Mbatata yodzikongoletsera bwanji idakhala chinthu chachinayi cha chitetezo cha chakudya ku China
Nditayikira kuthekera konse kwa mbatata, China pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi yachulukitsa kwambiri ntchito yopanga mbewuyi ndipo yakhala yabala wamkulu kwambiri wa mbatata padziko lapansi.
Kalelo mu 2015, Chinese Academy of Science Science idavomereza kuti akuluakulu azigwiritsa ntchito njira yotukula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mbatata ngati chakudya chosakhalitsa kuti dziko likagonjetse chakudya. Mu 2016, boma la China lidatulutsa "Maupangiri Akuthandizira Kukula kwa Mbatata". Pambuyo pake, zigawo ndi mizinda idakhazikitsanso mfundo zoyenera kukonza ndikupanga mbatata.
Otsutsa amafesowo anali ndi ntchito yokhazikitsa mbatata ngati chakudya chosavuta ndi achi China mwanjira iliyonse.
Malinga ndi zokonda za makasitomala aku China, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinthu zabwino za mbatata yapangidwa, kuphatikiza mkate wowotcha wa mbatata, Zakudyazi wa mbatata ndi ufa. Zinthu zopitilira 200 za mbatata, monga ma frie owuma a French, tchipisi za mbatata, ma pie a mbatata, zodyera mbatata, zamkati zamatumbo ndi zinthu zina zilizonse zobwera, zidabwera pamsika.
Izi zinathandizira kufunafuna mbatata zosaphika. Chifukwa chake mbatata ku China zidakhala chakudya chachinayi, pamodzi ndi mpunga, tirigu ndi chimanga, kale sizinali gawo lalikulu lazakudya zaku China.
Kuyambira 2007 mpaka 2016, kuchuluka kwa mbatata zatsopano ku China kudakwera kuchokera pa 30 kg mpaka 52 kg, kumawonjezeka ndi 5,6% pachaka, ndipo padakali mwayi wopitilira msika wina mtsogolo.
Kuyambira 2007 mpaka 2016, dera lomwe linali pansi pa mbatata ku PRC lidakwera kuchoka pa mahekitala 4,5 miliyoni kufika mahekitala 5,6 miliyoni, ndipo kukula pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kukuwonekeranso mtsogolo.
Munthawi imeneyi, mbewu ya mbatata idakula kuchoka pa matani 65 miliyoni kufika matani miliyoni miliyoni.
Zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano ndizodabwitsa kwambiri, popeza kuti kupanga mbatata ku China kunali kosakwana matani 10 miliyoni posachedwapa mu 1986.
Mbewu pachilichonse chawonjezeka kuchokera pa matani 15 / ha mpaka 17 matani / ha kuchokera 2007 mpaka 2016.
Komabe, zokolola zomwe zapezedwa ndizochepa poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa dziko lonse lapansi (matani 20 / ha), komanso kutsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mayiko otukuka (matani 40 / ha), monga Netherlands, France, USA ndi New Zealand.
Chifukwa chake, pali kuthekera kokulira kwakukulu kwa zokolola za mbatata, ndipo asayansi akuyesetsa kuchita izi.
Madera ofesedwa mbatata amakhala okhazikika ku China, pomwe 49% ya malo omwe amafesedwa ku Northern China, pomwe mbewu imodzi imakololedwa pachaka.
39% ali kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China, komwe kuyeretsa kamodzi ndi kawiri kumapezeka.
5% imagwera ku Central China, pomwe mbewu ziwiri makamaka zimakololedwa.
Pomaliza, mbatata 7% amabzala kumwera kwa China, kuphatikiza Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan ndi Taiwan, komwe amakolola mbewu ziwiri.
Kukula kwakanthawi komanso kusinthasintha kwa mbatata kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kumadera osiyanasiyana ndi nyengo ku China, kukulolani kuti mupange zokolola zatsopano chaka chonse.
Pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, mbatata zimatha kukulitsa madera obzala ndi zokolola ku China kuposa mpunga, tirigu kapena chimanga.
M'mikhalidwe yomwe ilipo, pakanthawi kochepa, munthu angayembekezere kuchuluka kwa mbatata kuchokera pa matani 17 / ha mpaka 22 matani / ha ndi kuwonjezeka kwa malo omwe afesedwa kuchokera pa mahekitala 5,6 miliyoni mpaka ha 8,0 miliyoni. Malinga ndi ofufuza, kukula kwachulukidwe pakupanga mbatata kudzathandiza kulipirira kulephera kwa mbewu kubisa zonse zofunika pa chakudya cha anthu, poganizira zolinga zapadzikoli.
