Zolemba: Ilya Rubin
Mgwirizano wazolimo sunaganizidwepo ngati mphamvu ku Russia. Ponena za mabungwe amgwirizano, a Fonterra odziwika padziko lonse lapansi, Valio ndi Arla, omwe amalumikizana opanga mkaka, nthawi yomweyo amabwera m'maganizo. Pakadali pano, pali zitsanzo za mabungwe ogwira ntchito bwino pakukula kwa masamba ku Russia.
Malinga ndi Association of Peasant (Farming) Farms and Agricultural Cooperatives of Russia (AKKOR), pali makampani pafupifupi 4 ku Russia. Chiwerengerochi ndichachidziwikire, ndipo sichinasinthe zaka zingapo zapitazi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti pamapepala, mgwirizano ukukulira ku Russia: malinga ndi zomwe boma limanena, pali olowa nawo pafupifupi 400 m'makampani pafupifupi 6 mdzikolo, ndipo ndalama zawo zimapitilira ma ruble 20 biliyoni.
Komabe, data ya Rosstat ikuwonetsa kuti mzaka 10 zapitazi minda ku Russia yatsika ndi 40% - pali ena opitilira 200. Zowona, alimi omwe apulumuka awonjezera kwambiri madera awo panthawiyi - kawiri, pafupifupi mpaka mahekitala 2,5.
Mulimonsemo, nzeru zachilendo zakulephera kwa mgwirizano wachigawenga waku Russia zitha kukokomezedwa, chifukwa zitsanzo za mgwirizano wabwino wa alimi ku Russia zikukumanabe.
Momwe mungagulitsire masamba mopindulitsa
Monga lamulo, maziko a mgwirizano wanthawi yayitali komanso wopindulitsa wa olima masamba ndikhumbo lawo loti azigulitsa malonda awo. Wogula wamkulu kwambiri ndi unyolo wogulitsa. Ma netiweki amafunika kutsimikizika kuti atumizidwa m'mitundu yayikulu kwambiri. Mafamu ang'onoang'ono sangachite izi, koma, pokhala ogwirizana, amatha kupereka zinthu pamaneti, komanso pamikhalidwe yabwino.
Umu ndi momwe mgwirizano wopambana wa mgwirizano wa AgroKostroma udakhalira. Wogulitsa wogulitsa ndi wotsatsa malondawa amachita nawo masamba akunja. Malinga ndi dongosolo loyang'ana anzawo "Kartoteka", ndalama zomwe amathandizira
kuposa ruble miliyoni 120. Phindu lenileni la mgwirizano si chizindikiro chofunikira, koma ndikofunikira kuti likhale labwino.
Mbiri ya "AgroKostroma" idayamba ndikuti mu 2007 mafamu angapo adaganiza zophatikizana kuti achite bwino. “Ntchito yayikulu yamgwirizanowu inali kugulitsa zinthu mofanana kwa mamembala onse amgwirizanowu, potero kupatula mpikisano pakati pawo. Bungweli lidapangitsa kuti zigwirizane pogula makina ndi zida mothandizidwa ndi boma, komanso kulandira njira zopangira pazinthu zabwino, "akukumbukira a Valentina Konkova, wapampando wa kampani ya AgroKostroma.
“Choyamba, mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano wopindulitsa onse omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale mawonekedwe athu anali kusintha pang'onopang'ono (winawake adasiya mgwirizano, minda yatsopano yomwe idayamba nawo), takhala tikupeza mfundo zolumikizirana ", -
akuti Valentina Konkova.
Malinga ndi iye, ntchito yayikulu yomwe bungweli linali kuyambitsa mgwirizano ndi mabungwe akuluakulu ogulitsa. Mu 2017, contract yayikulu yoyamba idasainidwa kuti ipereke zogulitsa zamakampani. “Zimakhala zosavuta kuti magulu akuluakulu ogulitsira azigwira ntchito ndi ogulitsa ambiri. Si minda yonse yaying'ono yomwe ili ndi zida zothandizira mgwirizano wodziyimira payokha. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulalo umodzi wa zida kumaloleza mabizinesi omwe ali ndi mavoliyumu osiyanasiyana kuti akhale nawo mgwirizanowu. Tidachita bwino chifukwa chothandizana bwino, "akutsindika Valentina Konkova.
