Asayansi aku Italiya aphunzira maubwino onyoza ku artichoke a ku Yerusalemu. Ndikutinso iyi ndi mtundu wachikhalidwe chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mphamvu zongowonjezereka.
Pantchito yake yasayansi, gulu la asayansi aku Italy ochokera ku Faculty of Agricultural and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tushia, akufotokoza chifukwa chake Yerusalemu artichoke ali wabwino komanso wofunikira.
Posachedwa, ma biofuel akhala njira yabwino kwambiri yochepetsera kupulumutsidwa kwa magalimoto. Koma nthawi imodzimodziyo, kupanga mafuta a biofuel kumanenedwa kwambiri pamalingaliro azotsatira zake zoyipa, popeza mbewu zazikulu pazolinga izi, monga, mwachitsanzo, kugwirira, tirigu kapena soya, amafunikira machitidwe azolima apamwamba ndi dothi lachonde, olemba adalemba. (Ma biofuel ndi mphamvu zopangidwa ndi kaboni zochokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe).
Pomwe EU Commission idatulutsa mabulogu ngati chopangidwa chosintha mosasunthika pakugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaka, zopangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu zomwe zalimidwa kumadera oyenda osagwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni.
Pachifukwachi, ndi zokolola zochepa zokha ku Europe zomwe zingakwaniritse zokolola zambiri ndizofunikira izi.
Yerusalemu artichoke ndi chakudya cha nyama zaulimi, biofuel komanso mowa wa zipatso.
Kuchokera pamenepa, Yerusalemu artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), ndichachidziwikire, ndi mtundu woyenera kuusamalira, popeza uli ndi zofunikira zonse kukwaniritsa zolinga za EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED II).
Jerusalem artichoke imasinthidwa kukhala malo osiyana siyana ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ololera kwa mbewu zina, ndipo imatha kusinthasintha.
Ndi mbewu yopanga mitundu yambiri yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu (mwachindunji mu ma tubers kapena ku zotsekemera), yopanga mankhwala, popanga biomass ndi bioenergy (bioethanol ndi biogas).
Kuphatikiza apo, zofanana ndi mbewu zina Wolemba, monga chicory ndi saffferer, ku Yerusalemu artichoke kukhoza kukhala ngati chakudya chamadyedwe.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, chifukwa cha luso lazopanga, ma tubers amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mowa wokoma ndi zipatso.
Zimayambira ndi ma tubers a ku Yerusalemu artichoke amadziwika ndi mankhwala ambiri a inulin omwe amatha kutulutsa ethanol kuti adzagwiritse ntchito ngati biofuel.
Makamaka, ma organic (monga inulin ndi cellulose) ndi mashuga amakonzedwa kuti apange ethanol mwa kupatsa mphamvu ndi kutulutsa mphamvu.
Pazaka 20 zapitazi, ntchito yofunika yakhala ikuchitika pofuna kukonza kusintha kwa biomass kukhala mafuta. Komabe, ma biofuel a m'badwo woyamba (bioethanol ndi biodiesel ochokera ku chakudya chamagulu) amatengedwa kuchokera ku zokolola zochepa zokha zomwe zimagwira bwino ntchito pakusintha ma radiation a solar kuti akhale mphamvu yamafuta (biomass).
Makamaka, ma feed a biofuel makamaka amagwiriridwa, mafuta a kanjedza ndi soya kwa biodiesel; ndi nzimbe, chimanga, beets shuga, ndi manyuchi okoma a bioethanol.
Kuphatikiza apo, sizomera zonse zomwe ndizoyenera kusakanikirana (i.e., zotsalira zazomera pansi panthaka nthawi zambiri zimakhalabe m'nthaka), kotero kukonzanso kwa kaboni kumachepetsedwa, ndikuwonjezera kusakwanira.
Pazifukwa izi, mitundu yazomera ya machitidwe a m'badwo wotsatira wa biofuel ikuyembekezeka kuthana ndi zina mwanjira izi, makamaka ngati zili ndi biomass yobisika (i.e. mizu kapena tubers).
