Sergey Banadysev, Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi,
LLC "Doka - Gene Technologies"
Nyengo ino, pali zizindikiro kuchokera kwa ogula za kukoma kowawa kwa mbatata popanda kubiriwira kwa tubers. Chifukwa chowawa mu kukoma ndi zomwe zili mu glycoalkaloids pa 14 mg/100 g.
Glycoalkaloids (GCAs) ndizochitika mwachilengedwe, zolawa zowawa, zosagwirizana ndi kutentha m'mitundu yambiri ya zomera, kuphatikiza mbatata. Iwo ali ndi fungicidal ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndipo ndi imodzi mwa chitetezo chachilengedwe cha zomera.
Tsopano zatsimikiziridwa kuti glycoalkaloids ya mbatata m'magulu achire imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zopindulitsa pa thanzi la munthu: antitumor, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, etc. Technologies zogulitsa zinthu izi panthawi yopanga mbatata zikupangidwa, koma izi ndi mutu wosiyana wofalitsidwa, ndipo cholinga chake ndichidule pansipa. fotokozani zomwe mungachite kuti mupewe kudzikundikira kwambiri kwa glycoalkaloids mu mbatata ware.
Waukulu HCAs zili mbatata tubers ndi α-solanine ndi α-chaconine (mkuyu. 1), amene nkhani pafupifupi 95% ya okwana zili glycoalkaloids mu zomera mitundu.
Solanine ndi chaconine ndi nayitrogeni wokhala ndi steroidal alkaloids omwe amanyamula aglycone yemweyo, solanidine, koma amasiyana mu unyolo wam'mbali wa tri-saccharide. Trisaccharide mu α-solanine ndi galactose, shuga ndi rhamnose, pamene α-chaconine ndi shuga ndi zotsalira ziwiri.
rhamnose. Mbatata wamba imakhala ndi 10-150 mg/kg ya glycoalkaloids, pomwe yobiriwira imakhala ndi 250-280 mg/kg, ndipo peel yobiriwira imakhala ndi 1500-2200 mg/kg. Zomwe zili mu glycoalkaloids muzambiri za mbatata ndizochepa, komanso
kugawa mkati mwa tuber si yunifolomu. Miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri imangokhala ndi peel, pomwe otsika kwambiri amapezeka pakatikati. HCA nthawi zonse imapezeka mu tubers, ndipo pa mlingo mpaka 100mg/kg amaphatikiza kuti athandizire kukoma kwa mbatata.
Fries zaku France ndi tchipisi ta mbatata nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi milingo ya HCA ya 0,04-0,8 ndi 2,3-18 mg/100 g yazinthu, motsatana. Mankhwala a peel ali olemera mu glycoalkaloids (56,7-145 ndi 9,5-72 mg/100 g wa mankhwala, motero). Kupanga zinthu za mbatata kumaphatikizapo kuchapa, kusenda, kudula, blanching, kuyanika ndi kuyanika. The waukulu kuchuluka kwa glycoalkaloids amachotsedwa pa kuyeretsa, blanching ndi Frying, ndi okonzeka kudya fries fries muli kokha 3-8% glycoalkaloids poyerekeza yaiwisi, ndi chiwonongeko chachikulu cha HCA zikuchitika pa Frying. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti peeling nthawi zambiri imachotsa ma glycoalkaloids ambiri m'machubu odyedwa. Mbatata zophikidwa ndi khungu zimatha kukhala zowawa kwambiri kuposa zomwe sizinasendedwe chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa glycoalkaloids m'thupi panthawi yophika. Kuwira kumachepetsa mlingo wa HCA ndi 20% yokha, kuphika ndi kuphika mu microwave sikuchepetsa zomwe zili mu glycoalkaloids, chifukwa kutentha kwakukulu kwa kuwonongeka kwa HCA ndi pafupifupi 170 ° C.
