Nematode ndi mdani wa wobzala mbatata, "zomwe sizingayankhulidwe." Palibe amene amafufuza zokayikitsa za matenda omwe amabwera m'minda yawo kapena njira zopambana.
Palibe amene amakambirana zokayikitsa za matenda omwe amabwera m'minda yawo kapena njira zopambana zothanirana ndi tizilombo pagulu la akatswiri, ndi oyandikana nawo nyumba. Mwina ndi chifukwa chake mutuwo ndi uliwonse Chaka chikukulira. Akonzi a magaziniyi adaganiza zopereka kukonza zomwe zikuchitika ndikuwonetsa kwambiri Chofunika, m'malingaliro athu, magawo a nkhaniyi.
Tidafunsa kuti tawuze mmodzi mwa akatswiri otsogolera ku Russia pankhani ya phytoparasitology - wamkulu wa Laboratory ya Phytoparasitology ya Center for Parasitology of Institute of Ecology and Evolution yotchedwa . A.N.Severtsova RAS, Mutu wa Laboratory for Diagnosis of Phytopathogenic Organics of All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology Mikhail Pridannikov.
YEMWE YA 30 MABODZA chikwi
Pankhani ya nematode, choyambirira m'pofunika kufotokozera mtundu wa ziphuphu zomwe zimakambirana. Pakadali pano, sayansi imadziwa mitundu yopitilira 30 zikwi ya tizilomboti tomwe timakhala ngati tizirombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tamoyo tating'onoting'ono, pomwe akatswiri amati kwenikweni pali osachepera miliyoni.
Komabe, akatswiri olima mbatata amangokhala ndi chidwi ndi iwo omwe amatha kukhala ndi mbatata ndikuwononga mbewu. Ichi ndi nematode wa mbatata wotumbululuka (lat. Pale Globodera),
Golden mbatata nematode (lat. Globodera rostochiensis) ndi tsinde (tuber) nematode (lat. Ditylenchus owononga) Paleato ya mbatata ndi chinthu chomwe chimayikidwira kunja; zambiri zakupezeka kwawo ku Russia sizinalembedwe.
Koma musaiwale kuti pafupifupi madera onsewa amakhala ndi minda ya anthu kapena minda ya alimi ang'onoang'ono (mpaka mahekala 100). Kwa alimi akuluakulu olima Globodera rostochiensis Siziwononga zowopsa; ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tapezeka mu umodzi mwaminda, ndizotheka kupatula malowa kuti tisinthane ndi mbewu popanda kuwononga kwambiri bizinesi.
Choopseza chachikulu ndi tsinde nematode. Kwa mabizinesi akuluakulu azamalimi Ditylenchus owononga lero akukhala vuto nambala 1.
ZOSANGALALA NDI ZOSAVUTA ZABWINO
Tsinde nematode limayambitsa tubers ndi mobisa mbali ya tsinde la mbatata. Pa nthaka, zizindikiro za matendawa sizikuwonetseredwa bwino, choncho, ndizosatheka kudziwa kachilombo ka Ditylenchus "ndi diso". Nthawi yomweyo, zizindikilo zowonongeka kwa ma tubers (malo ofewa ofewa) zimatha kusokonezedwa mosavuta ndi zizindikilo za fungal kapena bacterial rot. Ngakhale akatswiri amalankhula molimba mtima za kukhalapo kwa ditylenchus pokhapokha atawunika mwapadera. Koma palinso zovuta zina pano. Nthawi zambiri, ma tubers owonongeka ndi / kapena zitsanzo za nthaka zimaperekedwa ku labotale. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala milandu pamene nematode amapezeka m'mitundu iyi pansi pa maikulosikopu (monga tanena kale, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya nyongolotsi yaying'ono iyi ndiopitilira 30 zikwi), koma sikuti nthawi zonse timalankhula za ditylenchus wowopsa.
KU MBIRI YA FUNSO
Stem nematode si mlendo watsopano pamayiko aku Russia; tizilombo tidayipidwa kumtunda kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX. Mu nthawi za Soviet, kufalikira kwa tizilombo kumayendetsedwa ndi ntchito zamagulu amisala. Kenako zavutoli ndayiwala kwakanthawi.
