Kwa alimi a mbatata, 2019 yakhala chaka chosakanikirana. Opanga ambiri nyengo ino aganiza zoyamba kulima mbatata kuti azikonza, ndipo izi zimabweretsa zovuta kwa obereketsa ndi akatswiri azachuma komanso kupititsa patsogolo msika. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kusintha kwatsopano kwa miyezo ya boma, malinga ndi akatswiri, kuyika chitukuko cha mafakitale kukayikira.
Olemba magazini "Agrotechnics ndi matekinoloje".
Mu 2018, mgwirizano waukulu wa GK "Belaya Dacha» ndi Mwanawankhosa Weston / Meijer (mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse pakupanga zinthu za mbatata) - fakitale yopanga ma fries aku France. Bizinesiyi sinafikebe pamlingo wake wonse, koma, malinga ndi akatswiri amsika, kuchuluka kwa zotulutsa zaku France ku Russia zatsika kale. Kuphatikiza apo, Fries yaku France yochokera ku Lipetsk imapangidwanso kuti itumizidwe ku Israel, Europe ndi mayiko aku Africa.
Russian chips ndi fries fries
"Tikuyembekeza kuti mu theka lachiwiri la 2019 chomera chofananacho m'chigawo cha Moscow chidzagwira ntchito mokwanira - kampaniyo "Agrico"- yokhala ndi mphamvu zopangira matani pafupifupi 70 zazinthu zopangira," akutero Alexei Krasilnikov, Executive Director wa Potato Union. "Ogulitsa ndalama aku Russia alinso ndi mapulani opangira malo ovuta ku Tyumen pamaziko a Agrofirma"KRIMM"Kuthekera kwa matani 30 a mbatata ndi masamba. Sitikuwona ntchito zina zazikulu kumbali iyi, ngakhale mu 2019 ikukonzekera kuyamba kumanga nthambi ya zomera zopangira tchipisi m'chigawo cha Siberia, koma iyi ndi ntchito chabe. "
Ndi kukula kwa kaphatikizidwe ka mbatata zapakhomo, zomwe zimapangidwira mabizinesi azakudya mwachangu, ndizomveka kuganiza kuti chiwongola dzanja cha opanga mitundu yatsopano yopangidwa ndi cholinga ichi chikuwonjezeka. Pakadali pano, mwatsoka, opanga aku Russia, ngakhale amalima okha mbatata yotere, amagwira ntchito ndi kusankha kwakunja - palibe mitundu yakunyumba yoyenera kupanga tchipisi kapena fries zaku France.
Alexey Krasilnikov anati: “Tidakali ndi chiyembekezo chochepa pankhani yoweta mitundu ya mbatata ya ku France ndi tchipisi ta mbatata, ngakhale kuti iyenera kukhalapo,” akutero Alexey Krasilnikov, “chifukwa pali pulogalamu yoyeserera yopititsa patsogolo ntchito yoweta mbatata ndi kupanga mbewu, yomwe imayenera kukhalapo. pafupifupi ma ruble 11 aperekedwa kuchokera ku bajeti ya federal yokha Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, ndalamazi zabweretsedwa kale kwa ochita masewerawa. Pali anthu pafupifupi 24 omwe akutenga nawo mbali mu pulogalamuyi. Malinga ndi pulogalamuyi, akuganiza kuti pofika chaka cha 2025, obereketsa aku Russia azitulutsa mitundu yosachepera 12 yakunyumba yomwe ili yotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mitundu yosankhidwa yakunja. Ndipo ngakhale tidaumirira kuti mitundu yopangira mafakitale iyenera kubzalidwa padera mkati mwa zizindikiro izi, mwatsoka, sanatimve. Chifukwa chake, munthu angoyerekeza zomwe oweta athu azipereka pofika 2025. ”
Masiku ano, kusankha kumachitika motsatira njira yomwe wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amapangira, akutero Anna Khrabrova, woyang'anira zamalonda wa kampaniyo. HZPC Sadokas (kuswana mbatata ndi kupanga mbewu). "Msika wa mbatata wagawika: mwachitsanzo, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yochapira, padera yokonza, ndipo palinso madera angapo pano, kuphatikiza zokazinga zaku France, mbatata za tchipisi ndi mbatata zopangira wowuma wapamwamba kwambiri. Payokha gawirani mitundu pamsika wachikhalidwe. Chilichonse cha magawo awa mkati mwawokha chimagawidwanso mu magawo. Chifukwa chake, poganizira zofuna za wogula womaliza wa chinthucho, kutengera mawonekedwe ake ndi zosowa zake, kusankha kukukula. ” Mwachitsanzo, kwa zokazinga za ku France, mitundu yokhala ndi thupi lachikasu lotuwa, mawonekedwe a tuber yayitali komanso zokhazikika zamashuga ochepetsedwa panthawi yonse yosungira ndizofunikira, katswiriyo akuwonjezera.
