Pafupifupi zinthu zonse zaulimi zaku Russia zimabzalidwa kuchokera ku njere zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja. Uwu ndi mtundu wolowa m'malo mwazaulimi. Ma beets omwewo, omwe amakula m'munda, amawoneka ngati athu, koma mbewu za beets izi zidachokera kunja. Nanga bwanji ngati sanabweretsedwe tsiku lina?
Nyuzipepala ya Parliamentary Newspaper inaganiza zofufuza chifukwa chomwe dziko likupitirizabe kudalira kugulitsa mbeu kuchokera kunja, kukula kwa kudalira kumeneku ndi chiyani, komanso momwe boma lithana ndi vuto la kusowa kwa mbeu zapakhomo.
Kudalira okhala m'chilimwe ndi wamaluwa?
"Chabwino, ziribe kanthu zomwe mungatenge, pali mayina akunja kulikonse, chifukwa mbewu zonse zimatumizidwa kunja," Wapampando wa Federation Council, Valentina Matvienko, adakwiya pakutsegulidwa kwa nyumba yatsopano yotenthetsera kutentha m'chigawo cha Leningrad.
Adayamika ogwira ntchito ku greenhouses chifukwa chodziwa bwino ukadaulo watsopano, koma, potembenukira kwa alimi onse ndi aphungu, adapempha kuti ayesetse kubwezeretsa gawo la mbewu kuti zokolola zaulimi zizipangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zapakhomo.
Mkhalidwe wa mbewu si wathanzi kwambiri, onse m'munda wa horticulture ndi masamba kukula, anavomereza wapampando wa State Duma Committee pa nkhani zaulimi, Vladimir Kashin, pokambirana ndi Parliamentary Gazeta. Malinga ndi iye, opanga shuga ndi chakudya cha beet amadalira kwambiri mbewu zochokera kunja. Mbewu zopikisana zapakhomo za mbewuyi sizinapangidwebe, wachiwiriyo adati.
Mkhalidwe wa chimanga ndi wabwinoko pang'ono: msika udakali ndi alimi akunja omwe adadziwa bwino dera lino zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Nthawi yomweyo, alimi aku Russia amatha kukhala opikisana nawo kwambiri, koma chifukwa cha izi boma liyenera kuwathandiza.
Mbewu zapakhomo ndizodziwika kwambiri pakati pa anthu, adatsindika Vladimir Kashin. Izi ndi zoona makamaka kulima munda masamba. “Pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya ndiwo zamasamba (tomato, nkhaka, tsabola ndi zina) zimapangidwa ndi anthu ambiri, ndipo mbali imeneyi imakhudzidwa ndi ulimi wa mbewu zapakhomo,” adatero phunguyo.
Chimodzi mwa mbewu zochepa zamasamba zomwe zimabzalidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zochokera kunja ndi mbatata. Pano, gawo labwino kwambiri limakhala ndi mitundu yaku Dutch, ndipo kufunikira kwawo sikuchokera kwa alimi wamba, komanso kumafakitale akulu azaulimi.
Zinthu zili bwino mu gawo la mbewu zambewu. Mitundu yathu ndi yabwino kwambiri, yopikisana ndipo imatulutsa zokolola zambiri; zovuta mderali ndi zochepa. Koma kwa zaka zosamvetseka 20 zapitazi, oyambitsa ndi opanga oyamba sanalandireko khobiri kuchokera ku boma.
Masiteshoni ambiri ndi owonongeka komanso ali ndi ngongole; akufunika kutsitsimutsidwa ndi kukonzedwa, "anadandaula motero Vladimir Kashin. Kutsitsimuka kwa kupanga mbewu: nthawi yoyembekezera "kumera" Chimodzi mwamavuto akulu omwe amalepheretsa kukula kwa mbewu ku Russia ndi malamulo akale. Lamulo la "Pa Kupanga Mbewu" silinasinthe kuyambira pomwe linalengedwa m'ma 90s. Ndipo ngakhale panali kuyesa kosiyana kokonzanso, palibe amene adapeza mphamvu.
Malinga ndi kunena kwa Vladislav Korochkin, membala wa Bungwe la Public Council pansi pa Unduna wa Zaulimi wa Chitaganya cha Russia, mfundo za chikalatachi zimachititsa kuti alimi a ku Russia azidzipatula. "Ndikoyenera kusintha malamulo ambiri omwe amalepheretsa kufalikira kwaufulu ndi kutumiza mbewu kunja kwa mbeu ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuitanitsa ndi kusinthanitsa ma genetic kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuchita zoweta, mabungwe asayansi ovomerezeka komanso obereketsa achidwi," katswiriyo amakhulupirira.
