wapamwamba wamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinthu zokhudzana ndi matenda, tizirombo, zolakwika;
• Kuleza mtima kokhudza mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a ma tubers;
Malamulo a ma CD, kusindikiza ndi kulembapo.
Mulingo watsopanowu umakhazikitsa zisonyezo zosiyanitsa zamalonda pamitengo itatu ya mbatata zambewu - zoyambirira (OC), osankhika (ES) ndi zobereka (RS), zomwe zimaganizira za kutsika kwa zizindikiritso zamtundu uliwonse ndikuwonjezeka kwa mibadwo yambiri pakupanga mbatata. Kuchepetsa kulolerana pazizindikiro zofunikira kwambiri ndizoyandikira kwambiri pazovomerezeka zovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi za UNECE mayiko (Gulu 1).
Pamagulu a mbatata za mbewu zomwe zimabzala komanso kulowa nawo malonda, mulingo womwewo umaperekanso malamulo oletsa kukhalapo kwa ma tubers:
• osakwaniritsa zofunikira kukula - 3%;
• omwe amakhudzidwa ndi tsinde nematode - 0,5% (kokha pagawo RS);
• ndikuwonetsetsa kwam'mimbamo ndikudetsa zamkati (ngati zoposa 1/4 za gawo lotalika la tuber zakhudzidwa) - 5%;
• ndi zopindika zakunja ndi zotayika monga ming'alu, mabala, misozi, mano a zotupa za tubers okhala ndi kupitirira 5 mm ndi kutalika kwa 10 mm - 5%;
• ndi kuwonongeka ndi tizirombo ta zaulimi (wireworm - zopitilira katatu, makoswe, kafadala ndi masikono), koma osawononga maso - 2%.
Mu mbatata za njere, kupezeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda opatsirana ndi tizirombo tokhala patokhazikika (khansa ya mbatata, bulauni ya bulauni, mawonekedwe a golide omwe amapanga mbatata nematode, njenjete ya mbatata) saloledwa.
Muyeso umakhazikitsa miyezo yosiyanitsa yolamulira ma virus a phytopathogenic potengera mayeso a labotale masamba ndi ma tuber, kutengera mulingo wakufalikira wa mbewu zoyambira, kuphatikiza mu vitro gwero lakuthupi, minicubers, m'badwo woyamba waminda wa minicubers ndi osankhidwa bwino kwambiri.
Mwa magulu onse (mibadwo) ya m'gulu la mbewu zoyambirira, kulekerera kwama virus kovuta kwambiri komwe kumapangitsa kuti mitundu yayikulu ya makwinya komanso yoluka (YBK), kupotoza masamba a mbatata (VLK) ndi tuber spindle viroid (VVKK) ibwere. Kupezeka kwa YBK ndi VBLK mu vitro gwero lothandizira komanso minitubers sikuloledwa.
M'mibadwo yoyamba yama minitubers, kuchuluka kololedwa kovomerezeka sikuyenera kupitirira 0,5%, mu superelite wapamwamba - 1%. Kwa VVKK, kulekerera zero kudakhazikitsidwa kwa mibadwo yonse.
Kwa ma superelite, osankhika, ndi mbatata za mbeu zobala, zomwe zimaloledwa kupitiliza kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso / kapena bakiteriya malinga ndi zotsatira za kuyesedwa kwa labotale mayeso a tuber atha kuyikidwa mu mapangano (mapangano) ogawa mbatata za mbewu. Komabe, kwa maphwando a superelite ndi osankhika, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ziletso za YBK malinga ndi zotsatira za kuyesa kwa labotale sikuyenera kupitilira 10%. Pansi pa muyezo watsopano, miyezo yoyeserera yoyeserera ma labotoyi imakhazikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira za diagnostics za PCR, ma enzymor-ass immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ndi kusanthula kwa immunochromatographic (IHA) (Gome 2).
PCR diagnostics imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ma vialid a mbatata spindle tuber (VVKK), YBK ndi VLRV ma virus, komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a bacteriosis (wakuda mwendo ndi mphete zowola) muzinthu zoyambirira zisanabadwe komanso magawo ena oberekera. Kudziwikaku ndikosavuta kuposa 99%, malire omwe amadziwika (osachepera omwe amapezeka) ndi magawo 10 a tizilomboto / cm3.
Mankhwala oteteza ma immunosorbent assay (ELISA) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti adziwe ngati matenda ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (PVK, SBK, MBK, YBK, VSLK) ndi matenda a bakiteriya (wakuda) kudzera pakuyesa kwa labotale za zitsanzo za tuber pambuyo pokolola zomwe zidatengedwa m'magulu am'badwo woyamba wam'munda, opambana kwambiri, osankhika komanso osankhika ... Malire ozindikira (osachepera omwe amapezeka) ma virus ndi 10 ng / cm3, mabakiteriya - 104 maselo / cm3.
Kuyesa pambuyo pa kukolola kwa ma tubers kuti pakhale kachilombo ka virus kumachitika nthawi yophukira-yozizira pazomera zomwe zimakula kuchokera ku indices (peephole yokhala ndi minofu yoyandikana nayo). Kuyesa kwa mbatata kwa mabakiteriya kumachitika pazigawo zomwe zimadulidwa kuchokera kumtunda kwa chifuwacho.