Kuphatikiza apo, popeza kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri nthaka yazaulimi kwayambitsidwa kale kumadera ambiri padziko lapansi, mbewu za bioenergy ziyenera kukhala zachilengedwe kuti popewe kulemera kwachilengedwe, nthaka ndi madzi.
Asayansi akufuna mbewu zam'tsogolo zamtsogolo
Kafukufuku akuchitika pakubwera kwa njira zamagetsi kuchokera ku mtundu wina wazamoyo zomwe sizikhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe, kuchulukitsa kwakukulu komanso kubwereranso kwakukulu pantchito, komanso kulingalira mpikisano wochepetsedwa wogwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunda ndi chakudya ndi chakudya cha mbewu.
Lignocellulosic biomass kuchokera kumadera akutali a bioenergy ndi zinyalala zaulimi amadziwika kuti ndiwothandiza pantchito yopanga bioenergy, koma hydrolysis pogwiritsa ntchito ma enzymes a cellulolytic ndi njira yovuta kwambiri komanso yokwera mtengo kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito wowuma kapena molass biomass.
Pamenepa, pakati pa mitundu yooneka bwino kwambiri ya m'badwo wotsatira ndi nkhokwe zosangalatsa ndi Yerusalemu artichoke, zomwe zimatulutsa timachubu, titha kubzala ndi kututa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomera zofananira (mbewu zazikuluzikulu).
Chifukwa chiyani Yerusalemu artichoke amafunikira ku Europe
Makhalidwe omwe amachititsa kuti Yerusalemu artichoke ikhale yofunikira kubzala: M'madera akumapeto.
Gawo lomaliza ili likulonjeza kuti lidzakhala lofunikira mtsogolo mwa mabuloseli ku Europe.
Monga momwe bungwe lotsogolera la Renewable Energy Directive (RED) lasinthira kukhazikitsidwa ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Europe ndi Council (Directive 2018/2001), EU Commission posachedwapa idagwiritsa ntchito nthumwi yopereka njira zodziwitsira kusintha kwakufunika kosagwiritsa ntchito malo.
ILUC ndichakudya chowopsa chomwe chimachulukitsa mosadalirana malo omwe ali ndi malo okhala ndi kaboni wambiri, komanso kuzindikiritsa mafuta omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha ILUC biofuels, biofluids ndi biomass fuels.
Certification itha kuperekedwa ngati mafuta akukwaniritsa zotsatirazi:
(i) kukwaniritsa njira zokhazikika, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zopangira zitha kulimidwa panthaka wosagwiritsidwa ntchito womwe ulibe kaboni wambiri;
(ii) kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu zina zopangira chifukwa cha njira zokulitsira zokolola panthaka yomwe idagwiritsidwa kale ntchito kapena kulima mbewu m'malo omwe kale sanali kulima (nthaka yomwe sinagwiritsidwe ntchito), bola ngati malowo asiyidwa kapena awonongeke kwambiri, wakula ndi wocheperako;
(iii) umboni wotsimikizira kuti njira ziwiri zam'mbuyomu zakwaniritsidwa.
Mwachidziwikire, molingana ndi zofunikira za Directive, zida zowonjezera zoterezi zimayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakupanga mafuta ocheperako pokhapokha ngati zitheka.
Pachifukwachi, ku Yerusalemu artichoke ndiwopatsa mwayi wolonjeza yemwe atha kubwezeretsa mbewu monga chimanga ndi shuga.
Kukula mwachangu ma biofuel
Kukula kwa mbewu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana kumawonetsera kutulutsa bwino bwino ku Europe.
Makumi awiri ndi atatu mpaka atatu a zinthu zouma zam'mlengalenga zimayimiridwa ndi zimayambira ndi nthambi, pomwe masamba ndi maluwa zimakhala ndi zochepa. Gawo logawa mafuta owuma limadalira zinthu zambiri: zosiyanasiyana, nthawi yodzala, nyengo yamoyo ndi nyengo ya kukula.