Poganizira kukwaniritsidwa kwa nkhani ya chitukuko cha kupanga mbewu, ndondomeko zawonekera kale ku State Duma kuti amalize Lamulo la "Pa Kupanga Mbewu". Izi zidatsimikiziridwa ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Gazeta ndi Vladimir Kashin, ndikuzindikira kuti gawo laulimili liyenera kusinthidwa "pamtunda wonse," kuphatikizapo kupanga maziko a sayansi ndi chitukuko cha dongosolo lopangira zinthu zobzala bwino.
Nkhani yokonza maziko aukadaulo ndiyofunikira kwambiri m'boma lathu, anawonjezera Alexander Polyakov, membala wa Komiti ya Duma pa Nkhani za Agrarian. "Dziko lathu limagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje akale kuyambira zaka 20 mpaka 30 zapitazo, ndipo asayansi ambiri aku Russia apita kukagwira ntchito kumalo obereketsa akunja. Zinthu zikuyenera kutembenukira kwina,” wachiwiriyo akutsimikiza. Kuyambira chaka chatha, Boma lakhala likuyesetsa kutsitsimutsa kalimidwe ndi kusankha mbewu.
M'malo mwa Purezidenti Vladimir Putin, Unduna wa Zaulimi udapanga Federal Scientific and Technical Program for Development of Agriculture for 2017-2025. Amapereka mapulogalamu apadera odzipereka pakukula kwa kusankha ndi kupanga mbewu za mbatata, komanso beets, mbewu zamasamba, mpendadzuwa ndi chimanga.
Potengera “mapu a misewu” a polojekitiyi, onse awiri akuyenera kukhala ali mkati mokwanitsidwa.
Mfundo yakuti boma lidayika patsogolo nkhani yopanga mbewu idatsimikiziridwa ndi Wachiwiri kwa Wapampando wa Federation Council Committee on Agricultural and Food Policy and Environmental Management Irina Gekht. “Masiku ano kupangidwa kwa malo osungira mbewu ndi malo obereketsa mbewu kwathandizidwa. Ndipo iwo, makamaka, ayamba kale kulengedwa, mwachitsanzo, ku St. Petersburg ndi dera la Chelyabinsk, "seneta adauza Parliamentary Newspaper.
Palinso kumvetsetsa kwa mabizinesi am'deralo, adawonjezera. Chifukwa chake, minda yayikulu yaulimi ikupanga malo awo osankha komanso malo opangira mbewu. "Ndiko kuti, uku ndikusuntha komwe kumayambira bizinesi ndi boma.
Ndikuganiza kuti zaka zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zikubwerazi tidzathetsa vutoli,” adatsindika motero phungu.
Kunja kudzatithandiza
Ziribe kanthu momwe zingamvekere zachilendo, chitukuko cha mbewu za ku Russia popanda mayiko akunja sizingatheke. Vladislav Korochkin, membala wa Bungwe la Public Council pansi pa Unduna wa Zaulimi ku Russian Federation, adalankhula za izi pothirira ndemanga ku nyuzipepala ya Parliamentary.
Zonse zimadalira mtundu wa mbewu, zomwe zingathe kutsimikiziridwa ndi nyengo yabwino. Malinga ndi iye, mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa ku Russia zimatha kukhala "zosavomerezeka" chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa: kwinakwake kulibe dzuwa lokwanira, kwinakwake kumakhala kozizira kwambiri kapena kulibe madzi okwanira kuthirira, kwinakwake kunagwa mvula nthawi yokolola. ndi zina. Komabe, mavutowa amadziwikanso kwa opanga akunja, makamaka ochokera ku Northern Europe. Chifukwa chake olima mbewu akuyang'ana madera abwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Minda yodalirika kwambiri ili ku Southern Hemisphere. Zomwe zikutsatiridwa, minda, ma subcontractors ndi zina zonse zikupangidwanso kumeneko, zomwe zimakhudzanso kupanga mbewu zogwira mtima komanso zotsika mtengo, adatero Vladislav Korochkin. "Mwachitsanzo, achi Dutch samabala mbewu kunyumba - amalima ku USA, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand ndi mayiko ena," adatero woyimira nyuzipepala ya Parliamentary.
