Pakafukufuku watsopano wokhudza maubwenzi apakati pa mafangasi oyambitsa nkhanambo ndi nematode, asayansi atulukira mosayembekezereka.
Kupanga mbewu yambatata yobereka kwambiri komanso yapamwamba kwambiri (Solanum tuberosum L.) ndi ntchito yovuta yomwe imafuna kuganiziridwa kwa zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza mitundu, magawo a nthaka, mvula ndi ulimi.
Kuphatikiza apo, zamoyo zam'nthaka monga mitundu ya mafangasi, tizilombo ndi mabakiteriya mwachiwonekere zimatha kukhudza kukula kwa mbewu ya mbatata kutengera zomwe amakonda.
Kuvuta kwa kugwirizana pakati pa mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo zomwe zili m'nthaka ndi mbewu zomwe zimalimidwa kudakali kochepa kwambiri. Gulu la asayansi ochokera ku Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences adafufuza za kuyanjana kwakanthawi pakati pa nematode yomwe imawononga mizu ya mbatata ndi bowa woyambitsa matenda. Rhizoctonia solanizomwe zimayambitsa rhizoctonia.
Kuyanjanaku kunaphunziridwa pa zomera za mbatata zomwe zimabzalidwa mumiphika molamulidwa. Muzoyesera ziwiri zofanana, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nematodes ndi fungal mycelium inawonjezeredwa ku miphika katatu; pakutera, patatha masiku 14 ndipo pambuyo pa masiku 28.
Nematodes amachepetsa zotsalira za mizu, ndi kuphatikiza kwa nematodes ndi R.solani kunachititsa kuti kuchepa kwa zokolola za tubers mu zonse zatsopano, koma kugwirizana sanali synergistic. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chiwerengero cha zilonda zamtundu wa zilonda zam'mimba chinachepetsedwa pamaso pa nematodes poyerekeza ndi mankhwala a R. solani okha.
Asayansi sadziwa pang'ono za mgwirizano pakati pa bowa woyambitsa matenda ndi nematodes
Plant parasitic nematodes, yomwe imapanga 15% ya mitundu yonse ya nematode yomwe inanenedwa, imapezeka m'nthaka padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa ulimi. Amakhala ndi makamu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mbatata, ndipo amayendayenda m'moyo wawo wonse, kaya m'nthaka (ectoparasites) kapena mizu (endoparasites).
Kuthandizira kwa ma parasitic nematodes pakukula kwa mbewu sikungawonekere mopepuka chifukwa zizindikiro zamlengalenga kapena ma tubers owopsa sizimawonekera mu mbewu yonse.
Komabe, mizu ya nematodes (endoparasitic free-living nematodes) ingachepetse zokolola za tuber ndi 12% kapena kuposerapo ngati zitatsatiridwa ndi matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi ndi mabakiteriya.
Amakhulupirira kuti parasitic nematodes imathanso kukhudza kukula kwa matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha ma virus ena am'nthaka, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya bowa.
Mwachitsanzo, nsabwe za m'masamba zimatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi madzi otuluka kuchokera ku zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi bowa, kapena mafangasi amatha kulowa m'mabala a zomera chifukwa cha kudya nematodes.
Matenda a fungal R.solani zimayambitsa zilonda zapatsinde, duwa lakuda kapena ma tubers a misshapen, pakati pa zizindikiro zina monga nthiti zakuda, ngati njovu ndi ming'alu.
Bowa amatha kukhala ndi zotsalira za mbewu m'nthaka kapena kunyamulidwa ndi njere zikapezeka pa tubers ngati sclerotia (black bloom).
Mu Swedish mbatata minda ndi kukhalapo kwa nthaka R. Solani kukhalapo kwakukulu kwa nematodes kunadziwika, koma zinthu ziwirizi sizinaperekedwe mosamala.
Akukhulupirira kuti nematodes kupatsira mizu Pratylenchus amasangalala zimakhudza zotsatira zake R.solanikusokoneza zokolola.
Mitundu ina ya nematodes yolumikizana nayo R.solanindi, mwa zina, cyst-kupanga mbatata nematodes Globodera rostochiensis и Pale Globodera.
Nthawi yowonekera kwa zomera ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi nematode, komanso kukula kwa zomera zomwe zimamera, ndizofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa zamoyo ndi kuopsa kwa matendawa kwa mwiniwakeyo.
Zomwe zimachitika pakanthawi kochepa komanso kutengeka chifukwa cha kukula kwa mbewu sizimamvekanso bwino, ngakhale pali maphunziro oyerekeza kukhudzidwa kwa mitundu.
Mu kuyesera, ankaganiza kuti kuphatikiza zomera-parasitic nematodes ndi R. Solani Zimayambitsa zilonda zam'mimba kwambiri pazitsa ndi stolons, zidzachititsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero ndi khalidwe la tubers chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zolengeza zakuda ndi zizindikiro zina.
Mitundu iwiri ya inoculum ya nematode inagwiritsidwa ntchito pazoyesera; poyesera 1 - gulu lathunthu la nematode momwe nematodes ndi kuwonongeka kwa mizu kumakhala kwakukulu, makamaka P. crenatus, ndi kuyesa 2 - chikhalidwe choyera cha nematode P. Crenatus.
Kuwonjezera mizu-infecting nematodes ndi R.solani anali ndi mphamvu pa zomera mbatata pafupifupi onse mankhwala.
Malingaliro awiriwa adatsimikiziridwa pomwe asayansi adapeza kuti kuphatikiza kwa nematodes ndi R.solani ndi kuti nthawi ya inoculation inakhudza kuopsa kwa kuvulazidwa ndi bowa ndi nematodes.
Komabe, mosiyana ndi lingaliro la synergy, asayansi adawona kuti khalidwe la tubers ndi kuwonongeka kwa fungal pa chomera sikudalira kukhalapo kwa nematodes isanafike inoculation ndi bowa.
Kuopsa kwa chilonda cha tsinde sikunachuluke pamaso pa nematodes. Komanso, chilonda cha tsinde chinali chochepa kwambiri pamene nematodes anawonjezera pamodzi ndi bowa.
Zomera za parasitic nematodes zinachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zilonda zam'mimba m'malo mozipangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri, ndipo nematodes sizinakhudzenso zotupa za fungal pa stolons kapena tubers monga momwe amayembekezera.
Kufotokozera kutha kukhala kuti nematodes imayendetsa njira zolimbana ndi mbewu za mbatata monga momwe mizu ya nematodes imatha kuyambitsa njira zodzitetezera ku tomato, asayansi atero.
“Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa ndikuwunika kuchuluka kwa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tithane ndi matenda pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zowongolera. Choncho, kafukufuku wochuluka akufunika kuti athetse vutoli. Zomwe tidapeza ndikuti zokolola zimakhudzidwa ndi kumera kwa nematode komwe kumadzetsa mizu. R.solanindi kuti nematode imatha kulumikizana ndi mbewu ya mbatata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zilonda zam'mimba zizichepa. Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kufunikira kowunika kukhalapo kwa nematodes m'munda kuti titha kupanga njira zodzitchinjiriza zopangira mbatata moyenera. Kasinthasintha wa mbeu kwa zaka zosachepera zinayi zopanda mbatata ndi njira zina zaulimi zitha kukhala zothandiza pochepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu R.solani m'munda, komanso mphamvu ya mbewu zomwe zidabzalidwa panthawi yopanda mbatata zidzakhudza mizu ya nematodes, "asayansi adafotokoza mwachidule nkhani yawo yasayansi yomwe idasindikizidwa pa portal. www.mdpi.com.
Werengani mokwanira: https://www.agroxxi.ru