Milandu ya poizoni wa HCA mu mbatata m'mbiri yonse yowonera ndi yosowa. Komabe, zizindikiro zotheka monga nseru, kusanza, kutsekula m'mimba, kupweteka kwa m'mimba ndi m'mimba, kupweteka mutu, kutentha thupi, kugunda kwachangu ndi kofooka, kupuma mofulumira, ndi kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo ziyenera kutchulidwa. Mlingo wapoizoni wa HCA kwa anthu ndi 1-5 mg/kg ya kulemera kwa thupi, ndipo mlingo wakupha ndi 3-6 mg/kg ya kulemera kwa thupi akamaperekedwa pakamwa. Chifukwa chake, mayiko otukuka kwambiri omwe amalima mbatata ayika malire a glycoalkaloids a 20 mg/100 g kulemera kwatsopano ndi 100 mg/100 g youma ngati malire otetezedwa mu tubers zodyedwa.
Amadziwika kuti mbatata tubers ndi HCA 14 mg/100 g kale pang'ono owawa, pamene
kuwotcha pakhosi ndi pakamwa kumayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa 22 mg / 100 g. Choncho, malangizo abwino kwambiri kwa ogula ndi awa: "Ngati mbatata ikulawa, musadye."
Pakukula, kusunga ndi kugulitsa mbatata, ndikofunikira kupewa kudzikundikira kwa HCA komwe kungakhale koopsa mu tubers.
Kudzikundikira HCA mosalephera kumachitika tubers, koma mobwerezabwereza adamulowetsa mchikakamizo cha kuwala kwa dzuwa. Kuunikira kumapangitsanso kupanga chlorophyll ndi kubiriwira kwa khungu la tubers. Izi ndi njira zodziyimira pawokha zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana. Chlorophyll ndi yopanda vuto komanso yopanda pake. Nthawi yomweyo, kubiriwira kumawonetsa kuyatsa kwanthawi yayitali ndipo, chifukwa chake, kudzikundikira kwa glycoalkaloids komwe kwachitika. Mbatata zomwe zasanduka zobiriwira nthawi zambiri sizigulitsidwa kapena kuchotsedwa m'mashelefu mwamsanga pamene kusintha kwamtundu kumawonekera. Kuchuluka kwa glycoalkaloids kumayambitsa madandaulo kuchokera kwa ogula ndikuchepetsa mtengo wamalonda wazinthu zogulitsidwa. Mlandu wovuta womwe umadziwika mu nyengo yamakono, ndiyo, kukoma kowawa kwa mbatata popanda zizindikiro za kubiriwira kowoneka bwino, kumayenera kufotokozedwa ndi kusanthula zomwe zingayambitse.
Popeza kubiriwira kwa mbatata ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chakuwonongeka kwa mbatata pakutsatsa komanso vuto lalikulu lazamalonda, zonse zomwe zachitika izi zaphunziridwa bwino. Pa nthawi yomweyi, zambiri za akatswiri zinapezedwanso pa kudzikundikira kwa HCA mu tubers. Monga zimayambira pansi pa nthaka, ma tubers a mbatata ndi ziwalo za zomera zopanda photosynthetic zomwe zilibe njira ya photosynthesis. Komabe, pambuyo pa kuwala, ma amyloplast okhala ndi starch amasinthidwa kukhala ma chloroplasts m'magulu a cell a tuber, zomwe zimapangitsa kudzikundikira kwa green photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll. Kubzala kwa tuber kumatha kutengera chibadwa, chikhalidwe, thupi ndi chilengedwe, kuphatikiza kuya kwa kubzala, zaka zakuthupi za tubers, kutentha, mpweya wa mpweya wa mumlengalenga ndi kuunikira. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhudza kukula kwa greening ndi kudzikundikira kwa glycoalkaloids ndi mphamvu ndi mawonekedwe a kuwala, kutentha, chibadwa cha mitundu.
