Ndi matenda ati omwe amaopseza kwambiri mbatata ndipo ndi chiyani chomwe chingathandize kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa iwo? Mafunso awa ndi ena ayankhidwa ndi Alexander KHYUTTI, Kafukufuku Wamkulu wa Laboratory of Plant Immunity to Matenda a All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection.
Ndi matenda ati a mbatata omwe amapezeka mwa ife?
- Matenda opitilira awiri a mbatata amadziwika, ndipo onsewa amapezeka m'maiko osiyanasiyana ndi madera olimapo. Padziko lapansi "pamwamba" mwa matenda owopsa kwambiri, malo oyamba amakhala ndi Alternaria, wachiwiri ndi nkhanambo (matenda a bakiteriya), ndipo wachitatu ndi Y-virus.
Kodi Alternaria "amadziwika" bwanji poyerekeza ndi matenda ena amfungus?
- Izi ndiye mliri wa mbatata kukula. Amagawidwa ku Russia konse komanso m'maiko ena. Mwachitsanzo, ku Germany ndi ku America, ichi ndi matenda owopsa kwambiri, ndipo kokha motsutsana nawo munyengo pafupifupi 13 mankhwala ophera fungicidal amapangidwa. Alternaria imayambitsidwa ndi mitundu ingapo ya Alternaria, ndizovuta kuzizindikira komanso ndizovuta kulimbana nayo.
Ndipo malo oipitsa mochedwa amatenga chiyani tsopano?
- Ndi wofala m'maiko onse adziko lapansi, ndipo m'zaka zaposachedwa, malemu choipitsa tizilomboto kuti akhale aukali, owopsa, pulasitiki, kugonjetsedwa ndi fungicides zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo ngati mbatata zakale zidakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwa 8 mpaka 23оC, tsopano mitunduyi yakula mpaka 3-27оC. Chotsani vuto lakumapeto kwa choipa
kosatha sitingathe: zoyipitsa mochedwa zimapanga ma spores (oospores) okutidwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba, chomwe, chimakhala kumunda, chimakhala chothandiza kwa zaka 35, ndipo palibe chomwe chingachitike ndi iwo.
M'dziko lathu, gwero lalikulu la matenda ndi mbewu za tubers.
Kodi mankhwala amakono ophera fungicidal samathandiza kumaliza matendawa?
- Mwamwayi, amathandiza. Komabe, mbatata imatha kutenga kachilomboka kale m'nyengo yokula. Mitengo ya Phytophthora imasunthira nthawi zonse, imagwera pamasamba, zimayambira, nthaka, imayenda mosavuta ndi chinyezi cha nthaka, ndipo mvula ikangodutsa, limodzi ndi madziwo adzawonekera pamwamba pa tubers wa mbewu yatsopano ndikuwapatsira. Chifukwa chake njira zodzitetezera kuzomera zimafunika.
Mwa njira, zomwe zakhala zikuchitika mdziko lathuli ndizazokha. Mwachitsanzo, alimi aku America sanawonepo zizindikiro zakumapeto kwa vuto kwazaka zambiri (zindikirani kuti amachita zonse zoteteza), ndipo opanga athu, ngakhale atagwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera zovuta motani, amakumanabe nazo. Sikuti United States ili ndi njira yolosera molondola ndipo imadalira mitundu yolimbana nayo. Ku Russia, mbatata zimabzalidwa kwambiri m'magulu azinsinsi popanda chitetezo chokwanira. Zomera zimadwala, ndipo ma spores kuchokera kwa iwo amatha kunyamulidwa ndi mphepo kwa ma kilomita mazana. Kudzipatula kumatha kupezeka m'mapiri okha, pamtunda wopitilira 2 zikwi.
Mwina kukula kugonjetsedwa mitundu?
- Mitundu yoyenera ndiyofunika kwambiri. Koma pakadali pano pali mitundu iwiri yokha ya mbatata yomwe imakhaladi yolimbana ndi vuto lakumapeto. Awa ndi achikulire achi Hungary a Sarpo Mira, chodabwitsa chomwe chakhala chokhazikika kwazaka 40. Ndipo Aluet (Netherlands) ndi yatsopano, koma yodziwika kale kwa ambiri. Kuphatikiza pa iwo, palinso mitundu yololera komanso yapakatikati.