Pa pempho la wogula
Masiku ano, ogula samangoganizira za kukoma kwake, komanso maonekedwe a mbatata, popeza malonda pa maalumali "amasankhidwa ndi maso," Anna Khrabrova analemba. Chifukwa chake, obereketsa amayang'anizana ndi ntchito yowonjezera - kupanga malondawo kuti awoneke bwino. Mitundu yomwe idabzalidwa zaka 20-25 zapitazo, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi maso akuya, ndipo palibe kukayikira kowala kwa peel. “Masiku ano, chofunika kwambiri ndicho kukopa kwa chinthucho,” akutero katswiriyo. - Ndipo chofunikira chachiwiri, chofunikira kwa wopanga, ndi kukolola kwakukulu. Chifukwa chake, kwa makasitomala athu, omwe amapanga mbatata yoyambirira, chizindikiro chofunikira kwambiri ndi zokolola zambiri ndi nthawi yakucha koyambirira. Magawo awa (mawonekedwe, zokolola, nthawi yakucha) adzakhalapo muzosiyanasiyana pokhapokha ngati woweta akuyang'ana pa iwo, posankha mafomu a makolo omwe ali ndi magawo oyambira ofunikira. Sindinganene kuti msika wa mbatata ndiwosunga, ndi msika wamitundu ya analogue. Alimi ndi ofunitsitsa komanso ofunitsitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yatsopano, koma amafunikira mtundu watsopanowo kuti ukhale wowongoleredwa bwino wa mitundu yomwe ikulimbikitsidwa. ” Mafamu otsogola omwe amagwira ntchito paukadaulo wozama amachita zonse zomwe angathe kuti achepetse mtengo wazinthu popanda kutaya khalidwe. Izi zitha kutheka pokulitsa zokolola zamtundu uliwonse. Mitundu yowetedwa kale inali ndi malangizo ena. Mwachitsanzo, iwo ankaganizira kwambiri za kukhalapo kwa kukana matenda, popeza panthawi yomwe adalengedwa kunalibe njira yamphamvu yotetezera zomera monga momwe zilili pano, woyang'anira malonda amakopa chidwi. HZPC Sadokas.
Chinsinsi chake ndiukadaulo
Mtundu uliwonse umafunikira kutsata ukadaulo wina wopangira. "Mwachitsanzo, mzere wathu wazinthu umaphatikizapo mbatata zosiyanasiyana, zomwe lero ndi imodzi mwa atsogoleri ogulitsa," akutero Anna Khrabrova. - Tsopano msika ukudziwa za makhalidwe ake, ndipo amadzigulitsa yekha, koma sanakhale choncho nthawi yomweyo. Ntchito ina yachitidwa ndi alimi. Kwa ambiri, zinali zatsopano kuti mitundu iyi ibzalidwe mozama 2 cm kuposa momwe ukadaulo wamba umaperekera. Ndipo masentimita awa amapatsa tuber malo owonjezera kuti apange ma stolons, omwe amakupatsani mwayi wozindikira kuthekera kwakukulu. Chitsanzo china ndi mitundu yokhala ndi apical dominance (kukula kwa apical bud ya tuber, komwe kumakula mwachangu ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa masamba ofananira nawo), katswiri akupitiliza. Pali mitundu yochepa yotere, koma ilipo, ndipo pakati pawo pali mitundu yotchuka kwambiri. Mtundu woterewu wamitundumitundu uyenera kuganiziridwa kuti musankhe ukadaulo woyenera wokonzekera kubzala. Ndikoyenera kuthyola mphukira ya apical munthawi yake, zomwe zidzatheketsa kuti masamba am'mbali adzuke. Ngati tikuganiza kuti tsinde lililonse limapanga ma tubers 3, ndiye kuti masamu a ndondomekoyi ndi odziwikiratu. M'malo mwa tsinde limodzi la apical, mbewuyo imapanga mphukira 3-4, iliyonse yomwe imayika ma tubers atatu. Kudziwa nuances kukula zosiyanasiyana kumabweretsa zoonekeratu phindu zachuma.
Olima mbatata ku Vologda Oblast amadziwira okha momwe ukadaulo wolima woyenera ungakwezere bizinesi yaulimi kuchokera ku mabwinja. Panali pano, pamalo a bizinesi yayikulu yaulimi yomwe idagwa mzaka za makumi asanu ndi anayi, pomwe minda yamakono yambatata idapangidwa.
