Mbatata - zomwe mumabzala, mudzakolola. Zomwe muyenera kulabadira mukamakula mkate wachiwiri kuti mupeze zokolola zambiri
Mu 2018, mitundu 28 ya mbatata idabzalidwa m'chigawo cha Vladimir, pomwe voliyumu yayikulu kwambiri inali mitundu monga: Lady Claire (matani 1890,5), Brook (matani 1547), Mwayi (matani 1000), Newton (matani 425), Hermes. (373 matani), Saturn (275 matani), Rosar (249 matani).
Akatswiri a zigawo ndi m'madipatimenti apakati a nthambi ya Rosselkhozcenter m'chigawo cha Vladimir adayang'ana matani 8107,4 a mbewu ya mbatata, pomwe matani 6128,4 (76%) ali ndi mawonekedwe. Poyerekeza, munthawi yomweyi chaka chatha, matani 7135,3 a mbewu zoyesedwa za mbatata adawerengedwa, pomwe 63% yokha idasinthidwa.
The yaikulu kuchuluka kwa zinthu mbewu lili Melenkovsky (2872 matani), Gus-Khrustalny (1485 matani), Murom (1300 matani) zigawo. Nthawi zambiri, derali limapatsidwa mbewu za mbatata ndi 78% ndipo makamaka ndizinthu za 1-2 zobereketsa (PC1-PC2 4648 matani).
Akatswiri a Rosselkhoztsentr amazindikira mtundu wa mbatata pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa tuber, komwe kumaphatikizapo kufufuza ma tubers kuti ali ndi matenda a ma virus ndi mabakiteriya, komanso kukhala amitundu ina.
Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa kusanthula kwa tuber kwa mitundu ya mbatata Lady Claire ndi kuwonongeka kwa tizirombo ...
...ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa mbatata ndi zowola zowuma.
Madzulo a nyengo yatsopano yachilimwe, akatswiri a Vladimir Rosselkhoztsentr amakumbutsa zakufunika kwa kusintha kwa mitundu ndi kukonzanso kwa mbewu.
Kusintha kwamitundu kumafunika ngati simukukhutira ndi zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, zimatha kutengeka ndi matenda, zokolola zochepa komanso mawonekedwe a kukoma, etc. Koma ngati mitunduyo ili yokhutiritsa, ndiye kuti iyenera kusinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi kuti tipewe zizindikiro zoipa zomwe zimawuka ndikudziunjikira panthawi yobereka. Choncho m'zaka zoyambirira za kulima kuti zosiyanasiyana ali pazipita majini kuthekera.
Komabe, vuto la zokolola zochepa likhoza kubwera ngakhale ndi kusankha koyenera kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kubereka. Pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana nthaka kuti muwone ngati pali cysts ya nematode ya mbatata yagolide (lat.Globodera rostochiensis).
M'chigawo cha Vladimir, ma nematode a golide adapezeka m'maboma 12 (Aleksandrovsky, Gus-Khrustalny, Kameshkovsky, Kirzhachsky, Kolchuginsky, Kovrovsky, Melenkovsky, Muromsky, Petushinsky, Sobinsky, Sudogodsky, Vladimir Sudogodsky, Vladimir Sudogodsky). Malinga ndi malamulo a Bwanamkubwa wa Chigawo cha Vladimir, maderawa adakhala kwaokha.
Mbatata globoderosis ndi amodzi mwa matenda oopsa a mbewu yofunikayi. Kunja, zizindikiro za matendawa zimawonetseredwa ndi kuchepa kwa kukula kwa zomera kale kumayambiriro kwa ontogenesis, chikasu chapamwamba ndi kuyanika kwa m'munsi ndi kufota kwa masamba apamwamba, ndi kupindika kwa zimayambira. Mizu ya zomera zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka ndi zofiirira, zazifupi kuposa zachibadwa, ndipo zimakhala ndi mizu yambiri yozungulira. Motero, mbewuyo imavutika ndi kusowa kwa madzi ndi zakudya.
Poyang'ana minda, foci ya globoderosis nthawi zambiri imakhala ngati malo amodzi kapena angapo okhala ndi zomera zachikasu zoponderezedwa. Ndi kulima kwapachaka kwa mitundu ya mbatata yomwe ingatengeke, zaka 5-6 zimadutsa kuyambira chiyambi cha matenda mpaka nthawi yodziwika bwino.
Ndi kuchuluka kwa matenda, zokolola za mbatata zimachepa, mtundu wake umachepa (chiwerengero ndi kuchuluka kwa ma tubers kumachepa). Kuchuluka kwa wowuma ndi kuchuluka kwa vitamini C mu tubers kumachepetsedwa kwambiri. Kuperewera kwa mbewu kuchokera ku globoderosis ya mbatata pafupifupi 10%, potengera kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa kubzala mbatata ndi nematode - kuyambira 30 mpaka 60% kapena kupitilira apo. Zikatero, kuukira kwa nematode kwa mbatata nthawi zambiri kumakulitsidwa ndi zochita za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - mabakiteriya, ma virus, bowa.
Kulimbana ndi nematode ya mbatata kumakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku malo okhala, monga: kukhazikika kochepa kwa globodera (banja la nightshade), kusunga kwa nthawi yaitali (zaka 10-15) kusunga mphamvu ya cysts kusowa kwa chomera chosungira.
Kasinthasintha wa mbeu ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri yothanirana ndi nematode ya mbatata. Pa dothi loipitsidwa, mbatata imakula osaposa zaka 4-5 zilizonse. Ndi bwino kusinthanitsa mbatata ndi mbewu zomwe sizimakhudzidwa ndi mtundu uwu wa nematode (kabichi, clover, zitsamba zosatha, katsabola, letesi, nandolo, nyemba, etc.).
kulima oyambirira mitundu. Pamenepa, kutayika kwa mbewu kumachepetsedwa, chifukwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda alibe nthawi yoti amalize moyo wake ndikubala ana kumayambiriro kokolola. Kulima mitundu ya mbatata yosamva nematode kumatha kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka ndi nematodes ndi 85-90%. (Parasitic nematodes of plants and insects / Ed. M.D. Sonin - M.: Nauka. 2004.)
Pakali pano, pali mitundu pafupifupi 257 yosamva nematode yomwe ili m'chigawo chapakati (chomwe chimaphatikizapo Vladimir Region) (Registry of State of Breeding Achievements Yovomerezedwa Kuti Igwiritsidwe Ntchito). https://reestr.gossort.com/).
Mwa iwo, mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndi: Openwork, Barin, Breeze, Vektar Belarusian, Zophulika, Vineta, Gala, Impala, Labella, Latona, Lady Claire, Manifesto, Meteor, Ragneda, Red Scarlett, Saturn, Skarb, Mwayi, Uladar, ndi zina.
(Wolemba: Potapova Irina - Katswiri Wotsogola wa Dipatimenti ya Mbeu, Katswiri wa Ubale Wapagulu wa nthambi ya Federal State Budgetary Institution Rosselkhozcenter m'chigawo cha Vladimir).
Werengani mokwanira: https://www.agroxxi.ru/zhurnal-agromir-xxi/stati-rastenievodstvo/nazvany-samye-populjarnye-sorta-kartofelja-vo-vladimirskoi-oblasti.html