SERGEY Banadysev, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Doka Gene Technologies LLC
Pazochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi, matenda osungira mbatata amaphatikiza okhawo omwe amatha kupita patsogolo kwambiri pakatha nthawi yokolola, ndipo kukula kwake kumadalira kwambiri momwe amasungirako: choipitsa mochedwa ndi zowola zapinki, anthracnose, zowola za bakiteriya (mphete, dikea, pectobacterium, tuberous). nkhanambo), oosporosis , zowola zamadzi (pithy) - typium, nkhanambo ya siliva, phomosis, fusarium.
Kusungirako matenda kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachuma, chifukwa kumawonjezera kutayika ndikuwononga ma tubers ndi kubzala mbatata.
Msika womwe ukukula wa mbatata zotsukidwa umapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zambiri zomwe zimawonekera pamachubu oyera (nkhanambo,
phytophthora, zowola zowuma ndi zonyowa, kuwonongeka kwamakina), kotero kuwoneka kwa zovuta zowonjezera ndi mtundu wa tubers panthawi yosungirako ndizosafunika kwambiri.
Aliyense matenda ali enieni kwachilengedwenso mbali, mikhalidwe ya chitukuko ndi njira kulamulira.
zowola zofewa posungira nthawi zambiri amayamba chifukwa cha mabakiteriya amtundu wa Pectobacterium ndi Dickeya. Matenda a zowola zofewa amalowa m'machubu m'munda kudzera m'ma stolons omwe ali ndi matenda a mbewu za mayi. Posungira, zowola zofewa za bakiteriya ndizongotengera mwayi ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa
mavuto aakulu kuphatikiza ndi matenda ena.
Mawonetseredwe akunja a kuwonongeka kofewa kowola: madera omwe ali ndi kachilomboka amakhala akuda (mpaka bulauni wodekha), wokhala ndi mimba
mawonekedwe a peel ya madzi.
Minofu yofewa yamkati imakhala yonyowa, yamatope kapena yokoma, imakhala ndi zoyera kapena zofiirira.
matope. Madera okhudzidwa amafotokozedwa ndi malire akuda omwe amawalekanitsa ndi minofu yathanzi. Zowola zikauma, madera okhudzidwawo amakhala oyera ngati choko (chithunzi 2). Ngati matendawa aphimba ma tubers ambiri, fungo la ammonia limawonekera posungirako.
Gulu la ma tubers omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri ndi matendawa akhoza kukhala ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo mwa izi: kuchuluka kwa chipinda kumawoneka
kuchepa; madzi amdima wandiweyani amatuluka m'mitsuko kapena ma ducts a mpweya, kutentha kwakukulu ndi / kapena fungo losasangalatsa limadziwika m'chipindamo.
Zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa:
• Kunyowa kwambiri pakukula ndi kukolola;
• Kuletsa udzu kosagwira ntchito (udzu umakonda kuwunjikana ndi matendawa);
• Mbeu zomwe zili ndi kachilombo (zimachulukitsa mwayi wokhala ndi matendawa mu ma tubers);
• Kukolola kwa ma tubers;
• kukolola pa kutentha pamwamba pa 20 ° C;
• Kuthamanga kwa mpweya wambiri m'chipinda chosungiramo zinthu, komanso zotsekera zolakwika;
• chinyezi chotayirira pa ma tubers (condensation, mpweya woipa / mpweya wabwino);
• dothi lalikulu mumagulu a tubers;
• matenda ena monga zowola madzi ndi youma.
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha "mikwingwirima" pa tubers ndi machiritso osayenera amathandizanso kuti matenda owola awonongeke.
Kuwongolera: chidziwitso chaposachedwa chotsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera mabakiteriya kapena opha tizilombo
kuwongolera pang'ono kwa bakiteriya zofewa zowola posungira. Koma amadziwika, mwachitsanzo, kuti kupanga maantibayotiki streptomycin chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko yodziwika ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi (India, China), komanso USA.
Kuwola kowuma (fusarium) ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus omwe amayamba chifukwa cha Fusarium sambucinum ndi Fusarium spp. Bowa amalowa mu tubers kudzera
mabala ndi mikwingwirima yomwe imayamba panthawi yokolola ndikugwira ntchito. Zizindikiro zowuma zowuma nthawi zambiri zimawonekera pafupi ndi mabala patatha mwezi umodzi ma tubers atasungidwa. Minofu yodwalayo imakhala yofiirira mpaka yakuda. Mphete zazikulu, zakuya, zokhazikika zomwe zimasweka pansi pa kupsinjika kwa kuwala zimatha kupanga mbali iliyonse ya tuber.