Makampani a masamba aku Russia, malinga ndi iye, amachita zomwezo komanso pazifukwa zomwezo: amakula 80 peresenti ya mitundu yawo ndi ma hybrids kunja. Kuphatikiza apo, pochita izi, opanga amalepheretsa zinthu zanyengo. “Kuno kukakhala nyengo yachisanu, m’chilimwe cha Kumwera kwa Dziko Lapansi, mbewu zimacha. Pamene timayamba nyengo yofesa, amakolola, ndiye kuti amabwera kwa ife atangotsala pang’ono kubzala,” anafotokoza motero membala wa bungwe la Public Council lomwe lili pansi pa unduna wa zamalimidwe.
Momwe mungachokere pa singano yotumiza mbewu
Russia ikufunika kuberekana kwatsopano kuti isadalire mbewu zomwe zatumizidwa kunja, Alexander Polyakov, membala wa State Duma Committee on Agrarian Issues, akukhulupirira. Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha dera lakwawo la Tambov, adawonetsa Nyuzipepala ya Nyumba Yamalamulo momwe zigawo zikuyang'ana njira zotukula paokha.
Dera la Tambov ndi dera laulimi, koma derali likukumananso ndi mavuto akulu pankhani yolima mbewu.
Mwachitsanzo, kusowa kwa mbewu zapamwamba kumalepheretsa kukula kwa zokolola za mbatata. Kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa zomwe amapanga ndikuchotsa zogulitsa kunja, kukhazikitsidwa kwa polojekiti yomanga malo osankhidwa ndi kupanga mbewu kudayamba. Idzagwiritsa ntchito njira zotsogola za sayansi ya zamoyo zomwe zingathandize kulimidwa kwa mbewu zopanda ma virus. Nthawi zambiri, minda yambewu 13 idalembetsedwa m'chigawo cha Tambov, ndipo onsewa ndi cholinga chotulutsa mbewu zamitundu yodalirika. Ntchito yaikulu ikuchitika ndi nthambi ya Russian Agricultural Center m'chigawo cha Tambov, makamaka poyang'anira ubwino wa mbewu, kuyang'anira phytosanitary wa mbewu ndi kufalikira kwa tizirombo toopsa, komanso kukambirana zolimbana nazo.
Kuchita ndi Western "agrotitan": kuwopseza kapena kupindula?
Pamene gawo la mbewu likukonzekera "kutuluka phulusa la 90s," makampani akunja angatenge msika. Malinga ndi Senator Irina Gekht, kuphatikiza kwa kampani yaku Germany Bayer ndi wopanga mankhwala a herbicides ku America ndi mbewu za GMO Monsanto ndizowopsa.
Masiku ano, kupangidwa kwa malo osungira mbewu ndi malo obereketsa kumathandizidwa. Ndipo iwo, makamaka, ayamba kale kulengedwa, mwachitsanzo, ku St. Petersburg ndi dera la Chelyabinsk. FAS idavomereza mgwirizanowu ku Russia, ndikukakamiza bungweli kuti ligawane "zinsinsi zachipambano" ndi alimi aku Russia kuti athe kukulitsa ndikupikisana. Tikulankhula za mgwirizano wazaka zisanu pankhani yaukadaulo waukadaulo wa digito.
Mwa zina, Bayer-Monsanto idzasamutsa matekinoloje a mbewu: zida zobereketsa mamolekyulu a chimanga, mbewu zodyera, soya, tirigu, komanso majeremusi (zosonkhanitsa zamtundu) za tomato, nkhaka, kabichi ndi mbewu zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa.
Bungwe la FAS likuwunika mgwirizanowu ndi chimphona chachikulu chaulimi, ndikuyembekeza kuti zithandiza chitukuko cha ulimi wapakhomo. Koma maseneta sakuwona chilichonse chomwe chili chabwino pamwambowu. "Pambuyo pa kuphatikiza, Bayer - Monsanto idzakhala yokhayokha pamsika wambewu padziko lonse lapansi. Pano tikuona kuti chitetezo cha dziko ndiponso chakudya chili choopsa,” anatero Irina Gekht.
Akatswiri pankhani zaulimi m'manyuzipepala amawonetsanso kukayikira: m'malingaliro awo, matekinoloje operekedwa ndi wolamulirayo sangathandize opanga aku Russia mwanjira iliyonse, chifukwa sangathe kuzigwiritsa ntchito chifukwa chazinthu zakale komanso kusowa kwa chidziwitso.
Source: www.nsss-russia.ru