Choyamba chimayitanira ku laboratore ya phytoparasitology About ditylench tinayamba kukonza mu 2014-15.
Kupanda chidwi ndi tsinde nematode, yokhoza kuyikaChaka chabwino kuti awononge mpaka 80% ya mbewuyo amafotokozedwa mophweka: kudziwa kukhalapo kwake kumunda sikophweka.
Tsoka ilo, ziyeneretso za ogwira ntchito m'malo antchito osiyanasiyana sizikhala zapamwamba nthawi zonse, ndipo kuwunika konyenga pazinthu izi sikwachilendo.
Kodi mungapewe bwanji zotere? Choyamba, ndiudindo wambiri kuyandikira kusonkhanitsa zinthu kuti zionjezedwe: kuti musabweretse malo okha, komanso kuti mupeze zinyalala za mbewu, magawo a namsongole - ndi kuti tsinde nematode limafuna kukhazikika. Kachiwiri, pakukayikiridwa pang'ono kwa kukhalapo kwa tizilombo, zitsanzo ziyenera kupita nawo kumalo osungira anthu angapo. Mtengo wazofufuzira mulimonsemo sangafanane ndi mtengo wolakwitsa.
DORRIBUTION MALO
Tilibe chidziwitso chokwanira cha kufalikira kwa tizilombo ku Russia. Tsinde la nematode silili m'gulu lazinthu zopumira, chifukwa chake, palibe amene amachita kafukufuku wapakati (monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mbatata yagolide ya mbatata). Kutengera komwe kudafunsidwa ku labotale yathu, nditha kuzindikira kuti ditylenkhoz imapezeka pafupifupi zigawo zonse zapakati mdziko muno. Vuto lalikulu kwambiri ndi madera a Nizhny Novgorod ndi Bryansk.
Ku Urals, milandu ya matendawa imalembedwanso, ngakhale pakadali pano tikulankhula za magawo akutali.
Koma tisaiwale kuti tsinde la nematem ndilovuta kudziwa, ndipo ngati vutoli likupezekabe, sicholowereka kukambirana za icho.
NGATI DZAKUZANI
Nthawi zambiri, chotupa chachikulu cha ditylechomas chimadziwika usiku kapena nthawi yokolola. Nthawi zambiri, atayesa kubzala mu Ogasiti, zonse zinali bwino, patatha milungu iwiri kapena itatu adayamba kuyeretsa, ndipo sipanatsala kanthu kena. Tizilombo timadziwonetsera tokha kwambiri mu nyengo yabwino (ndikwanyowa, nyengo yotentha yopanda kusintha mwadzidzidzi kutentha, dothi lonyowa). Ndipo mfundo ina yofunika iyi: minda yambiri tsopano ikusinthira kuthilira kwanyumba, makamaka ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa mosamala kukhalapo kwa ditylench pamayiko awo.
Kuchuluka kwa zowonongeka pafamu kumatengera kuwonongeka kwa mbewu
Mlimiyo ali ndi ufulu wodziwa zonse zomwe adatha kutolera: mbatata zomwe zidakhudzidwa ndi ditylenchus sizinawonongeke.
Koma popeza mtundu wa zinthu zoterezi watsika kwambiri, mitengo yake iyeneranso kutsitsidwa. Zowonongeka kwambiri zimatengedwa ndi mafakitale owuma.
Mbatata za mbewu zimayenera kusungidwa kangapo musanagulitse. Ndipo, zowona, wopanga ayenera kuchepetsa kwambiri zinthu. M'matumba a mbatata a kalasi la "Elite" (OS; ES; PP-1; SSE; SE; E) kachilombo ka ditylenchosis sikuloledwa, ndipo mu mbewu za kubalanso koyamba komanso kwachiwiri (PC1 ndi PC2) mpaka 0,5% ya tubers omwe ali ndi kachilombo amaloledwa malinga ndi GOST.