The synthesis wa chlorophyll ndi HCA mu tuber kumachitika mchikakamizo cha looneka kuwala wavelengths kuchokera 400 kuti 700 nm (mkuyu. 2). Malinga ndi ochita kafukufuku, chlorophyll kaphatikizidwe amasonyeza pazipita 475 ndi 675 nm (buluu ndi wofiira zigawo motero), pamene pazipita kaphatikizidwe α-solanine ndi α-chaconine amapezeka pa 430 nm ndi 650 nm. Kaphatikizidwe ka Chlorophyll ndi kochepa pa 525-575 nm, pamene HCA imasonkhanitsa pang'ono pa 510-560 nm (malo obiriwira). Kusiyanaku kumatsimikizira lingaliro la njira zosiyanasiyana za biosynthesis ya chlorophyll ndi HCA. Kuchuluka kwa chlorophyll m'machubu a mbatata omwe amawonekera ku kuwala kwa buluu (0,10 W/m2) kunali kokwera katatu pambuyo pa kusungidwa kwa masiku 16 poyerekeza ndi mbatata yomwe imawululidwa ndi kuwala kwa buluu.
kuwululidwa ndi kuwala kofiira (0,38 W/m2). Nyali za fulorosenti (7,5 W / m2) zimatulutsa kuwala kwa buluu nthawi 1,9 (400-500 nm) kuposa nyali za LED (7,7 W / m2), pamene nyali za LED zimatulutsa kuwala kofiira nthawi 2,5 (620-680 nm) kuposa machubu a fulorosenti. Chifukwa chake, m'malo mwa nyali za fulorosenti ndi nyali za LED m'masitolo ogulitsa kungathe kuchepetsa mafunde owopsa kwambiri a buluu.
Machubu a mbatata osungidwa mumdima alibe chlorophyll. Pambuyo polowa mu kuwala, kwenikweni mkati mwa maola ochepa, majini enieni amatsegulidwa kuti apange unyolo wa mankhwala a chlorophyll ndi HCA synthesis. Matekinoloje owunikira ma cell amathandizira kuzindikira kapangidwe ka majini, ndipo zidapezeka kuti njira zowongolera ma genetic panjirazi zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mphamvu ya nyali za LED za monochromatic zokhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana komanso opapatiza aphunziridwa. Kuwongolera kowunikira kwa ma tubers a mbatata kunkachitika ndikuwunikira kosalekeza koperekedwa ndi ma diode otulutsa kuwala (LEDs). Mafunde opepuka B (buluu, 470 nm), R (wofiira, 660 nm) ndi FR (ofiira kwambiri, 730 nm) ndi WL (woyera, 400-680 nm) adagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa masiku 10. Mafunde a buluu ndi ofiira anali othandiza pakulowetsa ndi kudzikundikira kwa chlorophyll, carotenoids, ndi ma glycoalkaloids awiri a mbatata, α-solanine ndi α-chaconine, pamene palibe mmodzi wa iwo anasonkhanitsa mumdima kapena pansi pa kuwala kofiira kwambiri. Majini ofunikira a chlorophyll biosynthesis (HEMA1, yomwe imayika enzyme yochepetsa kuchuluka kwa glutamyl-tRNA reductase, GSA, CHLH, ndi GUN4) ndi majini asanu ndi limodzi (HMG1, SQS, CAS1, SSR2, SGT1, ndi SGT2) yofunikira pakuphatikiza kwa glycoalkaloids adayambitsanso kuwala koyera, buluu ndi kofiira, koma osati mumdima kapena ndi kuwala kofiira kwambiri (Fig.3,4,5). Deta iyi ikuwonetsa ntchito ya ma cryptochromic ndi phytochromic photoreceptors pakuwunjikana kwa chlorophyll ndi glycoalkaloids. Kuthandizira kwa phytochrome kudathandizidwanso ndikuwona kuti kuwala kofiyira kwambiri kumatha kulepheretsa kuwala koyera komwe kumapangidwa ndi chlorophyll ndi glycoalkaloids ndi mawonekedwe ogwirizana nawo.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata imatulutsa chlorophyll ndi mtundu wobiriwira pamitengo yosiyana, zomwe zatsimikiziridwa ndi maphunziro ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, dziko la Norway lazindikira kusiyana kwamitundu yowoneka bwino pakati pa cultivars ndikupanga masikelo osiyana siyana amitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera miyeso yolondola ya chlorophyll ndi mtundu. Kusintha kwamitundu yowoneka bwino yamitundu inayi ya mbatata yosungidwa kwa maola 84 ndikuwunikira kwa LED kukuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 6.