Mwa njira, malonda opindulitsa azinthu sizifukwa zokhazokha zothandizirana. Nthawi zambiri mabungwe amakampani amatha kulandira ngongole ndi zothandizidwa pokha pokha ngati agwirizana, chifukwa onse amakhala ndi zitsimikizo kumabanki, zothandizira kupeza zikalata ndi zifukwa zambiri zopezera thandizo la boma.
Mwachitsanzo, kampani yogulitsa masamba yogulitsa ndiwo zamasamba "Kazachiy", yomwe ili mumzinda wa Krymsk, Krasnodar Territory, idatha kumanga malo osungira zinthu chifukwa chothandizana nawo minda yawo. Pakumanga kwawo mu 2017, Unduna wa Zamalonda ndi Kusintha Makampani a Krasnodar Territory adapatsa mgwirizano ku Kazachiy ndalama zokwana ma ruble 19,5 miliyoni. Ma ruble ena 13 miliyoni. Ndalama zawo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga, kugula makina ndi zida. Zingakhale zovuta kwambiri kupeza ndalama zothandizira ndalama ndikukweza ndalamazo padera.
Mgwirizano wanthawi yayitali wamafamu ogwirizana m'mabungwe nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino. Titha kupereka chitsanzo cha SEC "Vyshgorodsky", yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku 2004 m'mudzi wa Vyshgorod, m'chigawo cha Ryazan. Ali ndi luso lotakata kwambiri, kuphatikiza kulima masamba.
Mgwirizanowu udakhala mtsogoleri m'derali pamafakitale agro makamaka chifukwa chothandizana ndi mafamu, omwe samatha kupeza ndalama zokwanira zogulira makina ndi zida zaulimi. Mu 2012-2019, mothandizidwa ndi Unduna wa zaulimi ndi Chakudya cha m'dera la Ryazan, mogwirizana ndi dongosolo la boma la Ryazan Region "Development of agro-industrial complex", kampaniyi idapatsidwa ngongole ndi zothandizira mu kuchuluka kwa ma ruble mamiliyoni 80,9. pogula zida. Kuphatikiza apo, ogwira nawo ntchito adayikapo ndalama pafupifupi RUB 9,9 miliyoni pantchitoyo.
ndalama zawo.
Tithokoze chifukwa cha ndalamazi, ndalama zamakampaniwa zakula pazaka 90%, komanso zokolola za ndiwo zamasamba ndi makumi khumi peresenti.
Titha kunena kuti mgwirizano pakulima masamba umapangitsa kuti minda ing'onoing'ono yomwe yabalalika ikhale yolimba ngati malo olimapo. Nthawi yomweyo, kuthekera kosamalira bwino mafakitale ang'onoang'ono kumatha kuwapangitsa kukhala ogwira ntchito kwambiri. Ngakhale zili choncho, akukhulupirira kuti Russia ndi dziko lamalonda ambiri omwe atsala pang'ono kulanda zotsalira za alimi omwe awonongedwa. Komabe, vutoli limakhala lokokomeza.
Nthano ya ulimi
Kuchokera kunja zitha kuwoneka ngati kuti mafakitale onse azachuma ku Russia ndi gawo limodzi lokhalo lazaulimi, loyambira kutali mpaka kumapeto. M'malo mwake, ulimi waku Russia, makamaka pakulima masamba, umaimiridwa ndi makampani ang'onoang'ono komanso alimi.
minda.
Mwa njira, m'maiko aku Europe, komwe kulibe minda yayikulu, koma kuli minda yaying'ono yamabanja, mabungwe amgwirizano apeza bwino kwambiri, ndipo ena mwa iwo akhalapo kwa makumi kapena mazana a zaka.