Kusanthula kwa Immunochromatographic (IHA) kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwonetsa msanga matenda a phytopathogen pamadzi a mbatata pogwiritsa ntchito timitengo yoyesa mu labotale.
Njira zodziwira mtundu ndi malamulo ovomereza kubzala komanso mbatata zambiri zokhazikitsidwa ndi muyezo ndizophatikiza kuyesa kubzala, kusanthula kwa tuber ya mbewu zambiri, kuyezetsa zasayansi masampweya obwera pambuyo pa kukolola ndi kasamalidwe ka nthaka pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu ya mbewu zoyambirira zomwe zimagulitsidwa.
Muyezo umakhala ndi zofunikira zofunika kuzinyamula, kuzilemba, kusungitsa ndi kukonza mbatata za mbewu, komanso zimaphatikizanso mu zikalata za mtundu wa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi zikalata zodziwika bwino zochitira zotsatira za kudziwa kukula kwa kubzala ndi malonda a mbatata zambiri zambewu, amafotokoza matenda oopsa kwambiri opatsirana ndi zoperewera zomwe zimayendetsedwa kulolera kwa muyezo.
Monga tawonera kale, zofunika zazikulu za muyezo mokhudzana ndi kulolerana kwa malamulo ndi njira zodziwitsira mtundu wa magawo a mbatata zoyambira ndi osankhika zili pafupi ndi mulingo wovomerezeka mu ma EU. Mwachitsanzo, kulekerera kwa mtundu watsopano wa RF wa tuber rot kumafanana kwambiri ndi zofunikira za mayiko akumayiko a EU ndi muyezo wapadziko lonse wa UNECE (Table 3).
Nthawi yomweyo, kusiyana kwakukulu kumakhalabe ndi UNECE mayiko onse pofotokoza zisonyezo zovuta kuzungulira kwa ma labotale oyendetsa mbewu ndi ma tubers omwe ali ndi matenda oyambitsidwa ndi ma virus, makamaka mokhudzana ndi magulu osankha mbatata (otsogola). Kubweretsa kulekerera kwakanthawi mtsogolo ndikotheka kokha pokhapokha njira zowonjezereka zitengedwa kuti zipange madera ena apadera (magawo) opanga mbatata za mbewu zokhala ndi magawo abwino kwambiri a phytosanitary omwe amaonetsetsa kuti kulimidwa kwa mbatata zamtundu wabwino (zopanda ma pathogenic pathogen) zoyambira komanso zosankhika zazitali kwambiri Kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa matenda atsopano chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito bwino chilengedwe komanso kupanga zinthu zachilengedwe Palibe kudzipatula kwina komwe kumayambitsa matenda opatsirana.
Kutengera malingaliro amakono amomwe njira ndi kufalikira kwa kufalikira kwa ma virus a phytopathogenic, komanso kusunthira kwa omwe amanyamula mbatata, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tiwonetsetse kutalika kwa malo kuchokera komwe kungayambitse matenda pazinthu zoyambira kubereka - 500 m, kwa mibadwo yotsatira yam'munda - 100 m (Gulu 4 ).
Kuchokera pamawonekedwe abwino, kuti apange malo abwino, makamaka akamakula m'minda yayikulu, njira yofikirika komanso yothandiza kwambiri ndiyo "kudzipatula" kwa mibadwo yoyambirira pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoteteza mbewu za mbewu kapena udzu kuzungulira gawo lonse la mundawo.
Kwa mabizinezi odziwika bwino pakukula kwa mbewu za mbatata, ndikofunikanso m'malo azomera zoyambirira komanso zapamwamba za mbatata kuti zithandizire kuwongolera zokolola nthawi zonse paminda yoyandikira ya anthu ena oyang'anira (nzika ndi mabungwe), pamalire azokha. Monga imodzi mwanjira zotheka, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti m'malo mobzala m'malo obzalidwa kwa nthawi yayitali mugawire eni ake ziwembuzo ndi nthanga za mbatata zoyambirira komanso zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimapangidwa mdera lodzala mbewu (madera).
Pomaliza, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti kuzindikira ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zofunikira pakuyang'anira ndi kupanga mbatata za mbewu pamsika wamkati ndi chitukuko cha zinthu zogulitsa kunja kwa msika wamba wa mayiko a European Union Union ziyenera kuti zimathandizira kukhazikitsa malo atsopano ampikisano pakati pa ogulitsa mbatata za mbewu ndi opanga malonda. Zotsatira zake, opanga omwe amatha kupereka mbatata zabwino za mbewu zomwe zimakwaniritsa zomwe zikugwirizana padziko lonse lapansi zitha kulandira mwayi. Izi zikuthandizanso kukhazikitsa matekinoloje amakono, kupanga ndalama pakukonza zamakono, kulimbikitsa mwachangu mitundu yomwe ikufunika kwambiri pamisika yam'nyumba ndi yapadziko lonse, kugwiritsa ntchito kuzindikira kwa matenda a phytopathogen, maphunziro a antchito ndi chitukuko cha akatswiri pa akatswiri Kupanga mbewu ya mbatata, kuwongolera bwino komanso kutsimikizira.