Zowona kuti vuto lakulowetsa m'malo ogulitsira mafakitale ndilofunika kwambiri zikuwonetsedwa ndi chiphunzitso chovomerezeka chatsopano chokhudza chakudya. Katswiri wazamalonda wa Russian Federation, Doctor of Science Yuri Loginov, wamkulu wa malo osankhidwa ndi kupanga mbewu ku Agrarian University of Northern Trans-Urals, Alexander Kharalgin, ndi wamkulu wa labotale yosankha zikhalidwe zamasamba ndi ukadaulo Alexey Starykh.
Posankha mbewu za tirigu, Russia idakalipobe. Chithunzi: Tatyana Andreeva / WG
Kupirira mayeso
Posankha mbewu zambewu, Russia idakalibe ndi malo olimba, ndipo dera la Tyumen silili pambali pano. Dera limakolola moyenera makamaka chifukwa cha mbewu zake. Pakadali pano, ngakhale zaka 40 zapitazo, tirigu wazakudya sanali kulimidwa pano. Kenako gulu la asayansi ochokera ku Tyumen Agricultural Institute ndi Research Institute of the Northern Trans-Urals adapatsidwa ntchito yopanga mitundu yoyambirira yomwe imatha kupereka zokolola zokhazikika pamiyamboyi. Pakusakaniza, mitundu yotchuka yotchuka "awnless-1" ndi "Saratovskaya-29" idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitundu yoyambira, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kubzala mahekitala mamiliyoni makumi ambiri mdziko muno komanso kunja.
- Zachidziwikire, palibe mitundu yabwino yonse. Chifukwa chake, ku "Saratov-29" tsinde limakhala lofooka, ndikuchuluka kwa umuna kumagona. Pokhala ndi zida zabwino komanso zaluso, takhazikitsa "Tyumen-15" yosagona m'zaka 80. Mitunduyi, yomwe ili ndi mwayi wowonekera m'malo ena angapo ndipo imalola kukolola mpaka 50-60 centres pa hekitala, imakhala pafupifupi 40% ya mphero yambewu. Anagwiritsa ntchito mofunitsitsa ndi alimi a Sverdlovsk ndi madera ena omwe amakhala otentha, - akutero Yuri Loginov.
Komabe, ndikusintha kwa kayendetsedwe kazachuma mdziko muno, minda yomwe nthawi ndi nthawi imasowa ndalama, "makumi asanu ndi atatu" idasiya kale, popeza kubwerera kwabwino kumalandiridwa ndi feteleza wambiri. Ndipo sizotsika mtengo. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu ina - osadalira kuchuluka kwa chakudya, koma kupereka zotsatira zokhazikika. Umu ndi momwe "Chaka Chatsopano cha Tyumen" chidawonekera. Ikuphatikizidwa mu kaundula wa boma mu 2019, zitenga zaka 2-3 kuti mbeu zibwerere m'gulu la "osankhika". Chimodzi mwamaubwino a "chisangalalo" ndikulimbana kwambiri ndi dzimbiri, matenda omwe amakhudza kwambiri chimanga m'minda ya Western Siberia.
“Tithokoze pulogalamu yapadziko lonse lapansi yotukula tirigu ndi chimanga, tidagwiritsa ntchito ma genetic ochokera ku Russia, Kazakhstan ndi Mexico. Kusakanizidwa kwa mitundu yochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana ndi makontinenti kumatipangitsa kuchita bwino kwambiri. Mwambiri, kusankha kumaphatikizapo kuyesa molimba mtima. Mwachitsanzo, tidaganiza mtsogolomo kugwiritsa ntchito zolembedwa zakutchire komanso kuchuluka kwa Transcaucasia - tirigu wa Timofeyev wowoloka, - watero wasayansiyo.
Malinga ndi iye, lero m'boma la Tyumen pakufalikira kwa mitundu 14 ya tirigu. Palibe mlendo pakati pawo.