Tikuwonanso kuti kupezeka kwa tizilombo sikutanthauza kupatsidwa chilango chilichonse pafamupo. Chowonadi cha matenda (ngakhale kuchuluka kwake sikofunikira) kuyenera kukhala chisonyezo kwa mlimi kuti ntchito pafamu yake siyabwino komanso kuti wina ayenera kusamala posankha omwe amapereka mbewu (nthawi zambiri tsinde nematode limatumizidwa kunja ndi mbewu) ndipo onetsetsani kuti mwayang'ana chilichonse chotumizidwa kuchokera kunja.
Choyambirira kuchita musanagule mbewu ndikuziganizira mofatsa. Ingosambani ndowa ziwiri za mbatata ndikuwunika momwe ma tubers amawonekera, kaya akuwoneka bwanji. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuchita njirayi pasadakhale, pafupifupi mwezi umodzi musanafike.
Mosakayikira pang'ono, zinthuzo ziyenera kutumizidwa kuti zikaunikidwe. Ngakhale ndi ochepa omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka ditylenkhoz, kubzala sikuyenera kuloledwa, kuti musamenyetsere kuyera kwa zaka 5-7, ndikuwongolera vutoli nthawi zonse.
MALANGIZO OTHANDIZA
Kulimbana ndi mtundu uliwonse wa tiziromboti toyambitsa matenda kumafunikira kukulitsa njira zosiyanasiyana, poganizira zomwe zimachitika pafamu iliyonse. Ndipo nthawi zonse mumayenera kuyamba ndikupanga kasinthasintha wazomera. Ndisungitsa malo nthawi yomweyo kuti ndizovuta kwambiri kusankha mndandanda wazikhalidwe zopezeka ndi ditylenchus kuposa matenda a globoderosis. Chowonadi ndi chakuti golide mbatata nematode amadyetsa mbatata zokha. Kuti muchotse, musabzale mbewu iyi m'malo omwe ali ndi kachilombo kwa nthawi yayitali. Sizinangochitika mwangozi kuti tsinde nematode limatchedwa lowononga; limatha kukhala pamitundu pafupifupi 40 yazomera zolimidwa osapitirira zana zakuthengo.
Popeza izi, akatswiri amalimbikitsa kuti poyamba achoke madera omwe ali ndi ditylenchus osakhudzidwa. Pansi pa nthunzi weniweni, mbewu zonse zimatsalira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa tizirombo kumachepa kwambiri. Ditylench sichimakonda mbewu za chimanga; Payokha, ndikofunikira kutchula kugwiritsa ntchito siderates. Pa mndandanda wa mbewuzi, mutha kusankha "ofuna" omwe kuti aphatikizidwe pakusintha kwa mbeu. Mwachitsanzo, titenge mpiru.
Pambuyo pa kununkhira, mbewuyi imawola pansi, kumasula zinthu zomwe zimakhala zovulaza nematode. Koma kuti chomera chikwaniritse ntchito yake, ndikofunikira kuti chimanunkhiza panthawi yomwe ikufotokozedwa bwino, ikafika pamlingo wokwanira. Ambiri amakonda kudikirira kuti mbewu ziwonekere, kenako ndikumatha kuthana ndi masamba obiriwira otsala. Zotsatira zake, opanga zaulimi amakhala ndi chochitika chabwino chokweza kapangidwe ka dothi, koma zilibe kanthu pa nematode, popeza zinthu zonse zogwira ntchito zimalowa m'mbewu.
Polimbana ndi ditylenchus (ndi matenda ena aliwonse a phytopathogens), ukhondo wopanga umafunikanso kwambiri. Ndikofunikira kuchotsa ndikuchotsa dothi lotsalira pazida - pamakina onse omwe amagwira ntchito m'minda ndi m'malo osungira. Ingoganizirani ngati ma tubers angapo a ditylenkhoz apakidwa, titi, patebulopo, ditylench akhazikika paphwando lonse lomwe lidzatsatire pamenepo. Ndipo kupewa kuipitsidwa kwakukulu ndikosavuta - ingotsutsani malowa. Ngakhale osawonjezera zonunkhira, madzi wamba amachotsa 99,9% yamavuto. Ponena za ukhondo, ndikofunikira kulabadira nkhani yovuta kwambiri yotaya zinthu zowola.