Mtundu wofiira wa khungu la Asterix (mkuyu 6a) umasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mawonekedwe a hue, kuchoka kufiira mpaka ku bulauni, pamene mtundu wachikasu Folva (mkuyu 6b) unasintha kuchokera ku chikasu-wobiriwira kupita ku wobiriwira wachikasu. The yellow Celandie (mkuyu. 6c) anasonyeza wamng'ono kusintha kwa magawo onse mtundu pa kukhudzana ndi kuwala, pamene chikasu zosiyanasiyana Mandel (mkuyu. 6d) anasintha mtundu kwambiri, kuchokera chikasu kuti imvi. Mu mawonekedwe a digito, graph ya kusintha kwa mtundu wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata mu kuwala ikuwoneka ngati iyi (mkuyu 7).
Pakuyesaku, mitundu yonse kupatula Mandel idawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa ma glycoalkaloids atatha maola opitilira 36 akuwunikira. Koma mphamvu za kusintha ndi mlingo wa HCA zili zosiyana kwambiri mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana: Asterix - kuchokera 179 mpaka 223 mg / kg, Nansen - kuchokera 93 mpaka 160 mg / kg, Rutt - kuchokera 136 mpaka 180 mg / kg, Celandin - kuchokera 149 mpaka 182 mg / kg, Folva - kuchokera 199 mpaka 290 mg/kg, Hassel - kuchokera 137 mpaka 225 mg/kg, Mandel - palibe kusintha (192-193) mg/kg.
Ku New Zealand, mitundu yonse ya mbatata idawunikidwa ndi kukula kwa kubiriwira. Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa chlorophyll mu tubers pambuyo maola 120 chiwalitsiro zosiyanasiyana mitundu amasiyana ndi dongosolo la ukulu - kuchokera 0,5 kuti 5,0 mg wa (mkuyu. 8).
Mfundo zofunikira zimachokera ku chidziwitso cha katswiriyu. Mothandizidwa ndi kuwala, chlorophyll imapangidwa mu mbatata, yomwe imapatsa thupi mtundu wobiriwira, ndipo khungu limakhala lobiriwira kapena lofiirira. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata imapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusinthika komanso pamitengo yosiyana. Mawonekedwe a kuwala amasintha kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa chlorophyll, koma kusankha kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ofiyira kwambiri, komanso mdima (omwe samatsogolera kudzikundikira kwa chlorophyll), alibe ntchito m'masitolo ogulitsa mbatata. Pali mitundu yomwe imadziunjikira 10 kuchepera chlorophyll pansi pamikhalidwe yowunikira yofanana. Mphamvu za kudzikundikira kwa glycoalkaloids zimasiyana ndi mphamvu ya greening. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndikuti kuchuluka koyamba kwa HCA mu tubers musanalowe mu malonda ndi chiyambi cha kuyatsa kwakukulu sikufanana ndi ziro, mosiyana ndi chlorophyll, ndipo kungakhale kofunikira. Kutsika kocheperako kwa mitundu yambiri yobiriwira kumakonzeratu kukhalapo kwa mbatata pamashelefu a sitolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti HCA ichuluke.
Popeza zonena za kulawa kowawa sizichitika chaka chilichonse, zifukwa zina zomwe zimachulukira mulingo wa glycoalkaloids mu ma tubers, osati chifukwa cha kuyatsa kapena mawonekedwe amitundu pakukhazikitsa, ziyenera kufufuzidwa. Pochita, mgwirizano wogwira ntchito pakati pa greening ndi kudzikundikira kwa glycoalkaloids kumatanthauza kufunikira kosanthula zomwe zimayambitsa kubiriwira. Zinthu zopanga zomwe zimakhudza kubiriwira komanso kudzikundikira kwa HCA:
- Mkhalidwe wa kakulidwe: Pokhala zimayambira pansi pa nthaka, machubu amatha kusanduka obiriwira m'munda popanda kuphimba dothi losakwanira, chifukwa cha ming'alu ya nthaka, kapena chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa mphepo ndi/kapena kuthirira. Poganizira izi, mbatata iyenera kubzalidwa mozama ndikusunga chinyezi chokwanira kuti nthaka iwoneke mwachangu komanso mofanana. Kuchuluka kwa kukula kwa tuber greening kumachitika ndi kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni m'nthaka kuchoka pa 0 mpaka 300 kg/ha. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ochita kafukufuku amawona kuti kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni pawiri panthawi yolima kumawonjezera zomwe zili mu glycoalkaloids ndi 10% mu mitundu ina. glycoalkaloids. Nyengo, kutalika, mtundu wa nthaka, chinyezi cha nthaka, kupezeka kwa feteleza, kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya, nthawi yokolola, mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kutenthedwa ndi dzuwa.
