Kukonzekera kwa mbatata kwa malo osungira kumayamba kale zinthuzo zisanabwere kusitolo. Ponena za momwe tingachitire bwino ntchitoyi komanso zomwe tiyenera kuyang'anira, timakambirana ndi a Stanislav Vladimirovich Maltsev, Doctor of Agricultural Science, Mutu wa Laboratory yosungira Mbatata ndi Federal Labor Center ya Federal Research Center ya Mbatata. A.G. Lorkha.
- Stanislav Vladimirovich, tiyeni tiyambe posankha mitundu yoyenera. Amadziwika kuti pali mitundu yomwe ndiyabwino kwambiri posungira. Kodi khalidweli limadalira nthawi yakukhwima yamachubu? Kodi ndizotheka kunena kuti mitundu yakucha mochedwa, mwachitsanzo, ndi yoyenera kusungidwa kuposa yoyambirira kucha?
- Mitundu yamachubu yamitundu yoyambirira yakucha imadziunjikira zinthu zochepa zowuma komanso wowuma panthawi yokula. Chifukwa chake, ali ndi gawo lokwanira lamadzi, lomwe limatuluka limakhala madzi osungunuka omwe amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu lakutaya kwa mbatata. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yam'mbuyomu imakololedwa kale ndipo imakhala ndi nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zina zimakhala zofanana, zoyambirira komanso makamaka mitundu yoyambirira kwambiri imadziwika ndi zotayika pakusungira. Komabe, kusunga mbatata kumadaliranso kwambiri ndi kutalika kwa kugona kwa ma tubers, komwe kumatsimikizira kuyambika kwa kameredwe kake ndi zotayika kumera. Chizindikiro ichi chimakhudzana mwachindunji ndi mitundu yamitundu ndipo sichidalira gulu lakucha.
- Musanadzalemo mbatata, akatswiri amalimbikitsa kuyesa nthaka kuti adziwe zomwe zili zokwanira komanso zomwe zikusowa. Ndi zisonyezo ziti zomwe muyenera kuziganizira ngati mukufuna kuyika mbatata kuti zisungidwe?
- Kudziwa magawo agrochemical nthaka ndikofunikira pakuwerengera mulingo woyenera wa feteleza wa mbatata. Nthawi zambiri, opanga zaulimi, poyesetsa kupeza zokolola zochuluka, amawonjezera nayitrogeni wochulukirapo, chifukwa cha izi, pofika nthawi yokolola, ma tubers amakhala atakhwima thupi (okhala ndi wowuma wowonjezera, womwe umapangitsa kuti kukoma kukhale kosavuta; kuchuluka kwa nitrate). Kuphatikiza apo, mbatata izi zimakhala ndi khungu losalimba, lomwe limawonongeka kwambiri nthawi yokolola. Zotsatira za izi ndikuchepa kwa kusunga kwa ma tubers.
Mulingo woyenera wa N: P: K wa mbatata ndi 1: 1-1,2: 1,2-1,5. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kuchuluka kwa phosphorous m'nthaka sikunatsimikizire kupezeka kwake kwa mbewu, chifukwa kumatha kukhala kovuta ndi chitsulo ndi aluminium. Pa nthaka zoterezi, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza watsopano wa phosphorous. Pakadali pano, dothi lamatope lilipo m'minda yambiri yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira zochulukirapo zopangira mbewu, komanso pakusinthana kwa mbewu kodzaza ndi mbatata, ichi ndiye chodabwitsa kwambiri (popanda kuyika, acidity kumawonjezeka, kuchuluka kwa chitsulo ndi aluminiyamu kumawonjezera, komwe kumangiriza phosphorous ndipo amatsogolera ku phosphating).
- Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe ziyenera kuphatikizidwa munjira ya zakudya za mbatata munthawi imeneyi komanso munthawi ziti?
- Zomwe zili zofala kwambiri m'mafamu aku Russia ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito feteleza wa feteleza m'deralo: 2/3 mukamadula mitsinje (kapena mukamabzala, ngati ukadaulo wa Dutch wagwiritsidwa ntchito) ndi 1/3 - mukudyetsa mizu ndikulima kwapakati pa milungu iwiri kutuluka (mwachitsanzo, N60P60K90 +N30P30K45 malinga ndi chinthu chogwira ntchito). Mbatata imayankha bwino kuthirira, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, kuthirira (200 m3/ ha) akuphatikizidwa ndi kuyambitsa kwa ammonium nitrate 5 kg / ha kapena feteleza wama micronutrient (m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia, ulimi wothirira awiri kapena anayi amachitika mu Julayi-Ogasiti, kutengera nyengo).
- Ndi chiyani china chofunikira kuganizira mukamabzala mbatata, kuti pambuyo pake zidzasungidwe bwino? Kodi ndi liti pomwe ndi bwino kuperekera masamba a masamba? Ndi kotentha kotani kwa mpweya ndi nthaka komwe tikulimbikitsidwa kukolola?
