"Europe ikayamba kudalira agrochemicals pazolimo pazaka 10 zikubwerazi ndi kupitirira, funso lofunika ndilakuti: Kodi chiloŵa m'malo ndi chiyani? Biotechnology yaulimi itha kupereka yankho, ”alemba a Farhan Mitha munkhani yomwe Labiotech Insider adalemba.
webusaiti Nkhani Za Mbatata Masiku Ano imapereka mfundo zochokera m'buku lino. Nkhani yonseyi imatha kuwerengedwa pawebusayiti. labiotech.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma agrochemicals - mankhwala ophera tizilombo, feteleza ndi zomeretsa zamasamba - zakhala zofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu pazaka zapitazi. Adaloleza kuwonjezera ulimi waulimi malinga ndi zosowa za anthu (omwe kuchuluka kwawo kudakula kwambiri) ndikupulumutsa anthu mabiliyoni ambiri ku njala. Komabe, mphamvu za ma agrochemicals pazachilengedwe zawonekera kwambiri kuti zitha kunyalanyazidwa, ndipo zida zamankhwala zikuwoneka kwambiri ngati zida za zana lomalizira zomwe sizili bwino kwenikweni kuthana ndi mavuto a m'zaka za zana la 21 lino.
Pozindikira izi, EU posachedwapa yakhazikitsa zolinga zingapo zochepetsera kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamafamu aku Europe pofika 2030. Tikukambirana zakuchepetsa kwa 50% kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso owopsa, komanso kutsika kwa 20% pakugwiritsa ntchito feteleza.
Komanso, zikuwonekeratu kuti kusunthira kuzolinga izi sikuyenera kutsagana ndi kugwa kwamphamvu pantchito. Njira yothanirana ndi izi ndikutembenukira ku njira zamakono zaulimi.
M'mbuyomu, kulimbikitsa maphunziro azachuma ku EU sikuyenda bwino nthawi zonse. European Commission yalepheretsa kuyambitsidwa kwa mbewu zosinthidwa ma genetic, zomwe zakhumudwitsa makampani ambiri ofufuza kuzungulira kontinenti yonse omwe aganiza njira zopangira ma genetic ngati zida zofunika popanga njira yolima bwino, yodalirika komanso yodalirika.
Komabe, kulima kwachilengedwe sikungopanga zokolola za GM: asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito kupanga njira zingapo zachilengedwe zomwe zimathandizira kukonza njira zokulira mbewu (popanda kusintha majini a mbewu zomwe).
Ma pheromone akuwongolera tizilombo
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zida zolimba zopangidwira kuthana ndi tizirombo, "ndimayendedwe oopsa", omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupha anthu ambiri. Koma njirayi "yofuka", yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri, imayambitsa zovuta zazikulu zachilengedwe.
BioPhero, yunivesite yaukadaulo ku Denmark, adachita upainiya wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ngati njira yokhayo yopangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Zinthu zomwe kampaniyo imapangira cholinga chake ndi kuthana ndi njenjete za mbewu, zomwe zambiri ndi tizirombo owopsa pa mbewu.
Kuyimitsidwa kwa ma Pheromone kumasokoneza amuna amphaka pomasulira zenizeni zenizeni zazimalo mwa mawonekedwe a nyambo. Zotsatira zake, mazira ochepa amayikidwa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mphutsi zomwe zimatha kuwononga mbewuzo zimasungidwa pang'onopang'ono, moyenera kwambiri.
BioPhero yakonza njira yopopera - yofanana ndi njira yopangira mowa - momwe yisiti wopanga amapangira ma pheromones a njenjete. Izi zimathandizira kupanga ma pheromones pamakampani ogulitsa, omwe amachititsa njira yotetezedwa yolimilira zachuma.
Mapuloteni a biocontrol
Monga mukudziwa, tizirombo tating'onoting'ono ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timabwera m'mitundu yonse ndi kukula kwake, ndipo timayimira maufumu osiyanasiyana: nyama (tizilombo), bowa, mabakiteriya. Izi zimabweretsa zovuta pakukula kwa njira za biocontrol zomwe zimayang'aniridwa kwambiri komanso zimatha kusintha zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosiyanasiyana.
Biotalys (yemwe kale anali Agrosavfe), gawoli la Flemish Institute of Biotechnology, akuwonetsa kuti yankho lavuto ili mu amodzi mwa maumbulidwe: chilengedwe.
Kampani ya Belgian biotechnology, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2013, ikupanga "agrobels" - mapuloteni ang'onoang'ono omwe adapangidwa kuti athane ndi tizirombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Gwero la kudzoza kwa kupanga "agrobel" anali mapuloteni a llama, omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe achilengedwe apadera.
Kampaniyo imatha kusankha mapuloteni omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri pothandizirana ndi mtundu uliwonse wa tizilombo kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndikupanga iwo ochulukirapo kudzera mu michere yambiri ndikuwasandutsa zida zoteteza chomera.
Kugwiritsa ntchito bacteria wa nthaka
M'zaka zaposachedwa, gawo lakuchita kafukufuku wama microbiome lakukula kwambiri, lotsogola ndi kuwongolera kwakukuru pakuwunika kwa magulu okhala m'gulu lamoyo pazinthu zokhala nazo. Mutuwu udalinso wonena za kafukufuku wa zaulimi, chifukwa mbewu zilinso ndi ma microbiomes.
Mwina kampani yotchuka kwambiri ya agrobiotechnical yomwe ikugwira ntchito kuti ipange mgwirizano wolumikizana pakati pa mbewu ndi mabakiteriya ndi Pivot Bio waku California. Zogulitsa zamakampani zimayambitsa mabakiteriya osinthika mwanjira kuchokera ku dothi, yomwe imatha kugwira nitrogen kuchokera kumlengalenga ndikupereka mwachindunji kuzomera. Chochita chimachepetsa kapena chimasinthanso kufunika kwa feteleza wopangira wa nayitrogeni, kugwiritsa ntchito komwe EU ikufuna kuchepetsa ndi 20%.
Makampani angapo aku Europe (kuphatikizapo Xtrem Biotech ku Spain ndi ApheaBio ku Belgium) akufufuzanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito tizilombo tating'onoting'ono m'malo mwa mankhwala a agrochemicals. Komabe, kuyambitsa bwino kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono m'nthaka m'munda weniweni kwatsimikizira kukhala kovuta, chifukwa zinthu zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimalepheretsa kugwira ntchito bwino ndi kukhazikika.
Kuti athane ndi vuto ili, kampani yaku France ya Kapsera idapanga ma microcapsules ang'onoang'ono kuchokera ku alginate (zinthu zochokera ku algae) zomwe zimatha kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa bio ndi biopesticides.
Pomaliza
Vuto lomwe alimi aku Europe akukumana nalo poganizira zolinga zatsopano za EU ndilovuta kwambiri: kupitiliza kuwonjezera zokolola mukuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Zitha kuwoneka ngati zosatheka, koma njira zambiri zowonjezereka zotithandizira zikutsimikizira kuti sizili choncho. Ndipo poganizira kuti fakitale yolima yanyumba ya EU mu 2019 idalandila ma euro 245 miliyoni kuti itukuke (21% yochulukirapo kuposa 2018), kusintha kwatsopano paulimi kungakhale kuyandikira kuposa momwe tikuganizira.