"Akatswiri aku Finland adachita masemina okhudzana ndi kulima mbatata," akukumbukira motero Vasily Solovyov, wamkulu wa famu ya anthu wamba (dera la Vologda), "omwe adaitanidwa ndi District Administration. Iwo analankhula za ulimi woyenera ndi kulima mbatata luso. Kenako panali chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa ntchitoyi. Ndiye panali nkhokwe zomwe mungayang'ane ndikupeza zomwe muyenera kuyang'ana. Izi zisanachitike, tinali ndi zosungira mu milu. Tinasonyezedwa momwe tingakhazikitsire ndondomeko yopangira, katswiri wina wa ku Finland anabwera ku famuyo ndipo analamulira kwathunthu kulima mbatata kwa zaka zingapo zoyambirira za ntchito yathu. Mawerengedwe njira, anaphunzitsidwa kukonzekera zokolola. Malinga ndi ziwerengerozo, adawerengera zomwe zokolola zowonjezera zidzakhala. Zinandidabwitsa pamenepo. Kukankhako kunali kwamphamvu kwambiri. Apa ndi pamene zonse zinayambira."
Tsopano Vasily Solovyov amagwira ntchito yolima mbatata yobereka kwambiri, kuyambira ndi ma tubers ang'onoang'ono mpaka kubereka koyamba. Dera lobzalidwa mbewu za mbatata limatenga mahekitala oposa 150. Mlimiyo anati: “Antchito 5 okhazikika akugwira nawo ntchito yolima. "Ndiko kuti, anthu ochepa okha mothandizidwa ndi ukadaulo wamakono amapanga mbatata yopitilira XNUMX." Mbatata zimagulitsidwa kumadera ambiri ku Russia - kuchokera kudera la Vologda kupita ku Astrakhan. Pazonse, famuyo imamera mitundu yoposa khumi ndi isanu ya mbatata, mutu wa gawo laulimi wamba. Famuyo ikuphatikizidwa mu kapangidwe ka mbewu zoyambira ku Vologda Oblast, kugulitsa mbewu za kubala kwambiri ndiye gwero lalikulu la ndalama zake.
Mafamu ena angapo akugwira ntchito yolima mbewu za mbatata zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe kale zinali zaulimi. Onsewa ndi gawo la Ustyuzhensky Potato Cooperative, motsogozedwa ndi Vasily Solovyov.
Mulingo wosalembedwa
Pakadali pano, ndi zabwino zonse zakunja zomwe zikuchitika ndikukula kwa msika wa mbewu za mbatata ndikutsitsimutsidwa kwa mbewu zapakhomo, akatswiri amawunika momveka bwino malamulo atsopano omwe adakhazikitsidwa mderali. Pa Januware 1, 2018, GOST 33996-2016 yatsopano ya mbatata yoberekera mbewu idayamba kugwira ntchito, zomwe zimapereka mpumulo ku matenda a mbatata ndipo zimathandizira pang'ono kufalikira kwawo ku Russia.
"Magulu akuluakulu a mbatata omwe amalimidwa ndi alimi ndi osankhika (ES) ndi zoberekera (RP), makamaka zobereketsa 1 kapena 2, zomwe GOST yatsopano imayika zofunikira "zofewa," akutero Alexander Hyutti, wamkulu wa gawo la mbatata. matenda a labotale a chitetezo chamthupi ku matenda a VIZR. Ananenanso kuti magulu awa (EC, FP1 ndi FP2) amatsogolera potengera malo obzala komanso kugula mbatata, makamaka kuchokera kunja. Chotsatira ndichofunika kwambiri, chifukwa "kuyera" kwa mbewu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja komanso kusakhalapo kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tokhala kwaokha komanso osakhala kwaokha ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha kulima mbatata komanso chinsinsi cha kulima bwino ndikupeza zokolola zambiri za mbatata, Katswiri watsimikiza.
Mfundo yofunikira: mbatata ndiye mbewu yokhayo yomwe kutayika kwa zokolola kuchokera ku matenda a "fungal" kumatha kukhala theka la zomwe zingatheke, ngakhale atagwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera, Alexander Hutti akupitiliza. Kuphatikiza apo, zokololazo nthawi zonse zimakhala "zoyera" kapena zokhala ndi zizindikiro zofooka za matenda ena. Komanso, GOST yatsopano sichiganizira gawo la chiyambi cha matenda opatsirana, otchedwa kapena otchulidwa ngati mawonekedwe a "latent". Kuopsa kwa mawonekedwe "obisika" oterowo akuwonekeratu m'dzina lake: ngati palibe zizindikiro zowoneka bwino za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mbatata yomwe yakhudzidwa ndi "bomba" yochedwa, yomwe mtsogolomo idzatsogolera kudzikundikira. za matenda ndi kuwonongeka kwa mbewu ku digiri imodzi kapena imzake, katswiriyo akuchenjeza.