- Choyamba, panthawi yakukula, ndikofunikira kuti muzitha kuchiza mbewu ndikulumikizana, dongosolo ndi zomasulira motsutsana ndi vuto lakumapeto, alternaria, anthracnose ndi matenda ena a fungal ndi bakiteriya. Chiwerengero chofunikira cha mankhwalawa ndichachisanu pa nyengo iliyonse. Kachiwiri, kuti tipewe kutsetsereka kwa nthaka ya tubers, dothi lomwe lili m'mizere ndi timipata liyenera kukhala loyera komanso lotakasuka kufikira nthawi yokolola. Chachitatu, ndikofunikira kuchita kuchotsa zisanachitike zokolola ndi mankhwala (raglon super 2,5 l / ha, mphepo youma 2,5 l / ha, basta 2,0 l / ha), pogwiritsa ntchito makina kapena njira zophatikizira, kutengera momwe zinthu zilili ndi chitukuko pamwamba, osachepera masiku 10-12 musanakumbe ma tubers. Chachinayi, kuyeretsa kumayenera kuchitika munthawi yake komanso kutentha kwa mpweya osachepera +10 °C, apo ayi kuchuluka kwa makina osokonekera komanso okhudzidwa ndi ma tubers owola a Fusarium kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Ndikuchedwa kukolola ndikuchita nawo chinyontho chanthaka (chomwe chimakhala cholemera kwambiri), ma tubers amakhala ndi turgor yowonjezeka, ndipo zamkati zimang'ambika chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwamakina, misozi ndi mdima zimapangidwa. Ngati kukolola kumachedwa kuchedwa chisanadze chisanu, kuvulala kwa ma tubers kumakulirakulira, popeza zamkati zimakhala zovuta ndipo zimatha kutambasuka (makamaka pakakhala nkhani youma). Nthawi zambiri, m'malo ovutawa, gawo la mbewu nthawi zambiri limayenera kusiya m'munda, ndipo ma tubers omwe angathe kukololedwa amakhala ndi kuwonongeka kwamakina ambiri ndipo, chifukwa chake, amakhala osavomerezeka.
- Ndi magawo ati ofunikira okonzekera kukonzekera kukolola atatha? Akatswiri ambiri amati minda yambiri yaku Russia sapereka chidwi chokwanira pochotsa malo pazinthu zonse zomwe sizigulitsa, sanachite nawo masanjidwe ndi kuyeza. Nchifukwa chiyani ndizoopsa? Ndi malo angati omwe ali ovomerezeka kusungidwa?
- Kukolola kumatsatiridwa ndi gawo laukadaulo la kuyika mbatata kuti zisungidwe. Pali mitundu itatu yamatekinoloje osungira ma bookmarking - mu mzere, kusinthanitsa ndi kutsata molunjika.
Akukhamukira - Mbatata zomwe adakolola zimatumizidwa kumalo osankhira kuti alekanitse dothi, zosawonongeka ndikudziyika m'magawo omwe amasungidwa pambuyo pake. Poyerekeza ndi matekinoloje ena, ndi ma tubers amalandila kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwamakina. Chifukwa chake, iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati: 1) malonda akukonzekera kugulitsidwa nthawi yakugwa; 2) mbatata zokololedwa ndi kuphatikiza zimachokera kumunda ndikusakanikirana kwa nthaka yopitilira 25-30% komanso zotsalira zazomera; 3) ma tubers apsa kwathunthu, amakhala ndi khungu lolimba ndipo samakhudzidwa ndi matenda.
Kusintha - Ma tubers amasungidwa milu yakanthawi kochepa asanasungidwe kapena kusanja. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uku ndikofunikira ngati kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa tubers ndikubanika, kuwonongeka mochedwa, kuvunda konyowa, komanso nyengo zomwe kukolola kumachitika nyengo yozizira komanso yamvula, makamaka kuphatikiza nthaka yolemera.
Direct-otaya - mbatata zobwera kuchokera kumunda zimayikidwa nthawi yomweyo osasanja yophukira. Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu zilili, zitha kuchitidwa m'njira ziwiri. Ngati kusakanikirana kwa nthaka pamulu sikupitilira 10-15%, ndipo zomwe zili ndi ma tubers ang'onoang'ono mpaka 30 mm kukula kwake ndizosafunikira, amakololedwa molingana ndi chiwembu chosavuta kwambiri "wokolola - chosungira", ndiye kuti mbatata kuchokera kuphatikiza kumatengedwa ndikusungidwa ndikusungidwa mu hopper ya TZK-mtundu wa conveyor-loader. 30/60, yomwe imasunga ma tubers. Ngati dothi lokwanira pazogulitsidwalo lidapitilira 20% ndipo pali ma tubers ambiri ang'onoang'ono, mbatata zochokera pachophatikizacho zimatsitsidwa ndikulandila hopper yolowera kutsogolo kwa chipata chosungira. Bunker imakhala ndi chotsuka mulu, chomwe chimasiyanitsa nthaka ndi ma tubers ang'onoang'ono, ndipo gawo lalikulu la mbatata limadyetsedwa ndi makina otumiza (zotumiza) kumalo osungira, pomwe womenyerayo amapezeka. Pa zotumiza, ma tubers osakhala okhazikika, zotumphukira, miyala ndi zosafunika zina amasankhidwa pamanja. Mbatata zambewu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulowu zimasungidwa mpaka masika, ndipo zimasakanizidwa ndi tizigawo tating'ono mukamakonzekera kubzala.
