Kubweza ndalama mubizinesi yaulimi, imodzi mwazinthu zosayembekezereka, zimatengera zinthu zambiri. Koma zoopsa zina zimatha kutheka, mwachitsanzo, mlimi aliyense amatha kuteteza mbewu ku udzu.
Njira yothana ndi udzu yopangidwa mwaukadaulo imatsimikizira mlimi kukolola kwabwino ndikumuteteza kuti asaonongeke. Chinthu chachikulu ndikuchita zinthu mwachangu komanso mwaluso.
Atchule dzina - Legion
Mbatata imabzalidwa m'mizere yotakata, chifukwa chake, kuyambira pomwe imatuluka mpaka mizere itatseka, imakhala ndi mpikisano wocheperako ndi namsongole. Popanda kuchitapo kanthu kuti muchepetse udzu, ndizosatheka kupeza zokolola zogulitsa ma tubers masiku ano.
Malinga ndi mkulu wa dipatimenti yoteteza zomera ku nthambi ya Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" m'chigawo cha Astrakhan. Lyudmila Kostyagina, mitundu ya namsongole pa kubzala mbatata ndi yosiyana siyana ndipo amaimiridwa ndi magulu angapo. Udzu waung'ono umaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwa masika: udzu wa mpendadzuwa, nkhumba zoyera. Pakati pa zomera zakumapeto kwa masika, tikhoza kusiyanitsa udzu wa glaucous bristle ndi udzu wamba wa barnyard. Udzu wosasunthika umayimiridwa ndi mphukira za mizu - munda womangidwa, letesi wa Tartary, nthula yakumunda, komanso rhizomatous - bango wamba.
Wophunzira wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi, Wachiwiri kwa Mutu wa Nthambi ya Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" m'chigawo cha Bryansk Nikolay Rozhnov akuti pafupifupi namsongole onse m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia amapezeka m'derali. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri pano ndi: nthula, chickweed, pickleweed wamba, ndi mapira a nkhuku. Kapangidwe ka namsongole m'minda kamakhala kosasintha, zosintha zazing'ono zimaperekedwa ndi mbewu zam'mbuyomu posintha mbewu.
Alimi a mbatata aku Russia adapanga kale ukadaulo wowononga udzu, mphamvu yake imafikira 98-100%. Koma posachedwapa, alimi akukumana ndi mavuto aakulu pochotsa black nightshade. Chomera ichi, monga mbatata, ndi cha banja la nightshade. Pokhala achibale apamtima, ali ndi kukana kofanana kwa mankhwala ophera udzu ambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, ndizovuta kwambiri kukopa udzu bwino popanda kuwononga mbewu yokha.
Kuphatikiza apo, mbande za nightshade zimawoneka mochedwa kwambiri kuposa namsongole wina, pomwe njira zonse za agrotechnical ndi mankhwala zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kale. Ili ndi mizu yokhazikika, imatha kutalika kwa 1-1,5 metres ndikupikisana ndi mbatata pazakudya komanso kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Osachezeka «aneba"
Malinga ndi wachiwiri kwa mutu wa nthambi ya Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" ku Krasnoyarsk Territory. Elena Vasilyeva, chisonkhezero cha udzu pa mbewu n’choopsa kunyalanyaza. Zomera zosafunikira zimatenga chinyezi ndi michere m'nthaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbatata izipeza zakudya zosakwanira kuti zikule bwino. Ndi udzu wochuluka, zomera zobzalidwa zimatha kuphwanyidwa pa siteji ya mbande, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri photosynthesis ndi mapangidwe awo obiriwira. Zonsezi zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mbewu.
Lyudmila Kostyagina imatsindika kuti namsongole mu mbatata amachepetsa zokolola zake, zotayika zimatha kufika 20-25%. Palinso zotsatira zoipa pa kukula kwa tubers. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa malonda kumatsika, ntchito yokolola pogwiritsa ntchito makina imakhala yovuta kwambiri, ndipo alimi atayika ndalama zambiri.
Kusamalira udzu kulinso kofunika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti pakati pawo pali tizilombo toyambitsa matenda angapo a matenda. Candidate of Biological Sciences, Mtsogoleri wa Dipatimenti ya Mbatata ndi Matenda a Zamasamba a All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology Maria Kuznetsova amanena kuti namsongole ndi nkhokwe za matenda a mafangasi, oomycete, bakiteriya ndi tizilombo etiology. Kulamulira kwa zomera m'minda, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga mbatata, zimathandiza kuti matenda achuluke m'nthaka.