Zoposa 50% za kuchuluka kwazomera zonse zili pa tsinde.
Pali magawo awiri oyambira kukula. M'miyezi isanu yoyambirira, kuwonjezeka kwa mzere kutalika ndi kulemera kwa tsinde kumawonedwa. Pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyi, kutalika kwa tsinde kumafika pazambiri ndikukhalabe kosasinthika, ndipo kulemera kwake kumachepa.
Kutalika kwakukulu ndi kulemera kwa mtengowo zimasiyanasiyana kutengera nyengo ndi chilengedwe. M'mitundu yoyambirira, kutalika kotsiriza kumafika masentimita 140, pomwe mitundu ina inayamba, kutalika kotsiriza kuli pafupifupi 280 cm.
Zotsatira zake, kumapeto kwa nyengo ya kukula, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowuma mumiyeso ya mitundu yamapeto kunkakhala pafupifupi kawiri kuposa momwe zinali zoyambirira. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yonse yazomera yakucha ndiyapamwamba kuposa mitundu yakucha yakucha. Kuyerekezera kunawonetsa kuti pambuyo pake mitundu, kutalika kwa tsamba lokwanira kumathandizira kuti chithandizidwe kunyowa.
Zopanda chipanda ku Yerusalemu artichoke
Chifukwa cha kukana kwake pachilala komanso kufalikira kwa mchere, artichoke ya ku Yerusalemu itha kulimidwa mu dothi losakwanira mbewu zina za mizu ndi ma tubers. Imakula bwino mu dothi ndi pH ya 4,4 mpaka 8,6.
Ngati dothi lolemera komanso dothi la hydromorphic likhoza kusokoneza kukolola kwa ma tubers, muzochitika izi Yerusalemu atitchoku atha kulimidwa kuti apange tsinde.
Mwambiri, zokolola, kukula ndi mawonekedwe a tubers zimatengera mtundu wa dothi. Ngakhale dothi lopepuka lonyamula zipatso zikuluzikulu, dothi lolemera limapereka zokolola zabwino chifukwa chadothi losalala lomwe limasunga chinyezi.
Ponena za kutentha kwaulimi, mitundu yambiri ya Yerusalemu artichoke, nyengo ya masamba osachepera 125 yozizira ndiyofunika.
Mwambiri, kutentha kwa kulima kosiyanasiyana 6-26 ° C kumafunikira kuti mupeze phindu lochuluka.
Zomera zimakana kuthana ndi chisanu. Mukukula msanga, mbewuyo imalekerera kutentha mpaka -6 ° C, ngakhale kutentha kochepa kumayambitsa masamba chlorosis. Ponena za nthawi yophukira, chisanu kuyambira -2,8 ° C mpaka -8,4 ° C zimayambitsa makina a tubers acclimatization kuzizira. Izi zimawongolera kukoma kwawo chifukwa cha kutembenuka kwa inulin kukhala fructose.
M'malo achilengedwe, zolengedwa zina (tizilombo, tizilombo tosiyanasiyana) zimagwirizanirana ndi mbewu za ku artichoke, kuphatikiza mabanja asanu ndi limodzi a njuchi ndi ma bumblebe.
Ma phytophages ambiri ndi tizilombo tosaoneka pano talemba pa Yerusalemu artichoke, koma ambiri aiwo amatha kuwononga chikhalidwecho.
Mwambiri, gawo lakuthwa la mbeuyo limakhala kuti silinatenge matenda, pomwe ma tubers pa nthawi yomera ndikusungika nthawi zambiri amatha. Mavuto owopsa kwambiri ndi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ndi Sclerotinia rolfsii, omwe amayambitsa zowola.
Zoyambazo zimalimbikitsidwa ndi feteleza wambiri wa nayitrogeni, nthaka yotsika pH kapena dothi la hydromorphic, ndipo chomalizirachi ndi chinyezi chophatikizidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri.
Komanso dzimbiri Puccinia helianthindi powdery mildew yoyambitsidwa ndi Erisyphe chicoracearum, zimakhudza Yerusalemu artichoke, koma akulephera kuchepetsa zokolola, ngati tsamba chifukwa cha Alternaria helianthi.