Komabe, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito mbatata yosagonjetsedwa sikutanthauza njira zodzitetezera, chifukwa magawo osiyanasiyana a chomeracho amasiyana pachiwopsezo cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mpaka posachedwa, anthracnosis sanawonedwe ngati matenda owopsa a mbatata, koma m'zaka zaposachedwa zinthu zasintha modabwitsa. Chinachitika ndi chiyani?
- Matendawa wafalikira mofulumira mu Russian Federation. Pali zifukwa zambiri za izi. Tsopano makamaka mitundu yachilendo imalimidwa, ndipo popeza mulibe anthracnose mu GOST yomwe ilipo ya mbewu ya mbatata, sanayang'anitsidwe kupezeka kwa anthu omwe amayambitsa matendawa potengera. Palibe mitundu yosamva, ndipo palibe njira zodalirika zowongolera. Chilichonse chimakhala chovuta chifukwa choyambitsa matenda a anthracnose amathera nthawi yayitali ya moyo wake mobisika ndipo sapezeka.
Kodi phytodiagnostics ingathandize pakukula?
- Tili ndi ma laboratories ambiri aboma komanso apadera, koma si onse omwe amayenda ndi nthawi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, matenda ndi zovuta chifukwa chakuti matenda onse mbatata, ziribe kanthu kaya zimakhudza pamwamba pa nthaka vegetative misa kapena tubers, mu gawo loyamba la chitukuko kupereka undetectable zizindikiro. Tinene kuti kadontho kakang'ono kamdima kakuwoneka, koma ndi chiyani - choipitsa mochedwa, anthracnose, alternariosis, zovuta zamtundu wa nkhanambo, fusarium, phomosis, kapena chotupa chomwe sichimapatsirana? Ndizovuta kwambiri kuyankha funsoli. Sizodabwitsa kuti matenda a mbatata amagawidwa molingana ndi zizindikiro: zowola zofewa, zonyowa komanso zowuma, komanso zotupa zamasamba. Ndikosavuta kukhala ndi zonsezi ndi njira zodzitetezera malinga ndi dongosolo. Ndipo ndikubwerezanso kuti kubzala muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mbatata yathanzi ndipo onetsetsani kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito zoteteza fungicidal.
Kodi mungayesere bwanji mbewu?
- Tsoka ilo, Russia ndi dziko lokhalo lokhalo kumene njira yovomerezera mbatata yakhala yodzifunira, osati mokakamizidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, wogulitsa ndi wogula atha kukhazikitsa njira zosiyanasiyana zolekerera okha, osatsatira GOST, yomwe, nawonso ili kutali kwambiri.
Pokumbukira izi, mukamapeza zinthu zobzala, minda imafunikira kukhala tcheru komanso kutenga nawo mbali katswiri waluso, wokhala ndi microscope yocheperako (binocular). Ngati musamba tuber ndikuyang'ana pamwamba ndikukulitsa 10x, mutha kale kuzungulira kuti mupeze zovuta. Poterepa, zitsanzo za tuber ziyenera kutengedwa mosadalira, osangotengera zomwe wopanga yekha amatumiza.
Koma chodalirika kwambiri, ndichakuti, kusanthula mbatata mu labotale yabwino kuti mudziwe zoopsa zonse. Kwa minda yambewu, kusanthula kumafunikira kupatula zinthu, ma nematode, mabakiteriya, matenda a ma virus komanso matenda akulu a fungus: mitundu yambiri ya nkhanambo, mitundu yowola, Alternaria, anthracnose ndi vuto lakumapeto. Izi zidzakuthandizani kukonzekera njira zodzitetezera, sankhani zosakaniza zoyenera.
Zofunikira pakubzala chakudya ndizocheperako, komanso nthawi zonse: mwachitsanzo, zopangira tchipisi zitha kulimidwa kuchokera ku mbeu yopanda matenda ambiri. Panali milandu pomwe chotupa champhamvu cha mtundu wa ulcerative wa rhizoctonia chimapangitsa mbatata kukhala zosayenera pantchito yotereyi.