Machubu ovunda kwathunthu amafota ndikuuma. Mabowo pansi pa malo owola nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zoyera, pinki, kapena bluish Fusarium mycelium. Ma tubers amatha kukhala ofewa komanso onyowa ngati zowola zofewa ziliponso. Mkati, madera omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka tubers ndi akuda ndi oyera, okhala ndi crumbly mass (chithunzi 3).
Pali malo otchingidwa kwambiri pakati pa minofu yathanzi ndi yomwe yakhudzidwayo. Kunja kwawo kumatha kugwa ndi makwinya.
Nthawi zina bowa woyera kapena pinki amatha kuwoneka kunja. Kukula kowuma kowuma kumatha kuyambitsa zowola zofewa zachiwiri.
Zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matendawa afalikire: nyengo yowuma komanso yofunda. Kumbukirani kuti matendawa amatha kufalikira mofulumira ngati mbatata sizikuchiritsidwa bwino pa masabata 2-3 oyambirira.
Mu mndandanda wa zofunika malangizo kupewa mbewu matenda
zowola zofewa zimawunikira mfundo izi:
- Sungani bwino zosungira ndi zotengera musanagwiritse ntchito (ndipo perekani tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ngati mbatata yodwala idasungidwa pamenepo).
- Sungani mbatata zomwe zabzalidwa kuchokera ku mbewu zovomerezeka zathanzi, zothirira bwino komanso zopatsa thanzi, m'malo otetezedwa bwino ku udzu, tizilombo ndi matenda.
- Kuonetsetsa yachibadwa mapangidwe peel ndi kucha kwa mbewu. Yesani mosamala ndipo pewani kuvulaza, musayeretse mvula. Ngati mukuganiziridwa kuti muli ndi matenda a zowola, ikani magulu pafupi ndi zitseko kuti achotsedwe mwachangu ngati ayamba kuipa. Ngati matenda ambiri apezeka poyang'anira nthawi yokolola kapena kukolola, gwiritsani ntchito chinyezi chochepa komanso mpweya wodutsa nthawi zonse panthawi ya mankhwala / kusunga mwamsanga.
- Konzani kuwonekera koyenera kwa mbatata yathanzi kwa masabata 2-3 pa kutentha kwa 10-13 ° C ndi chinyezi cha 95%. Sungani kutentha kwakukulu kosungirako kuchepera 5°C. Osagwiritsa ntchito moisturizer. Ngati matendawa amadziwikiratu pambuyo pa chithandizo, ndiye kuti kuchepa kwa kutentha kumayenera kukhala kofulumira, ndi mpweya wokwanira. Kupewa mapangidwe condensation pa tubers. Njira zolowera mpweya zomwe zimatha kupereka mpweya wopitilira koma wocheperako zimalepheretsa kuti chinyezi chisamangidwe. Gwiritsani ntchito mpweya wabwino mosalekeza popanda chinyezi kumadera omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri. Patulani maphwando otero ngati n’kotheka.
Malo abwino oti matendawa akule amapangidwa m'malo osungirako ngati nthaka yochuluka imaperekedwa kumeneko pamodzi ndi mbatata. Mikwingwirima ya mbatata panthawi yokolola ndi kukonza imathandizira kudwala msanga.
Kuwongolera: Chepetsani mikwingwirima panthawi yokolola ndikugwira. Pewani kukolola pamene kutentha kwa thupi kuli kochepa chifukwa mbatata yozizira imakhala ndi mikwingwirima. Musanakolole, onetsetsani kuti mbatata yasenda bwino komanso yakucha. Chotsani zinyalala zochulukirapo ndi dothi poyeretsa komanso nthawi yamankhwala isanakwane. Ndi bwino kuchita chithandizo pa 13 ° C ndi 95% chinyezi wachibale, zomwe zimalimbikitsa machiritso mabala. Kuchiritsa mabala kuyenera kumalizidwa mu masabata 2-3. Akamaliza mankhwala
nthawi, pang'onopang'ono kuchepetsa kutentha pa mlingo wa 0,5 ° C patsiku mpaka mlingo wa nthawi yaitali yosungirako.
Pinki rot ndi matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi owopsa omwe amayamba chifukwa cha oomycete Phytophthora erythroseptica. Zizindikiro zakunja za kuwonongeka: kuwonongeka kwa mlengalenga wa zomera, zizindikiro za chlorosis pamasamba.