Malinga ndi Federal State Statistics Service, ku Russia, gawo la minda yomwe ili ndi mahekitala opitilira 10 zikwi zaposachedwa yafika gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aminda zonse zaku Russia, pomwe pakati pa 2000s chiwerengerochi chinali chosakwana 20 %. Komabe, sikuti gawo lokhalo lokhalamo lokhalo lakula, komanso nthaka
ziwembu zamakampani azakulima zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe zidathandizidwa ndikuwonongeka kwa minda yambiri yothandizira. Izi ndi zomwe zidapangitsa kukula kwa madera amakampani "apakatikati" azaulimi ku Russia - alimi "akatswiri" akukankhira "amateurs" m'minda yabanja. Mwachitsanzo, madera athunthu amafamu awirikiza kawiri munthawi yomweyo - mpaka mahekitala pafupifupi 2 miliyoni. Izi zimawonekera makamaka pakukula kwamasamba, komwe, motsutsana ndi kuchepa kwa mabungwe azamalimi, kuchuluka kwa alimi kudakulirakulira.
Tsopano pali alimi opitilira 200 zikwi ku Russia, ndipo akukulitsa madera awo, monga momwe alimi alimi. Komabe, malo awo ndi ochepa - gawo lalikulu la minda ndi mahekitala 269 (pomwe bungwe lililonse laulimi ku Russia limakhala mahekitala 6). Chifukwa chake, alimi ali ndi mwayi wambiri wogwirizana.
Pakadali pano, mgwirizano ukuwonjezeka. Zonse pamodzi, mu 2018-2020, mabungwe ogwira ntchito zaulimi adapangidwa ku Russia, pomwe 1848 anali ogula, malinga ndi Federal Corporation for Development of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses. Izi ndichifukwa chakupezeka kwa
Opanga zaulimi cholinga chake ndikupanga mabungwe kuti agwire ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
Pofuna kulimbikitsa mgwirizano, a SME Corporation, limodzi ndi Unduna wa Zacholimo ku Russia, SME Bank, Rosselkhozbank, Sberbank ndi Rosagroleasing, apanga Phukusi la Njira Zothandizira ("bokosi") pamakampani azolima ndi alimi mabungwe amakampani. Phukusi lothandizirali limaphatikizapo zopangira zandalama zamagulu aulimi. Izi, mwa zina, ndi zitsimikiziro zochokera ku Corporation "SME", zopangidwa ndi ngongole kuchokera ku "SME Bank", "Rosselkhozbank", Sberbank, yolumikizidwa ndi thandizo ndi zopereka kuchokera ku Unduna wa Zaulimi
Russia, zopangira mipata yapaderadera yamakampani obwereketsa zigawo kuti agule zida ndi zinthu zobwereketsa za Rosagroleasing.
Kuphatikiza apo, Phukusi la Njira Zothandizira zikuphatikiza njira zothandizira Unduna wa Zachuma ku Russia kuti akope ndalama kumsika wamsika. Komanso, kuwonjezera pa njira zothandizira ndalama, ili ndi zidziwitso pazinthu zosagwirizana ndi ndalama, kuphatikiza pakukulitsa misika yazogulitsa: kutsatsa malonda pa intaneti, kugula makasitomala akulu, komanso mgwirizano ndi mabungwe ogulitsa.
Komabe, njira zonsezi sizingathetse vuto lalikulu la mgwirizano - kusowa chikhulupiriro pakati pa alimi, atero a Alexander Nikulin, director of the RANEPA Center for Agricultural Research motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti wa Russian Federation. Amaphunzira zamgwirizano ku Russia komanso momwe amachitira
Ntchito za sayansi zimafunsa alimi pafupipafupi. "Mwachidziwitso, alimi ang'onoang'ono amatha kulumikizana motero kuyamba kupikisana ndiulimi popereka maukadaulo aboma ndi zigawo, koma pochita izi samachita bwino," akutero Alexander Nikulin.