- Kukhwima kwa tuber pa nthawi yokolola. Mbatata zazing'ono zokhala ndi zikopa zosalala komanso zoonda zimatha kubiriwira mwachangu kuposa ma tubers okhwima. Mitundu yokhwima yoyambirira imatha kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ma glycoalkaloids kuposa ma tubers ochedwa kukhwima, koma pali umboni wotsutsana ndi maphunziro apadera.
- Kuvulala kwa tubers sikumakhudza kudzikundikira kwa chlorophyll mwanjira iliyonse, koma kumakwiyitsa kudzikundikira kwa HCA (mlingo wa HCA ukuwonjezeka monga momwe zimakhalira chifukwa cha kuwala (mkuyu. 9).
- Zosungirako. Tubers kusungidwa otsika kutentha ndi zochepa atengeke greening ndi HCA kudzikundikira. Mafupa a khungu la mbatata pa 1 ndi 5 ° C pansi pa kuwala kwa fulorosenti sanasonyeze kusintha kwa mtundu pambuyo pa masiku 10 osungira, pamene minofu yosungidwa pa 10 ndi 15 ° C inasanduka yobiriwira kuyambira masiku achinayi ndi achiwiri, motero. Kutentha kosungirako kwa 20 ° C pansi pa kuyatsa kwatsimikizira kukhala koyenera kupanga chlorophyll, kuyerekeza ndi masitolo ambiri ogulitsa. Glycoalkaloids imadziunjikira kawiri mofulumira pa 24 ° C kusiyana ndi 7 ° C m'chipinda chamdima, ndipo kuwala kumafulumizitsa njirayi kwambiri.
- Zida zoyikamo. Kusankha kwapaketi m'masitolo ogulitsa ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera kubiriwira komanso kudzikundikira kwa HCA. Zopangira zowoneka bwino kapena zowoneka bwino zimalimbikitsa kubiriwira komanso kaphatikizidwe ka HCA, pomwe zoyika zakuda (kapena zobiriwira) zimachepetsa kuwonongeka.
Kutengera zomwe zatsimikiziridwa moyeserera, titha kunena molimba mtima kuti kuchuluka kwa ma glycoalkaloids m'machubu a mbatata amasiku ano poyerekeza ndi momwe amachitira nthawi zonse ndi chifukwa cha zovuta kupanga mbewu. Nthawi yaitali kutentha ndi chilala mu July - oyambirira September anachedwa kusasitsa tubers ndi mayamwidwe nayitrogeni, nthaka zitunda m'minda popanda ulimi wothirira losweka. Chiyambi cha kukolola kunachitika motsutsana ndi maziko a nthaka youma kwambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa zotupa zolimba, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kuvulazidwa kwa tubers kuchuluke. Pambuyo pake, mayendedwe okolola adatsika chifukwa cha mvula yambiri. Minda pambuyo pa desiccation, i.e. popanda mthunzi pamwamba pa nthaka, iwo anadikira nthawi yaitali kukolola. Izi zinthu zoipa chinathandiza kuti greening wa tubers ndi mapangidwe kuposa masiku ambiri kuchuluka kwa HCA mwa iwo.