Mwachitsanzo, black nightshade imakhudzidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anthracnose, alternaria, mochedwa choipitsa ndi blackleg ya mbatata. Chikwama cha Shepherd ndi munda wa violet ndi malo osungiramo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a fodya, zomwe zimayambitsa dzimbiri. Ndipo munda bindweed ndi phytoplasma, yowonekera mu mawonekedwe a mbewu zofiira.
Maria Kuznetsova ikuwonetsa kuti namsongole amatha kusintha ma microclimate m'malo obzala mbewu, omwe sakhala ndi mpweya wokwanira chifukwa chakukula. Zotsatira zake, mikhalidwe yabwino imapangidwa kuti izi zitheke mochedwa choipitsa.
"Oyandikana" oopsa a zomera zolimidwa amakhala ngati nkhokwe za tizirombo zomwe zimanyamula matenda ndi mavairasi. Choyamba - nsabwe za m'masamba, leafhoppers. Kufalikira kwa nightshade wakuda, chamomile wopanda fungo, acorn wopindika, dandelion ndi kufalitsa quinoa kumathandizira kukula kwa tsinde nematode, zomwe zimawononga ma tubers.
Zolakwika pachitetezo
Imodzi mwa njira zothandiza kwambiri zochepetsera udzu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Elena Vasilyeva amanena kuti woyenera kusankha yogwira pophika mankhwala, pamodzi ndi kutsatira zikhalidwe ndi mfundo ntchito, kuchepetsa chiwerengero ndi zoipa mmene namsongole pa mbatata.
Malinga ndi Bayer Crop Science CIS Market Development Project Manager Konstantin Onatsky, mankhwala akuluakulu a herbicides omwe amaperekedwa pamsika wa Russia lero akhala akudziwika kwa zaka zoposa 30-40. Mankhwalawa amakhalabe amphamvu akagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera.
Tsoka ilo, si onse omwe amatha kugwira ntchito moyenera: si famu iliyonse yaku Russia yomwe ili ndi katswiri wodziwa bwino za ulimi, ndipo si alimi onse omwe ali ndi maphunziro abwino.
Malinga ndi zomwe mkulu wa dipatimenti yoteteza zomera ku nthambi ya Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" ku Krasnoyarsk Territory. Maria Grishaeva, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu popanda kuganizira za mtundu wa udzu ndi kasinthasintha woganiza wa zinthu zogwira ntchito kumaphatikizapo ndalama "zopanda kanthu" zachuma, ndi zofunika kwambiri.
Ndi zolakwika zina ziti zomwe alimi amalakwitsa poyesa kuletsa udzu paokha? Akatswiri ochokera ku Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" amazindikira zolakwika zingapo zomwe zimachitika. Olima ulimi nthawi zambiri satsatira nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu ndipo amaphwanya malamulo omwe amaperekedwa pokonzekera ndi madzi ogwira ntchito. Palinso omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osaloleka komanso osakaniza matanki osagwirizana. Anthu ambiri saganizira panopa za zomera ndi kuchita mankhwala pa chofooka zomera Mwachitsanzo, amene kuonongeka ndi chisanu.
Konstantin Onatsky amatanthauza zosiyidwa zofala monga kutsika kwa madzimadzi ogwira ntchito panthawi yamankhwala. Malinga ndi katswiriyu, mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu pakamera, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malita 300 amadzi ogwirira ntchito pa hekitala. Izi ndizofunikira kuti mankhwalawa amangirire kunthaka momwe angathere, namsongole amamera mofulumira ndikufa nthawi yomweyo. M'madera otentha kumene chilala ndi chotheka, mutagwiritsa ntchito herbicide, kuthirira ndikofunikira kuti muwongolere zotsatira zake.
Oimira Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" amaona kuti lero m'madera onse a Russia mchitidwe wotsogolera, kuwerengera chiwerengero ndi kudziwa mitundu ya namsongole ndi yofala. Alimi atha kudziwa malipoti oyendera mbewu omwe ali ndi mndandanda wa udzu womwe umapezeka kwambiri. Ngati mulingo wowopsa upitirire, akatswiri amapereka malingaliro kwa opanga zaulimi momwe angachitire ndi mankhwala ophera udzu m'deralo. Chofunika kwambiri n’chakuti alimi azilandira zambiri zokhudza mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso mankhwala ovomerezeka ku Russia. Ndipo izi zimatithandiza kupewa zotsatira zosasinthika kwa wopanga yekha komanso kwa ogula zinthu zake.
"Gold standard"
Kwa waukulu amazizolowera kuchotsa udzu Konstantin Onatsky amatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu woyambirira kutengera metribuzin kapena aclonifen. Kusankha kumatengera ngati mitundu ya mbatata imagonjetsedwa ndi metribuzin/prometrin.
