Chifukwa chiyani machitidwe olosera matenda a mbewu akuyenera kusinthidwa pafupipafupi, kuphatikiza akatswiri ochokera m'magawo osiyanasiyana
Mbatata mochedwa choipitsa chifukwa Phytophthora matenda, ndi imodzi mwa matenda oopsa kwambiri a mbewu, omwe amafunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zonse kuti apewe.
Kukula kwa matendawa kumadalira kwambiri nyengo, choncho njira zingapo zolosera zakhazikitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi pofuna kuchepetsa ndalama za alimi polimbana ndi matendawa.
'Malamulo aku Ireland', omwe adapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1950s ndikuwongolera zolosera zanyengo, machitidwe opangira mbatata ndi kupsinjika kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. P. Ma infestans akadali ngati maziko a malingaliro kwa alimi.
Komabe, chiyambireni ulamuliro wa ku Ireland, pakhala pali kusintha kochuluka mu kamangidwe kake ndi mphamvu ya choipitsa mochedwa. Gulu la asayansi aku Ireland ochokera ku Teagasc Crop Research Center, University of Maynooth ndi Irish Meteorological Service ayesa chitsanzochi malinga ndi momwe zilili pano ndipo apereka zosintha zingapo.
Zowawa zochedwa zimakula ndipo zimakhala zaukali
Kuipitsa mochedwa (kapena kuvunda mochedwa kwa mbatata) ndi amodzi mwa matenda owononga kwambiri mbewu ya mbatata chifukwa cha kufalikira kwachangu kwa phytopathogen komanso kulusa. Popanda kuwongolera, choipitsa mochedwa chimatha kuwononga mbewuyo mwachangu, m'munda komanso posungira pakatha kukolola.
Ku Ireland, kufalikira kwa mbiri yakale ya chiwonongeko cha mbatata kudakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe komanso zachuma, zomwe zidayambitsa njala komanso kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri mzaka za m'ma 1840.
Tsopano ku Ireland kokha, pafupifupi € 5 miliyoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chilichonse pamankhwala opha fungicides kuti athane ndi vuto la mbatata mochedwa, pomwe ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zowongolera matenda ndi kutayika kwa mbewu zimaposa € 1 biliyoni pachaka.
Liwiro la mliriwu limadalira kwambiri nyengo, ndipo zosintha zofunika kwambiri ndizo kutentha, chinyezi ndi mvula, ziwiri zotsirizirazi zimakhala zogwirizana kwambiri.
Nthawi yayitali yonyowa komanso yoziziritsa nyengo imapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu zabwino zowononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zomwe zimatengedwa ndi mvula ndi mphepo.
Matendawa amayambitsa kuwonongeka mwachisawawa komanso mwachindunji: mwachindunji, mwa kuchepetsa photosynthetic pamwamba, ndipo mwachindunji, pamene zoospores, osambitsidwa kuchokera masamba, kupatsira tubers pansi.
Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, kuchulukirachulukira kwachuma kwadzetsa kusamuka kwa mitundu ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zidapangitsa kusamuka kwa mizera yakale, mizera yakale kapena ma genotypes, omwe amadziwika kuti US-1, ndikuthandizira kukulitsa ndi kufalikira kwa mizere yatsopano, ena mwa zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwaukali.
Ma genotypes atsopano apezedwa ku Ireland ndipo akulembedwa pafupipafupi m'zaka zaposachedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, mbatata zambiri ku Ireland zimachokera ku mitundu ya mbatata yomwe imakonda kutengera mitundu yatsopano ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mochedwa, kuphatikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, kumapangitsa kuwongolera kukhala kovuta, ndipo chiopsezo cha miliri ndi chachikulu. Zotsatira zake, alimi a mbatata amagwiritsa ntchito chitetezo champhamvu cha fungicide - ku Western Europe chimafikira kupitilira 10 pa nyengo.
Kufunika kopanga zitsanzo zodziwira choipitsa mochedwa cha mbatata kwadziwika kale ngati chida chofunikira chothana ndi matendawa, chomwe chimalimbikitsidwa ndi chilengedwe komanso zachuma.
Pothana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe zimadza chifukwa chakuchulukira kwa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa agrochemicals, European Community Directive 128/2009 yokhudza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kosatha kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ili ndi malangizo okhwima okhudza kagwiritsidwe ntchito kosatha kwa zinthu zoteteza zomera kuti zichepetse kuopsa kwa thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe.
Kuneneratu kodalirika kwa matenda kumathandizira kuchepetsa kutayika kwa mbewu ndi zokolola mu nyengo yoipa, komanso kutsimikizira zowona zogwiritsira ntchito zoteteza zomera motsatira malamulo adziko ndi mayiko.
Machitidwe olosera sangathe kukhala ndi zakale komanso za anthu ena
Pachiyambi chawo, machitidwe olosera matenda a mbewu amagwiritsa ntchito ma aligorivimu, onse ofunikira komanso okhazikika, kulosera zamayendedwe a matenda.
Zitsanzo zoyambira zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zoyesera zama labotale m'zipinda, nyumba zobiriwira kapena malo oyendetsedwa ndi chilengedwe ndikufotokozera gawo limodzi kapena zingapo za ubale ndi tiziromboti zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe.