Wina m'munda, wina m'munda
Ponena za mkate wachiwiri, chithunzicho ndichosokoneza. Mmodzi mwa minda yayikulu kwambiri ya mbatata mdziko muno imagwira ntchito mdera la Tyumen. Kusungidwako kuli ndi labotale yamphamvu yopanga mbewu zoyambira kubzala mbewu za anthu osankhika, kuyambira pagawo lazomera zopangira mayeso, mogwirizana ndi asayansi a Yekaterinburg, yapanga mitundu isanu yam'madera, komabe, imalima, monga kale, makamaka achi Dutch. Sakuwona m'malo mwawo pano, chifukwa amawerengedwa kuti sangayerekezeredwe chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa zinthu ndi ukadaulo: zokolola, kukana matenda, kusunga, "kulondola" kwa kukula ndi mawonekedwe a tuber. Makhalidwe awiri omalizawa ndiofunikira kwambiri pakutsuka zipatso pamakina, amalola kuti muchepetse zinyalala popanga zinthu zomalizidwa, zopangidwa mwakuya. Kusagwirizana ndi miyezo yovomerezeka kumabweretsa kutayika kwamakampani ndi makampani akuluakulu.Msika wogulitsa mbewu zamasamba udalandidwa ndi mabungwe akunja: ogula adapatsidwa "mbewu zabwino kwambiri zoyeserera", chifukwa chake, alimi adagwa mumsampha wotsatsa
Nthawi yomweyo, msika wogulitsa mbatata ndi waukulu kwambiri, ndipo tisaiwale kuti omwe amapanga mbatata kwambiri ndi olima minda komanso minda ya anthu wamba. Osati ambiri amayesetsa kuti akule "Mkazi wachi Dutch". Choyamba, pamafunika kutsatira mosamalitsa malamulo azisamaliro, kusamalidwa mosamalitsa, apo ayi, mudzakumba mphuno kuchokera pagulkin kumapeto. Chachiwiri, sikuti aliyense amakonda izi. Kwa ena, tinene kuti, perekani zotsutsana ndi Chidatchi - mopepuka, wowuma.
- Timatsogoleredwa ndi kufunika kwa gulu lankhondo la eni mafamu, nyumba zazing'ono za chilimwe, alimi ang'onoang'ono. Ndi ophunzira m'makasitini, tinayesa mbale kuchokera ku mitundu iwiri yosavomerezeka yomwe tinalandira ndi mayina ogwira ntchito "Kuznetsovsky" ndi "Nadezhda". Ndiwo chipatso choyamba cha kutenga nawo gawo kwamayunivesite m'mapulogalamu aboma ndi zigawo zapadera zoswana mitundu ya mbatata. Tawonani, kuchoka sikungotenga zitsanzo zomwe zikugwirizana ndi alimi, ndikofunikira kuchulukitsa mbewu, zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri, - akutsindika Alexander Kharalgin. - Omwe akuchita izi, akuwononga ndalama zambiri, malinga ndi zomwe boma lalamula posachedwa popereka ndalama zothandizira kupanga mbewu, amapatsidwa 70% ya zolipirira. Gawo loyenera potengera chiphunzitso chadziko chokhudza chakudya. Ndiloleni ndikukumbutseni, cholinga chake ndikuwonetsetsa kuti gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mbeu za mbewu zolimidwa ndizapakhomo.
Bweretsani "nzika" zaku Russia ku kaloti
Ponena za mbewu ndi ndiwo zamasamba, zomwe zikuchitika ku Russian Federation ndizowopsa: malinga ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi, kudalira kogulitsa katundu kumafikira 90% pazinthu zina; Popanda mbewu zakunja, ndizosatheka kukula kaloti, anyezi, beets. Kodi ndi nthawi yofuula "londera"?
- Mwina simukuyenera kuchitapo kanthu mopweteketsa mtima? Zikuwoneka ngati tchimo kudandaula za mbewu, ogulitsawo ndi odalirika. Vuto lake ndi chiyani, kugwira? - Ndifunsa Alexey Starykh.
- Pagawo la mbewu pamtengo wogulitsa. Poyamba zinali zosawoneka, tsopano ndizokwera kwambiri - 25-40 peresenti. Msikawo udalandidwa ndi mabungwe ochokera kumayiko ena omwe amagulitsa zoteteza kuzomera. Ogula adapatsidwa "mbewu zabwino kwambiri zoyeserera". N'zovuta kukana zopanda pake. Zotsatira zake, alimi adagwa mumsika wotsatsa: mtengo ukukulira pang'onopang'ono, pomwe kusintha kwa mbewu zomwe zidalowetsedwa kunadzetsa kukwera mtengo kwamakonzedwe amagetsi, feteleza, kukonza, - akufotokoza wofufuzayo.
