M’madera ena a m’munda, dothi la pa famu ya Mark Chitley ku North Dakota lili ndi vuto linalake: Mchere umayambitsa zinthu zomwe zimaumitsa nthaka kwa nthawi yaitali, kusuntha kwa madzi pang’onopang’ono, kuletsa mizu kulowa, ndipo pamapeto pake kumachepetsa zokolola. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa "Rings of Death".
Malinga ndi Tom DeSutter, pulofesa wa sayansi ya nthaka ku North Dakota State University (NDSU), mchere umalowa m'nthaka kuchokera ku thanthwe la kholo (kumene nthaka imapangidwira) komanso kuchokera pansi pa nthaka. Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa chigawochi, mchere umapangidwa kuchokera ku shale ndi madzi okwera kuchokera ku Dakota Formation aquifer, pomwe kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa North Dakota amapangidwa makamaka kuchokera ku zinthu za sedimentary.
DeSutter inanena kuti: “Nthaka ikakhala ya sodium wochuluka komanso mchere wochepa kwambiri, tinthu tating’ono tomwe timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timapangana. “M'chilengedwe, pakapita nthawi, tinthu tating'ono tadongo timayenda pansi pa nthaka ndikupanga nsonga zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuti mizu ya zomera ilowe. Choncho nthakayo siibala zipatso.”
Pofuna kuthana ndi mavutowa, Cheatley adagwirizana ndi NDSU Extension kuti abwezeretse dothi pogwiritsa ntchito flue gas desulfurization gypsum, chinthu chopangidwa ndi malasha. Chitley anati: “Vutoli likukulirakulira, ndipo ndikuyembekezera mwachidwi kuona gypsum ikusinthiratu mchitidwewu.
Gypsum ndi mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera kumafakitale opangira malasha kumadzulo kwa North Dakota. Akalowetsedwa m’nthaka, zinthu zingapo zimachitika mmene kashiamu “amagwirira ntchito ngati mlatho pakati pa tinthu tating’onoting’ono tanthaka ndi kulimbikitsa kusonkhanitsa mankhwala,” akufotokoza motero Naeem Kalvar, katswiri wa nthaka wa NDSU Extension, amene amathandiza Cheatley kubwezeretsa dothi lovuta. "Izi zimapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale yabwino, kukhazikika kwa nthaka komanso kulowa m'madzi."
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa gypsum - pamodzi ndi machitidwe ena ochiritsa nthaka monga mbewu zophimba, zomwe Chitley adzayesa kwa nthawi yoyamba chaka chino - ndi cholinga cholimbana ndi solonets, matope amchere ndi dothi la saline, komanso kupititsa patsogolo thanzi la nthaka.
Izi zitha kupulumutsa alimi amderali mamiliyoni a madola, adatero Kalvar, makamaka muzokolola zomwe zili pachiwopsezo kwambiri monga soya, chimanga, tirigu wamasika ndi canola. Zitenga zaka zambiri kuti Chitley ndi anansi ake aone ubwino wa mankhwala ndi njira zomwe akuyambitsa.
Pa famu ya Chitley, Kalvar analimbikitsa kuti azipaka matani 7 mpaka 10 a gypsum pa ekala. Chitley adagula chosindikizira cha Chandler kuti azigwiritsa ntchito m'malo amchere ndikugula gypsum pafupifupi $4 toni kuchokera kufakitale ku Stanton, North Dakota. Mankhwalawa ali ndi "kusasinthika kwa ufa wonyowa ndipo samafalikira bwino kuchokera ku zipangizo wamba feteleza," akutero Chitley.
Palinso njira zina zofewetsa dothi lamchere. Mwazimenezi, kubzala udzu wosatha m'madera omwe mbewu zapachaka sizimamera. Alimi atha kupulumutsa pakati pa $82 ndi $187 pa ekala, adatero Kalvar. Ngakhale alimi amayenera kulipira udzu woyambirira m'chaka choyamba, amamera okha m'nyengo zotsatila.
"Popereka chivundikiro chabwino cha zomera, udzu wosasunthika umachepetsa kutuluka kwa nthunzi, pamene mizu yokulirapo imathandizira kuchepetsa madzi ndi kuchepetsa kukula kwa capillary," anatero Kalvar. “Alimi amatha kudula udzu kapena kudyetsa udzuwu ndipo atha kupeza ndalama, osati kungotaya ndalama pa maekala omwe akuvutika. Udzuwu ukadulidwa pa nthawi yoyenera, umatulutsa udzu wabwino.”
Pakadali pano, Chitley samabzala udzu osatha. Amayang'ana kwambiri kuwunika ubwino wa gypsum ndi mbewu zophimba pamene akupitiriza kukonza nthaka yamunda wake.