Kodi zovomerezeka zimapezeka kuti zimatayidwa nthawi zambiri? Kupita kumphepete pafupi kapena dzenje pomwe pakhondapo. Kuchoka pamenepo, matenda onse ndi tizirombo (kuphatikizapo nematode) otsala pamazerezi timasamutsidwa mosavuta ku mbewu yabwino. Izi zimawonekera kwambiri ngati madzi ochokera mumtsinjewo atuluka kulowa mderalo, pomwe famuyo imatenga madzi othirira.
ZISONKHANO ZOSAVUTA ZABWINO
M'mabuku amakono a kubereketsa ndi makampani ambewu nthawi zonse pamakhala mitundu yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi nematode. Muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti pamenepa tikulankhula za kukana ma golide komanso matuwa amtundu, chifukwa amatsimikiza mwabadwa. Palibe kukana kwa ditylench chifukwa cha majini. Uku ndikowononga.
Ngakhale kulinso kulakwa kunena kuti tizilombo timasamalira mitundu yonse ya mbatata mofanana. Ochita kafukufuku amasiyanitsa osagwirizana (osakhudzidwa kwenikweni, okhala ndi zotupa mpaka 10%) ndi mitundu yovuta kwambiri (makamaka yomwe imakonzedwa).
Koma ndikali koyambirira kwambiri kuti ndipange gulu logwirizana. Sayansi imagwira ntchito pankhaniyi yomwe imawoneka nthawi ndi nthawi makamaka imawulula mbali zochepa za momwe ditylenchiasis imafalira mitundu ina, nyengo zina, ndimatenda enaake. Momwe mitundu imodzimodzi imakhalira, koma pamatenthedwe osiyanasiyana komanso modwala matenda osiyanasiyana, amakhalabe funso.
KUTETA KWA CHEMICAL NDI BIOLOGICAL
Pakadali pano, ndimaticide imodzi yokha yomwe imaloledwa ku Russia - Vidat 5G. M'tsogolomu, payenera kukhala zochulukirapo: pagawo la onse opanga zida zoteteza chomera pali mankhwala otere, ndipo pakadali pano nkhawa zikuyesetsa kuthamangitsa kalembera.
Ponena za zinthu zachilengedwe, m'malingaliro mwanga, sizikugwira ntchito polimbana ndi ditylench, ndipo monga katswiri wa zamoyo sindimakayikira chiyembekezo chawo. Okonzanso ali ndi malingaliro osangalatsa, komabe ndizotheka kuthana ndi matenda a epiphytotic ndi "biology".
Tiyeni tifanizire fanizo: munthu amadwala matenda oopsa omwe ali ndi maantibayotiki, kenako ndikumwa mavitamini kuti asataye chitetezo chonse. Komanso apa: umagwirira ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa matenda omwe angayambitse kuchepa, ndikuti pokhapokha mutha kulumikiza "biology" kuti mukhale nthaka yabwino.
ZIZINDIKIRO
Pakadali pano, ditylenkhoz imatha kutchedwa vuto lalikulu ku Russia, komabe osati tsoka. Ndi kuyesayesa kwinaku, famu iliyonse imatha kuyendetsa tizirombo mutakhala m'nthaka, koma osavulaza mbewu.
Ndipo m'tsogolo. Ndikuganiza kuti, tidzabweranso ku malamulo omwewa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano ku Europe. Ku Holland, mwachitsanzo, minda yonse ya mbewu ndi mabizinesi omwe amapanga mbatata kuti akonzekere amafunika kuyika pamaticides panthaka, ngakhale kuti nematode apezeka m'malo awo. Chifukwa chake, nematode m'magawo ena imakhalapo, koma pamlingo womwe ukhoza kuchepera.
Kumbukirani kuti pomwe vuto lomwe lidawononga mbewu mdziko lonse, kudadzetsa njala, koma adaphunzira kuthana ndi izi mwa kupanga njira yochiritsira. Pazinthu zomwezi zidzachitika mu ditylenchus. Mwina izi sizingachitike posachedwa, koma palibe njira ina.