Makampaniwa atayika pafupifupi malo ambiri oyeserera omwe ankagwira ntchito, osachita bwino, ngakhale ku Far North. Ku Salekhard, mwachitsanzo, ma turnip osiyanasiyana a "Arctic" adapangidwa. Ndalama zopangira mbewu zamasamba ndizochepa mopanda ulemu, sizikopa ndalama. Mosiyana ndi tirigu, komwe mavoliyu amakhala akulu, ndipo phindu lomwe angapeze kutumizira kunja ngati chilimbikitso chowonjezerapo, sizimapereka chitsimikizo chofunikira komanso phindu mwachangu. Agrarian University idachita - pangozi yake, pangozi komanso ndalama zochepa - kuti akwaniritse pulogalamu yakufufuza yaku yunivesite pakusintha, kuwoloka, kulima zamasamba zachikhalidwe komanso zachilendo kumalo athu.
- Zomera zamasamba zaku Russia zimaphatikizapo mitundu 7-8. Ku Japan, kuyerekezera, msika wogula umayimiridwa ndi anthu opitilira zana ndi theka. Pogwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wa nkhokwe yosungira mbewu ya Vavilov ndi zinthu zina, tinayesa mitundu pafupifupi 90 ya mbewu zomwe zikukula m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Timawakulitsa paminda yowonekera. Zosankha ndi izi: zipatso zosiyanasiyana ndi ma tubers ofunikira omwe amafunikira munthu, kuchuluka kwa moyo, kuthekera kosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, feteleza amchere. Ndiye kuti, tikutsata njira yopititsira patsogolo ulimi waulimi, - Alexey Starykh akuwulula tanthauzo la ntchitoyi.
Ngati simufesa, simudzakolola
Mavuto opanga mbewu, omwe amandilankhula nawo, samangokhala wamba - amapezeka m'malo onse. Zomwe akumana nazo ndi malingaliro a asayansi a Tyumen atha kuthandiza anzawo kuti athetse mavutowa.
- Tili ndi dipatimenti yabwino kwambiri yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi yomwe ikukwaniritsa zofunikira za kuswana kwa mbatata. Komabe, kwakukulu, zida zapadera zakuyunivesite komanso malo ofufuza zaulimi ku Northern Trans-Urals ndizotayirira kapena kutha kwambiri. Sikoyenera kugula china kunja, monga pneumosorting tebulo yokwanira mayuro 17, palibe analogue yapakhomo, - Alexander Kharalgin amapanga imodzi mwa izo. - Nthawi yomweyo, yesetsani kugula zomwe mafakitale aku Russia amapanga, ngakhale mutalowa pulogalamu yothandizira boma. Omanga makina samayambitsa msonkhano wamagulu azida zamtengo wapatali - amawopa kuwotcha. Iwo ali okonzeka kupulumutsa, kunena, chilolezo chophatikiza pamtengo wa ma ruble 10 miliyoni m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, koma malamulo ogulitsira malonda amafuna kugula mwachangu zida zenizeni. Njira zopulumukira ndikupanga dongosolo la boma ndi unduna woyenera ndi mndandanda woyambirira wa ntchito kuchokera kumabungwe obereketsa.
Alexey Starikh amalingalira imodzi mwazovuta zazikulu pakuphunzitsa ogwira ntchito oyenerera:
- Simungathe kuchita bwino popanda ogwira ntchito komanso zida zokwanira. Kulikonse m'malo operekera ubweya, akatswiri amasambitsidwa. Ngati kale anthu 7-8 adagwira ntchito pachikhalidwe chimodzi, tsopano atha kukhala ocheperako kanayi. Palibe yunivesite imodzi mdziko muno yomwe imaphunzitsa akatswiri oweta. Zimangodalira chidwi cha ophunzira omwe amaphunzira mu "kusankha" kwakukulu, pachangu cha anzawo. Kungoti simukhalitsa, - akutero.