Komabe, pali chiyembekezo kuti alimi am'badwo watsopano, omwe alibe tsankho pamakampani agulu, ayamba kupanga mabungwe. Katswiriyo akuwona zisonyezo zoyambirira za gululi m'chigawo cha Moscow, pomwe alimi achichepere akupanga kale bungwe lina lothandizirana ndi AKKOR.
Nanga bwanji malamulo?
Ndizovuta kwambiri kuti mabungwe ogwira ntchito zaulimi azipezeka popanda malamulo aboma. “M'mayiko ambiri ku Europe, mgwirizano wachita bwino makamaka chifukwa cha kusamalira mafamu ang'onoang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, ku France, alimi amawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo la chikhalidwe, ndipo ku Switzerland, alimi ang'onoang'ono amapatsidwa thandizo lachuma (osati molunjika, koma mochulukira pomanga zomangamanga, ngongole zabwino, ndi zina zotero) , "akutero wamkulu wa zamalonda ku Hoban Law Group. Halston Punchek.
Amatsindika kuti mabungwe odziwika komanso amphamvu - Valio, CHS, Mondragon kapena Arla - adapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi boma mosavomerezeka, zomwe zikupitabe mpaka pano. Ku Japan, mwachitsanzo, alimi opitilira 90% onse ndiamakampani amgwirizano; ogwirizira awo a ZEN-NOH ndi amodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Minda ilipo yaying'ono, koma chifukwa cha kuphatikiza koteroko amatha kuteteza ufulu wawo pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, chifukwa chake gawo lazothandizidwa ndi boma pazopeza zawo ndiloposa 50%.
Tsopano kufunika kothandizidwa ndi boma m'makampani akumakambirananso ku Russia. Chifukwa chapadera cha mgwirizano, kuthandizidwa ndi akuluakulu aboma ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwake. Pankhaniyi, zigawo zonse (kupatula Moscow ndi St. Petersburg), adapanga ndi
Ndondomeko zachitukuko cha mgwirizano zikuchitika, ndipo malo oyenerera pantchito yolumikizana ndi zaulimi ndikuthandizira alimi akutenga nawo gawo pokonzekera zothandizira zomangamanga.
Ndiyamika chithandizo, zigawo zikuluzikulu mu chitukuko cha mgwirizano ulimi ndi Lipetsk, Tyumen, Belgorod zigawo, Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Bashkortostan ndi Tatarstan. Malinga ndi akatswiri, madera otsatirawa atha kukhala olonjeza: kupanga kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe, zopangidwa mwapamwamba kwambiri komanso zophikira, komanso
kupanga zakudya zam'madera osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja kwambiri.
«Ngati tiwona ziwerengero zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa makampani opanga zinthu m'zaka zaposachedwa, tiwona kuti atsogoleri kumeneko akusintha nthawi zonse, - akutero a Alexander Nikulin. - Posachedwa, Tatarstan inali m'gulu la atsogoleri malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mabungwe amgwirizano, ndipo tsopano ndi dera la Lipetsk. Izi zikufotokozedwa
ndizo thandizo lachigawo. Tsopano, madera ena ayamba kugawa ndalama ndi mgwirizano mothandizirana m'njira zonse, koma pakapita nthawi, chidwi m'derali chimachepa, ndipo pambuyo pake mgwirizano nawonso umazilala. "
Malinga ndi iye, pamakhala zotsutsana pamalamulo amgwirizano, ndipo zoyeserera "zochokera kumwamba" sizimagwirizana nthawi zonse ndi chikhumbo cha alimi omwe kuti agwirizane. Chifukwa chake mavuto omwe nthawi zambiri amalankhulidwa komanso kulembedwa. Koma alimi achichepere ndiosavuta kugwirizana. Kotero mwina kwinakwake ku Russia
Mgwirizano wamasamba wamtsogolo posachedwa udzakula, womwe ungafanane ndi kukula ndi mphamvu kwa Fonterra wodziwika bwino wamkaka.