Tinabzala mbatata zapamwamba kwambiri komanso kuzifutsa, tinakonza zoteteza. Kodi mungatani kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa matenda?
- Patsani zomera pamalo abwino, yang'anani machitidwe aulimi, chifukwa kuphwanya kulikonse kumafooketsa, kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwidwa ndi zamoyo zovulaza. Zoonadi, njira zamakina ndizofunikira kwambiri, koma gawo lawo ndi 10% yokha ya ntchito zonse zamakono. M'pofunikanso kuona kasinthasintha mbewu, kukula bwino, madzi (osati overmoistening osati overdrying). Njira yoyenera ya zakudya zamchere ndizofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, nayitrogeni wochulukirapo, m'pamenenso zobzala zimavutitsidwa ndi anthracnose, ndipo kuchuluka kwa magnesiamu kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa Alternaria, ndiye kuti, malingaliro a feteleza wagawo sayenera kunyalanyazidwa. Ngakhale mbatata yathanzi iyenera kuchotsedwa bwino, chifukwa matendawa adzalowa mu zovulala pa tubers, ndipo tidzathana ndi fusarium, phomosis ndi mavuto ena omwe asungidwa kale.
Zolemba za munyuzipepala "Field of Augusta" (No. 6,2020)
Dmitry BELOV, wamkulu wa dipatimenti yopanga zinthu za kampani ya "Ogasiti":
Amapereka "AUGUST"
Ngati pali chiopsezo chachikulu chotenga kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa kumayambiriro kwa kukula kwa mbewu, chithandizo chothandizidwa kapena cholumikizira-systemic fungicide ndichofunikira - Kumir, Metaxil, Ordan. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi amadzimadzi 300 l / ha. Nthawi zina, mankhwala oyamba mokakamizidwa amachitika musanatseke nsonga ndi mankhwala okhwima kapena othandizira, mwachitsanzo, Metaxil. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi akumwa kuchokera ku 300 mpaka 400 l / ha.
Zikakhala bwino (malinga ndi zolosera, palibe zizindikiro za matenda pa zomera m'madera otsika komanso pamitundu yovuta), mukhoza kusinthana ndi kukonzekera kophatikizana kwa translaminar-contact action yochokera ku cymoxanil - Ordan MC kapena Ordan. Pankhani ya kukula kwamphamvu kwa matendawa, chithandizo ndi ma fungicides a systemic okhala ndi chinthu china chogwira ntchito (a.i.) chiyenera kupitilizidwa. Kuthamanga kwa madzi ogwira ntchito kumachokera ku 400 mpaka 500 l / ha.
Pachithandizo chotsatira, gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala a Tirada okhala ndi systemic difenoconazole motsutsana ndi Alternaria ndikuwombera kuti muchepetse vuto lakumapeto. Kuyenda kwamadzimadzi ogwira ntchito kuyambira pano mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo ndi 500 l / ha.
M'tsogolomu, gwiritsani ntchito njira yolumikizirana (Talant, Kumir, Ordan) kuti muteteze kumera kwa phytophthora spores, kukulitsa kutalikirana kwazowonjezera, kupeza phindu mu misa ndi malonda a tuber.
Masiku 21 musanakumbe ma tubers, kuti muwateteze ku matenda panthawi yokolola, ndizomveka kugwiritsa ntchito fungicide ndi chimodzi mwazinthu izi: fluazinam, dimethomorph, mandipropamide.
Pafupifupi milungu iwiri musanakumbe mbatata, muyenera "kutseka chipata" kuti matenda alowe - ziumitseni nsonga ndi Dryhovey desiccant.
Mankhwala onse akuyenera kuchitika m'mawa komanso powonjezera Polyphem wothandizira njira yothetsera vutoli.
Information Contact
Alexander Valerievich HYUTTI
Mob. lembani: (911) 789-53-79
Wotchedwa Dmitry Alexandrovich BELOV
Mob. lembani: (903) 109-77-69