Kukhalapo kwa malo ochulukirapo mu embankment ya mbatata yosungidwa kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mpweya wabwino, kumapangitsa malo osungira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso, minda imayesetsa kupewa izi momwe zingathere. Komabe, izi sizigwira ntchito nthawi zonse ngati kukolola kwachedwa pazifukwa zina, makamaka ngati ntchitoyi yachitika panthaka yolemera kwambiri.
Malinga ndi GOST 7176-201 "Zakudya za mbatata. Zochitika zaukadaulo "kupezeka kwa dothi lomatira ku tubers sikuloledwa kwa mbatata zoyambirira, mochedwa - osapitilira 1% yamagulu ochepa amaloledwa. Malinga ndi GOST 33996-2016. "Mbatata ya mbewu ndi njira zodziwira mtunduwo" zimaloleza kupezeka kwa nthaka ndi zosafunika, zosaposa 2% polemera m'magulu a OS, ES, RS1-2.
- Ndi nthawi iti yomwe "nthawi ya mankhwala" imaphatikizapo mbatata? Kodi imafunika nthawi zonse?
- Mwambiri, ukadaulo wosungira mbatata umaphatikizapo nthawi zisanu zazikulu: kuyanika (100-200 m3/ t paola), kuchiritsa, kuzirala (0,5 °C patsiku), chachikulu komanso masika.
Nthawi zonse amalimbikitsidwa kuti azichita chithandizo chamankhwala, ngati kuli kotheka, chifukwa ndikofunikira kuchiritsa kuwonongeka kwamakina komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zokolola ndi mayendedwe, potero kumatsimikizira kukonzekera kwa mbatata kuti zisungidwe kwanthawi yayitali. Kutalika kwa nthawi yamankhwala kumadalira kutentha kwa mpweya: pa 18-20 °Zimakhala masiku 14-16, pa 14-16 °Kuyambira - masiku 20-25. Kutentha kwa 12 °Kuchokera ndi pansi pa njira zakupsa ndi zipsera zamagawo ndi zokopa sizimachitika.
Kuchiritsa kovulaza kwambiri (mapangidwe am'magulu am'magazi ndi bala peridermis) kumachitika kutentha pafupifupi 18 °C.
Mbatata yosungirako imakhala ndi mpweya wabwino wofunda (wamkati) mpweya kasanu ndi kamodzi patsiku kwa mphindi 5 ndikulowerera kwa maola 6-30. Chipata chosungira ndi mavavu operekera ndi kutulutsa amatsekedwa. Munthawi yamankhwala, chinyezi cham'mlengalenga (RHM) chimasungidwa pamlingo wa 3,5-4% powonjezera mpweya wocheperako wakunja kwa mpweya wamkati wosungira mbatata, mwachitsanzo, usiku. Kukhazikitsa chopangira chopangira chopangira chopondera mlengalenga kumbuyo kwa fani kumakhala kosavuta. Kutsika kwa chinyezi cha mpweya pansi pa 90% panthawi yamankhwala sikuvomerezeka, chifukwa kumalimbikitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa chinyezi kuchokera kumatumba a tubers.
Munthawi yamankhwala, popewa kupanga zowola zowuma m'malo owononga ma tubers (matenda a fungus), tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tithandizire mbatata mothandizidwa ndi mpweya wabwino wokonzekera utsi ndi chinthu chogwira ntchito thiabendazole (mwachitsanzo, " Vist "ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a 8-10 g / t).
- Kodi ndikofunikira kuchita kusanthula kwa tuber zikafika mbatata?
- Inde, popeza ukadaulo wosunga mbatata umadalira mtundu woyamba wa ma tubers, womwe umatsimikiziridwa ndi kusanthula kwa tuber. Kutengera mtundu wa ma tubers omwe amapezeka komanso kuchuluka kwa matenda awo, chigamulo chimapangidwa pakukula ndi kutalika kwa mpweya panthawi youma, kutentha kosungika nthawi yayikulu, komanso nthawi yayitali yosungira magulu ena a mbatata ndi nthawi yabwino yogulitsa.
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