Ubwino wabwinobwino wa mbatata, kuphatikiza chisanu, kuletsa chilala, kusinthasintha kwachilengedwe komanso zokolola zambiri, zitha kupulumutsa zinthu zofunikira ndikuti zisokonezedwe pakupanga mbewu yayitali.
Mbatata monga chofunikira pakukula kwa madera osauka
Cholinga china chakukulira kwa mbatata ndi chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kwamphamvu pothana ndi umphawi.
Ku China, madera osauka amakhala makamaka m'mapiri, momwe nyengo yankhalwe imakhalapo, komanso zomangamanga sizokwanira. Kukula mbatata kumathandiza kupatsa anthu zakudya zopatsa thanzi zofunika.
Mwambiri, zoposa 70% ya malo onse obzala mbatata amagawidwa kumadera osauka a China.
Kwazaka khumi zapitazi, boma lidayang'ana kwambiri polimbana ndi umphawi, makamaka kudzera mu chitukuko cha malonda a mbatata m'maderawa. Izi siziyenera kungopereka chakudya kwa anthu okhala mmalo mwake, komanso zimapatsanso mwayi kuwonjezera chuma cha mabanja ambiri ang'onoang'ono okhala m'malo osauka komwe kumakhala kopindulitsa kwambiri kukulitsa mbatata kuposa mpunga, tirigu, soya, kapena chimanga.
Zaumoyo komanso zopatsa thanzi
Asayansi ati mbatata zimapereka chakudya chovuta kupeza kuti chikwaniritse mphamvu zamagetsi ndipo zimakhala ndi mavitamini, michere ndi ma phytonutrients ambiri. Kuphatikizikako ndikotchuka kwambiri ndi makasitomala aku China, omwe zakudya zopatsa thanzi zimakhala m'fasho.
Ndi chiwonjezeko chachuma ku China, anthu ochulukirachulukira ali ndi chidwi ndi ubale wapakati pa zakudya ndi thanzi.
Mwachitsanzo, phindu la zakudya zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo buluwheat, nyemba, ndi mapira, tsopano ndizovomerezeka ku China. Nkhani yokhudza kudya moyenera imaphimbidwa nthawi zonse m'manyuzipepala, ndipo chifukwa cha intaneti, chidziwitso chikuwonjezedwa.
Maphikidwe a Zakudya zaku China okhala ndi mbatata amasiyana ndi omwe nthawi zambiri amavomerezedwa ku Europe ndi USA, pomwe mbatata nthawi zambiri zimaphikidwa mu batala kapena kudyedwa ndi nyama yokazinga, yomwe imasiyana ndi mtundu wa Chinese wokudya. Sizovomerezeka kudya mbatata mu batala ku China.
Kodi China chikufunikiranji pakupitiliza makampani a mbatata
Zomwe zimalepheretsa kupanga mbatata ku China ndikuti pali mitundu yochepa yokha yosinthidwa, pomwe pakufunika zina zambiri pakupanga mderalo.
Chifukwa chake, kuyesayesa kowonjezereka kukufunika kugwiritsa ntchito chuma cha germplasm kuti mupeze mitundu yatsopano ya PRC.
Mbatata zopanda ma virus ndizovuta zina, chifukwa ndizokwera mtengo ku China. Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa kupanga mbewu zosinthika, zoyambira komanso zamalonda, kuphatikiza kuyambitsa kudziwika koyenera kwa ma virus ndi machitidwe oyendetsera khalidwe.
Pomaliza, chitukuko cha bizinesi yapa mbatata yaku China ndiyofunikira. Pakadali pano, mapurosesa am'deralo amangokhala 5-10% ya mbatata, pomwe ku United States zopitilira 70% ya mbatata zimakonzedwa.
Kafukufuku wowonjezera ndikukula kwa zomangamanga ndikofunikira kuti mayendedwe ndi kusungidwa kwa mbatata, zomwe sizovuta kusunga kapena kunyamula, mwanjira chifukwa chamadzi ambiri. Mbatata zatsopano zimamera mosavuta, ndipo mtundu wawo umatha kuwonongeka ukamayenda mtunda wautali. Mukamayendetsedwa mu mawonekedwe achisanu kapena mu mawonekedwe a wowuma, mtengo umakwera kwambiri.
M'mbuyomu, njira zoyendetsera ntchito za boma zaboma zidayang'ana kwambiri mpunga, tirigu ndi mbewu zina, koma sizinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni kumaphika.
M'tsogolomu, boma la PRC liperekanso thandizo lofanana la mbatata ndi mbewu.
(Source: link.springer.com. Olemba: Wang Su, Jian Wang).
Werengani mokwanira: https://www.agroxxi.ru/stati/kartofelnyi-kitai-istorija-uspeha-kultury-v-otdelno-vzjatoi-strane.html