Malinga ndi oimira Potato Union, zosagwirizana zambiri masiku ano zimachitika chifukwa chakuti GOST yatsopano ndi yapadziko lonse lapansi - idapangidwa kudera lonse la mayiko a Eurasian Economic Union. "Chaka chino, All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming. A. G. Lorkha, yemwe anali m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa GOST, adalengeza kuti akufuna kupititsa patsogolo GOST ya mbeu ya mbatata - Alexey Krasilnikov anati. - Mwa njira, muyezo uwu unakambidwa kwambiri, ndipo tidatenga njira yoyenera kwambiri pakukhazikitsidwa kwake. Inde, tinakakamizika kuti tisamangitse zofunikira pamlingo wa matenda, chifukwa, apo ayi, makampani ambiri ambewu sakanatha kuwakwaniritsa. Tidzangotsala opanda mbewu za mbatata. Ndiko kuti, idzakhalapo, inde, koma sichidzakwaniritsa zofunikira, "akufotokoza mwachidule.
Alexander Hutti, Mtsogoleri wa Potato Diseases Sector of the Laboratory of Plant Immunity to Diseases ya All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection "Pazaka khumi zapitazi, makamaka zaka zingapo zapitazi, zizindikiro za kuwonetseredwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a fungal matenda a mbatata zakhala zikuchitika. zasintha kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, causative wothandizira wakuda nkhanambo (bowa Rhizoctonia solani JG Kuhn) kapena, monga momwe amatchulidwira, rhizoctoniosis imapezeka kwambiri pa tubers mu mawonekedwe a zilonda zozungulira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuchokera kumodzi kupita ku zambiri, zobalalika mozungulira pamwamba pa tuber. Zilonda zoterezi zimatha kusokonezedwa mosavuta ndi chiwonetsero cha matenda oopsa ngati nkhanambo. Kuphatikiza pa zilonda zenizeni zozungulira, matendawa amawonekera mu mawonekedwe a necrosis, ming'alu, mauna a sclerotial, kuwola kwa maso ndi mphodza, komanso mocheperapo ngati mawonekedwe a black sclerotia odziwika bwino, pomwe GOST yatsopano imakhala yochepa. imangoyang'ana pa kuzindikira sclerotia yomwe tatchulayi, ndipo tuber sayenera kuphimbidwa nawo. Kupanda kutero, ndi kuwonongeka kochepa, tuber yotereyi imatengedwa kuti ndi yathanzi ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mbewu mugulu lofananira la kubalana. Kuonjezera apo, n'zosadabwitsa kuti palibe chidziwitso chakuti kukula kwa sclerotia ndikofunika kwambiri pokhudzana ndi matenda opatsirana komanso kuvulaza, chifukwa chachikulu cha sclerotia, chimakhala chovulaza kwambiri. Ndipo sclerotia yaying'ono nthawi zambiri imatsogolera kukhalapo kwa saprophytic popanda kuvulaza tuber, ndipo mwachitsanzo, kukhalapo kwa ma sclerotia angapo ndikowopsa kwambiri: kumavulaza kwambiri kuposa ang'onoang'ono ambiri.
Tikumbukenso kuti matenda a mafangasi, GOST latsopano ndi mbali imodzi, chifukwa pazifukwa zina zimatengera chizindikiro chimodzi chokha chizindikiro cha matenda. Monga lamulo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kusiyana kokha ndiko kuti matenda amodzi ndi omwe amayambitsa matendawa, ndipo ena onse amalumikizana pambuyo pake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzindikira kapena kutsogolera kutanthauzira kolakwika. tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chifukwa cha kusawona bwino. Pachifukwa ichi, chizindikiritso cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda popanda kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane za zovuta zonse za pathogenic zikhoza kukhala ntchito yolakwika ya gulu lobala. Ndizosangalatsa kuti mu GOST yatsopano, pamene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tambiri tapezeka pa tuber, imodzi yokha imasankhidwa pamndandanda wa dongosolo lomwe lakonzedwa, ndipo zina zonse sizimaganiziridwa nkomwe, zomwe zimawoneka zachilendo. Chitsanzo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anthracnose ndi mwendo wakuda, phomosis, fusarium ndi alternariosis, zomwe zimatha kuchitika pa tuber nthawi yomweyo ndikukhala ngati matenda olakwika.
Source: https://www.agroinvestor.ru