Njira zothandiza kwambiri zopewera kudzikundikira kosafunika kwa glycoalkaloids zimatsikira kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa ma tubers kuunika panthawi yolima, kusungirako ndi kugulitsa, makamaka chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri. Zochita zaulimi monga kubzala koyenera, kupangika kwa zitunda zokulirapo, mitengo yabwino ya feteleza imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi muukadaulo wamakono wopanga mbatata. Machubu osakhwima amakhala ndi milingo yambiri ya solanine kuposa ma tubers okhwima. Choncho, ndikofunika kwambiri kuti musakolole msanga, kuumitsa tsinde modalirika, komanso kupereka nthawi yokwanira (masabata awiri kapena atatu) kuti tubers ikule. Zotsimikizika kupewa kusweka kwa zitunda ndizotheka kokha mothandizidwa ndi nthawi yake komanso yokwanira yothirira nthawi ndi nthawi. N'zotheka kuchepetsa zotsatira za ming'alu mu nthawi yokolola isanakwane, pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa desiccants, pogubuduza zitunda. Kuti tichite izi, makina apadera opangira zitunda amapangidwa mochuluka, mwachitsanzo, GRIMME RR 600, pali zosankha zophatikiza ndi defoliators (mkuyu 10). Komabe, mu Russian Federation amagwiritsidwabe ntchito kawirikawiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, njira yaulimi iyi ndi yosavuta, yotsika mtengo, yopindulitsa komanso yothandiza. Mlingo wa HCA umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zotsatira zophatikizana za kuwala, nthawi komanso mphamvu. Chlorophyll ndi yobiriwira chifukwa imawonetsa kuwala kobiriwira pomwe imayamwa zofiira-chikasu ndi buluu. Mapangidwe a chlorophyll ndi ovuta kwambiri pansi pa kuwala kwa buluu ndi lalanje-wofiira (mkuyu 11). Pansi pa kuyatsa kobiriwira, kubiriwira kwa mbatata sikuchitika, ndipo pansi pa kuwala kwa buluu kapena ultraviolet, kumachitika pang'onopang'ono. Nyali za fluorescent zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zobiriwira kwambiri kuposa nyali za incandescent. Magawo, zipinda zosungiramo mbatata ziyenera kukhala zowala komanso zoziziritsa kukhosi. Kuwonekera kwa tubers mu yosungirako ku dzuwa kuyenera kupewedwa. Gwiritsani ntchito mababu a incandescent ocheperako ndipo musawasiye atalikirapo ngati pakufunika. Nthaka pamwamba pa tubers amapereka chitetezo ku kuwala ndi malo. Mbatata zosambitsidwa kutembenukira wobiriwira mofulumira. Mbatata ikasanduka yobiriwira, imakhala yosasinthika ndipo iyenera kusanjidwa musanagulitse.
Ukadaulo wamakono wa Light Emitting Diode (LED) umatsegula mwayi watsopano woletsa kupangika kwa solanine m'magawo onse okolola mbatata. Osawerengeka opangidwa nyali zapadera kwa mafakitale mbatata, ntchito sipekitiramu wa 520-540 nm (mkuyu. 12). Kuwala, komwe kumawoneka ngati kobiriwira ndi diso la munthu, kumalepheretsa mapangidwe a chlorophyll ndi solanine, motero ndikofunikira kwambiri kusunga kufunikira kwa mbatata posungira komanso kukonza. Nyali zotere zimakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri m'malo okonzekera kugulitsa chisanadze ndi kusungirako kusungitsa mbatata. Ndipo lamulo linanso: sungani kutentha kosungirako pang'ono ndikusunga mbatata zowuma, chifukwa chinyezi chimawonjezera kuwala kwa peel.
Mtundu ndi mtundu wa zinthu zoyikapo zimakhudza kukula kwa HCA kudzikundikira. Kutsatsa ndi kutsatsa pambali, ndikwabwino kulongedza mbatata yanu mu pepala lakuda kapena matumba apulasitiki akuda kuti musamawonekere. Palinso upangiri woti zida zoyikapo zamitundu ya mbatata zizikhala ndi kuwala kokwanira kosakwana 0,02 W/m2. Kutsika kotereku kolowera kowala kumatheka pokhapokha atayikidwa mu pulasitiki yakuda yamitundu iwiri yokhala ndi aluminiyumu. Matumba owonera a cellophane obiriwira amalepheretsa kubiriwira ndipo samalimbikitsa kupanga solanine. Zikuwonekeratu kuti malingaliro oterowo akugwera m'gulu la zolinga zabwino pankhani yogulitsa mbatata. Mitundu yamapaketi muzamalonda imasankhidwa pokhapokha polimbikitsa malonda.