Poyambirira, kupangidwa kwa zitsanzo zolosera za matenda a mbewu kumayang'ana kwambiri pakuphunzira zochitika zanyengo kuti athe kuneneratu za kukula ndi kuyambika kwa miliri ndipo zinali zowoneka bwino m'chilengedwe, kutengera nthawi yanyengo zomwe sizikuyenda bwino komanso kukula kwa zomera. .
Posachedwapa, njira zowonjezereka zowonjezereka zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuphimba zigawo zovuta kwambiri za miliri, pamodzi ndi machitidwe aulimi ndi chitetezo cha mankhwala.
Austin Burke, m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa kulosera za kuchedwa kwa mbatata, wapanga mtundu wa PLB wotchedwa Irish Rules. Chitsanzochi chinkafuna kuphatikizira chidziwitso cha moyo wa matendawa, mosiyana ndi njira yowonetsera. Mwachitsanzo, kusankha kwa nyengo yoyenera kuti matenda achuluke kunatsimikiziridwa potengera zoyeserera zolembedwa za labotale m'malo mowunika momwe nyengo yakale ikuyendera panthawi ya miliri ya matenda.
Komabe, posachedwapa, monga gawo la ndondomeko ya pan-European, kuyerekeza mwachidziwitso ndi zitsanzo zingapo zolosera zoopsa za ku Ulaya zasonyeza kuti chitsanzo cha ku Ireland chimapatsa alimi chiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri chifukwa cha njira zake zokhwima.
Kuwunika kwamphamvu kwa chitsanzo cha ku Ireland kunasonyeza kuti kulamulira malinga ndi deta yake kunachititsa kuti kuchepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda koma popanda kuwongolera mochedwa choipitsa poyerekeza ndi njira zina zothandizira mlimi Negfry (kapena DSS) kapena machitidwe ochiritsira a fungicidal.
Koma ngakhale alimi anali "omasuka" poyika zisankho zawo pamalingaliro a DSS kuti atsimikizire chithandizo chamankhwala chochulukirapo, tsopano zomwe zikuchitika ndi zosiyana - akufuna kuwonjezera phindu pazachuma pochepetsa mtengo komanso kutsatira malamulo ophera tizilombo omwe amafunidwa ndi maunyolo ogulitsa.
"Choncho, ino ndi nthawi yoti muwunikenso 'Malamulo aku Ireland' ndikuwunikanso dongosololi kuti mumvetsetse malamulowo potengera kusintha kwaposachedwa. Ndikofunikira kupereka njira yophatikizika, yokhazikika komanso yowonekera bwino yogwiritsira ntchito dongosololi potengera kusintha kwa mliri wa matendawa komanso kulimbikitsa malamulo (msika / mfundo), "asayansi amalemba ntchito yawo.
"Mosiyana ndi malipoti aposachedwa, tapeza kuti chiwopsezo cha miliri yochedwa choipitsa chimakhalabe chotsika pansi pa 12 ° C. Pokhala ndi chidziwitso chokwanira chambiri komanso kumvetsetsa bwino kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tikukhulupirira kuti kutentha kwachitsanzo kungathe kuwonjezeka. kuchokera pa 10 ° C. C mpaka 12 ° C, kupereka mwayi wambiri wochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, "akutero.
"Mchitidwe wolosera zoopsa umangothandiza ngati umapereka chitetezo chofanana ndi machitidwe okhazikika, ndikuchepetsa mtengo wofunikira ndi ntchito ... phunziro ili.
Timaganiza kuti kubzala kumayamba tsiku lotsatira kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa nthaka kumaposa 8 ° C kwa masiku atatu otsatizana pambuyo pa April 1st. Izi ndizofala ku Ireland monga momwe bungwe la alangizi la dziko la Teagasc limalimbikitsa. Alimi nthawi zambiri amayamba mankhwala opha bowa akangomera 50% ndipo amapitilira mpaka gawo lamlengalenga litafa, nthawi zambiri pakatha milungu itatu kuyanika. Apa tikuganiza kuti nthawi yakukula ndi masiku 120. Komabe, kutetezedwa ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumapitilirabe kwa milungu itatuyi mpaka mbatata yomwe ili pamwambayi yawuma.
Tawonetsa kuti, pafupifupi, kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zowonetsera zoopsa kumapereka mwayi wochepetsera kumwa kwa fungicides poyerekeza ndi machitidwe a alimi a ku Ireland. Kuchepetsa zotheka kwa mlingo ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kumawonetsa kusiyana pa nthawi yophunzira. Izi zikuwonetsa momwe ulimi umagwirira ntchito ndikulimbitsanso kufunikira kwa njira yophatikizira yolimbana ndi tizirombo ndi matenda kuti tifotokoze nthawi yamankhwala.
Mitundu yolosera za matenda a zomera nthawi zambiri imawunikidwa ndi ofufuza omwe adazipanga ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito mosayang'ana m'malo agroecosystem kupatula omwe adapangidwira.
Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti pakufunika kukonzanso magawo a Irish Rules chitsanzo cha zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana ndi mphamvu zogwirira ntchito, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzocho.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuchepetsa zikhalidwe za chinyezi kuchokera 90% mpaka 88% komanso nthawi ya sporulation kuchokera maola 12 mpaka 10; ndikuwonetsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chizindikiro chowonjezera cha chinyezi chamasamba, kuphatikiza mvula (≥0,1 mm) ndi chinyezi chachifupi (≥90%), "olemba ntchitoyi adamaliza.
Werengani mokwanira: https://www.agroxxi.ru/