Katswiriyo ananena kuti palinso ophatikizana, kapena pawiri, ntchito regimen, pamene mbali ya mankhwala zochokera metribuzin kutumikiridwa pamaso kumera mu mlingo wa malita 0,6 mpaka 0,9. Chithandizo chotsatira chimapezeka pa mbande za mbatata 5-10 centimita pamwamba pa mlingo wa 0,3-0,5 l/ha. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wowongolera udzu wapachaka wa dicotyledonous ndi chimanga, kupatula udzu wokhazikika komanso black nightshade.
Pa mitundu yomwe siimalimbana ndi metribuzin/prometrin, kukonzekera koyambirira kozikidwa pa aclonifen kumapangitsa kuti zitheke kuchotsa udzu wambiri wa dicotyledonous, kupatula black nightshade. Katswiriyu akuwonetsa kuthetsa vutoli ndi nightshade pogwiritsa ntchito microencapsulated clomazone, yomwe imatha kuwonjezeredwa ku aclonifen ndi metribuzin ngati mankhwala othandizira. Microencapsulated clomazone imathandizira kuwongolera zonse zakuda nightshade ndi udzu. Zinthuzi zimateteza nthawi yayitali ku udzu, pomwe namsongole osatha, monga nthula ndi bindweed, amaletsedwanso. Chofunikira chofunikira: zosakaniza za tanki ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mbatata zisanatuluke.
M'malo omwe chithandizo choyambirira sichinachitike pa mbatata, ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito aclonifen pamlingo wa malita 1-1,5 mu mawonekedwe oyera kuti muchepetse namsongole wa dicotyledonous monga white pigweed, udzu wopindika, knotweed ndi udzu. Pankhaniyi, kutalika kwa mbande kuyenera kukhala kosapitilira 5-10 centimita. Konstantin Onatsky imatsindika kuti aclonifen sayenera kusakanikirana ndi graminicides ndi adjuvants.
Pakakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi namsongole osatha monga nthula, nthula ndi zomangika, katswiriyo amalangiza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangidwa ndi MCPA (10 g/l pa mlingo wa 15-500 l/ha) pa mbande za mbatata 0,6-0,8 cm. Sitiyenera kuiwala kuti mankhwalawa ndizovuta kwambiri kwa mbewu, ndipo zotsatira zake ziyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi mankhwala oletsa kupsinjika maganizo pogwiritsa ntchito amino acid.
Ngati mbatata imabzalidwa m'munda wamsongole kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito makina ovuta omwe nthawi yomweyo amapanga phiri, panthawi ya chithandizo chisanayambike ndikofunikira kuwonjezera zokonzekera zochokera ku glyphosate kapena MCPA ku herbicides zochokera ku clomazone, metribuzin kapena aclonifen. Pamene lokwera aumbike patapita nthawi, mawotchi kuchotsa udzu zikumera sizichitika. Chifukwa chake, masamba amawonekera kale kwambiri.
Konstantin Onatsky amakumbukiranso mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangidwa ndi prosulfocarb kuwonjezera pa metribuzin kapena aclonifen. Prosulfocarb imakupatsani mwayi wowongolera makamaka udzu ndi udzu, komanso udzu.
Nikolay Rozhnov amatcha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangidwa ndi metribuzin poletsa udzu kukhala "golide wokhazikika". Koma amafotokoza za vuto lalikulu la chinthu ichi chogwira ntchito - kuwonongeka kwapang'onopang'ono m'nthaka, komwe kumadzadza ndi zopinga zingapo zofesedwa m'tsogolomu. Izi zitha kupewedwa pokhazikitsa zoletsa pa kasinthasintha wa mbewu, zovomerezeka mpaka miyezi 24. Malinga ndi katswiriyu, m'dera la Bryansk vutoli likuthetsedwa mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala atsopano opangidwa ndi prosulfocarb, omwe alibe zinthu zoterezi.
Njira za agrotechnical
Akatswiri amavomereza kuti kuletsa udzu sikungogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala okha.
Zisa zooneka bwino ndizofunika kwambiri. Nikolay Rozhnov imatsindika kuti kusuntha kwa nthaka mozama panthawiyi, kukwera mobwerezabwereza kwa zomera ndi kulima ndi nsonga pa dothi lamchenga ndi mchenga kungapangitse zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Pa dothi lolemera, mphamvu ya kuwongolera makina nthawi zambiri sikukwanira.
Malinga ndi Lyudmila Kostyagina, Kuchepetsa namsongole m'minda kumatheka chifukwa chotsatira kasinthasintha wa mbewu, komanso kulima kwanthawi yake kwa zomera pamodzi ndi mankhwala. Amaphatikizanso kubzala manyowa obiriwira ngati njira yabwino yochepetsera udzu.
Irina Berg