Zowunikira m'masitolo ogulitsa zimakhalanso zovuta kuziyika. Palibe makampani azamalonda omwe amapanga zowunikira potengera kuti kuchulukana kochepa kwa HCA ndi kubiriwira kumawonedwa mu mawonekedwe a 525-575 nm. Ngakhale njira yodzitetezera yofunikira komanso yosavuta monga kuphimba mbatata ndi zida zoyatsira magetsi nthawi yanthawi yopuma sichitachitika kawirikawiri m'masitolo.
Chidule chomwe chili pamwambapa chikulemba njira zonse zodzitetezera zowongolera kudzikundikira kwa glycoalkaloids mu ma tubers a mbatata. Pakhala pali zoyesayesa zambiri zopezera njira zowonjezereka zowonongeka: chithandizo ndi mafuta, phula, ma surfactants, mankhwala, olamulira kukula komanso ngakhale ma radiation a ionizing, omwe nthawi zambiri awonetsa bwino kwambiri. Komabe, njirazi sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha zovuta, kukwera mtengo komanso mavuto a chilengedwe.
Chiyembekezo chowala chimalengezedwa ndi omwe amatsatira matekinoloje atsopano osintha ma genome ndi "kuzimitsa" majini opangira kaphatikizidwe ka chlorophyll ndi HCA. Ntchitozi zikugwira ntchito mwakhama komanso mwatsatanetsatane m'mayiko ambiri, kumene teknolojiyi siinatchulidwe ngati mitundu ya GMO (yomwe ili mu Russian Federation), pali mabuku ambiri pamutuwu, koma mpaka pano palibe chifukwa choyankhula. za zomwe wapindula. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi njira zambiri zosinthira zoswana, chisangalalo choyambirira chochokera ku kuthekera kosintha ma genome chimasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndikuzindikira zovuta za kagayidwe kachakudya. Ndikokwanira kuyang'ana pazithunzi zomwe zadziwika kale zokhudzana ndi kaphatikizidwe ka GCA ndi majini a mbatata omwe akukhudzidwa ndi izi (mkuyu 13). Ngakhale kuti chithunzichi chikumveka bwino, magulu a ofufuza achangu omwe atenga nkhaniyi sanapambanebe kuwongolera njira yovuta yolumikizirana pakati pa majini ambiri ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi iwo. Kutsekereza kumawoneka ngati kwachindunji, jini limodzi limatsogolera osati kusintha komwe kumayembekezereka pamilingo yeniyeni ya glycoalkaloids, komanso kusintha kwakukulu pakupanga zinthu zina zam'magazi, zomwe ntchito yokonza sinakhazikitsidwe.
Komabe, ngakhale osayembekezera kupambana kwamtsogolo pakusintha kwa ma genome, mitundu yonse ya mbatata yomwe yabzalidwa pakadali pano imakhala yotsika, yotetezeka kwambiri ya glycoalkaloids, chifukwa cha kuchepa kosasinthika kwa chizindikirochi pazaka zambiri za ntchito yoweta. Ponena za mitundu yomwe imakhala yocheperako pang'onopang'ono ya kudzikundikira kwa chlorophyll ndi kubiriwira kwa peel, izi sizongobweza komanso chifukwa chokana. Koma pogulitsa mbatata, ndikofunikira kudziwitsa mabungwe azamalonda kuti mitunduyi ili ndi mawonekedwe ake kuti ateteze kuwonetseredwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa ma tubers kuunika komanso zomwe ogula amakumana nazo chifukwa cha kukoma kowawa mosayembekezereka popanda kubiriwira kowonekera.