Mukasunga tubers, makamaka zikaonongeka mukakolola, matenda oyambitsidwa Botritis cinerea, Rhizopus nigricans, fusarium и Pennicillum spp.. Komabe, njira zozizira koopsa zimawongolera matendawa.
Ponena za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, izi makamaka ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, koma mphamvu zake ndizosagwirizana.
Mtengowo ndi wolimba komanso wamphamvu, kotero kuti artichoke ya ku Yerusalemu ikhoza kukhala udzu wampikisano pawokha. Koma ngati namsongole amene akukula msanga, nkhondo yolimbana nayo ndiyofunikira pofesa pokhapokha nthambo itatseka. Onse kuphatikiza mankhwala ndi makina (kuvala pamwamba, kumasula, ndi zina).
Yerusalemu artichoke atakhazikika m'mundawo, ndizovuta kuchotsa, chifukwa ma tubers kapena mbali zina zake zimakhalabe pansi, nthawi yozizira bwino m'nthaka.
Kusankhidwa kwa Yerusalemu artichoke
Zofunika mwachilengedwe komanso zamphamvu zam'madzi za ku Yerusalemu artichoke ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ponseponse muzakudya ndi mafakitale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbewu zisinthe.
Zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pa kusankhidwa kwake ndi zipatso za ma tubers ndi inulin zomwe ndizopeza chakudya ndi chakudya, ndipo posachedwapa, cholinga chake chakhala pakupanga biomass yopanga biofuel.
Komabe, chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono kwa Yerusalemu artichoke, mpaka pano, kupita patsogolo pang'ono kwachitika. Zachuma pakukula kwazovuta ndizosasinthika ndipo zimatengera zofuna za asitikali a dziko lililonse.
Kubwezeretsanso chidwi ku Yerusalemu artichoke m'ma 1970 ndi 1980s, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi vuto lamagetsi ndi kusowa kwa chakudya, zalimbikitsanso mgwirizano wambiri kuti apange mitundu yatsopano kuti ikwaniritse zosowa zomwe zikubwera.
Kuyambira pamenepo, kukula kwakukulu kwa madera olimidwa kwalembedwa, makamaka m'zaka khumi zapitazi ku Asia.
Popeza kusintha kwanyengo pakali pano, kufunika kopeza magwero azatsopano zamagetsi ndikuchepetsa malo omwe akufuna kuti pakhale chakudya, ndalama zomwe zimasankhidwa mu Yerusalemu artichoke zikuwoneka kuti ndizoyenera.
USA ikhoza kukhala yosangalatsa ku Yerusalemu artichoke
Mpaka pano, mbewu zofala kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga ethanol ndi chimanga, nzimbe, manyuchi okoma, ndi masamba a shuga. Komabe, mitunduyi imadalira nthaka yachonde ndipo, monga lamulo, imafunikira zida zakunja (monga madzi, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, feteleza) kuti mukwaniritse zokolola zambiri.
United States ndi Brazil ndi omwe amapanga mafuta padziko lonse lapansi a bioethanol. Anawerengera pafupifupi 84% ya bioethanol yapadziko lonse mu 2018.
Milandu ndi nzimbe ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga Mowa mu maiko amenewa.
Kupanga kwa Ethanol mu 2027 akuyembekezeka kuwerengera 15 ndi 18% ya chimanga chadziko ndi kupanga nzimbe.
United States, monga ku Europe, imagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chimanga ndi tirigu kupanga bioethanol, pomwe nzimbe zimapangidwa ku Brazil. Mwambiri, nzimbe zimakhala ndi zokolola zapamwamba zambiri kuposa chimanga ndi mbewu zina monga Yerusalemu artichoke.
Komabe, nzimbe ndi zabwino m'malo otentha komanso otentha, koma osati nyengo yotentha. Chifukwa chake, tominabur ikhoza kukhala pafupi ndi chimanga pakupanga American ethanol.