Machubu a mbatata amatha kutenga kachilomboka kudzera mu mphukira, mphodza ndi mabala, nthawi zambiri m'munda. Kukhudzidwa minofu yakunja pa tuber angakhale nayo
kusinthika kwa bulauni, makamaka kuzungulira malo achilengedwe (lentre) ndi mphukira. Mkati, malo omwe ali ndi kachilomboka amafalikira pafupifupi mzere wowongoka kudzera mu minofu ya mbatata. Machubu okhudzidwa akadulidwa, minofu yamkati imakhala yosalala ndikusanduka pinki pakatha mphindi 30 (chithunzi 4). Pakupita patsogolo, minofu yokhudzidwayo imatha kutulutsa madzi owoneka bwino, osanunkhiza, amadzi akakanikizidwa.
Zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matendawa afalikire: chinyezi chambiri m'minda kumapeto kwa nyengo yakukula ndi nyengo yotentha (kutentha kwa mpweya pamwamba pa 35 ° C).
Kuletsa: Pewani kuthirira kwambiri kumapeto kwa nyengo yolima, makamaka kutentha kukakhala kokwera. Yang'anani madera omwe ali otsika a m'munda, ngati zizindikiro za zowola za pinki zapezeka, musachotse malo oterowo. Ngati matendawa apezeka atasungidwa mbatata, onetsetsani kuti mpweya wokwanira ndi kutentha kwa 7-10 ° C kwa nthawi yowuma. Ngati
gawo laling'ono lokha la batch limakhudzidwa, samalirani mbatata zathanzi pa 10 ° C. Kenako, ntchito mofulumira kuzirala pa
mosalekeza mpweya wabwino.
Kuwola kwa chilonda chamadzi ndi matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi omwe amayamba chifukwa cha oomycete Pythium ultimum (bowa wa m'nthaka womwe umalowa m'mabala ndi mabowo achilengedwe pakhungu la mbatata). Madera okhudzidwa amkati nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi minofu yathanzi ndi malire amdima. Minofu yovunda imakhala ndi mawonekedwe a spongy, pomwe madera okhudzidwawo amatha kukhala mkati, kusiya peelyo (chithunzi 5). Nsalu yodulidwa imakhala yoyera, imvi ndi yakuda. Matendawa angaoneke mkati 2-3 milungu yosungirako. Chizindikiro choyamba cha vuto ndikuwoneka kwa mawanga onyowa pansi pazitsulo zazitsulo chifukwa chonyowa ndi madzi amadzimadzi kuchokera ku ma tubers omwe akhudzidwa.
Mikhalidwe yomwe imachititsa kuti matendawa afalikire: Chinyezi chochuluka kwambiri chotsatiridwa ndi kuuma kwa kanthaŵi kochepa pakukula kwa tuber. Matendawa amasokoneza makamaka ngati kutentha kwa tubers kupitirira 20 ° C. Pythium imawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda ndi zowola zofewa za bakiteriya, koma zowola za bala sizimafalikira posungira.
Njira zopewera zowola m'madzi ndi cholinga chopewa kufalikira kwa matenda ndi matenda. Amaphatikizapo mu
sankhani minda yomwe ili ndi ngalande yabwino komanso yopanda matenda, zaka zitatu zokha zokolola. Pewani mopambanitsa
ulimi wothirira, makamaka kumapeto kwa nyengo, kuti apereke nthawi yokwanira kukoka desiccation ndi kupanga bwino khungu. Ma tubers ayenera kukololedwa pamalo ozizira, owuma pamene khungu lakhwima ndipo kutentha kwa thupi kwatsika pansi pa 20 ° C.
Ngati zizindikiro za matendawa zinayamba kuonekera posungirako, ndiye kuti kutentha m'chipindacho kuyenera kuchepetsedwa mpaka 12-15 ° C ndipo kufalikira kwa mpweya wouma kuyenera kuwonjezeka. Chithandizo cha fungicide panthawi yakukula ndikusungirako polimbana ndi Pythium ultimum ndizothandiza - monga
komanso polimbana ndi zowola za duwa, nkhanambo yasiliva, anthracnose ndi fusarium. Izi zidzakambidwa mwatsatanetsatane pansipa.
Phomosis (chiwombankhanga) - matenda a fungal omwe akuchulukirachulukira a mbatata yosungidwa. Choyamba
Zizindikiro za gangrene ndi tizigawo tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono totuwa kapena tofiirira. Ma indentations amafanana ndi tithumbs ndipo amatha kulumikizana ndi kuphatikizika (chithunzi 6). Mawangawa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chizolowezi chotambasula ndipo motero amasiyana ndi mphete zokhazikika za Fusarium. Zowola za gangrene nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi malire omveka bwino ndi minofu yathanzi.
Zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matendawa afalikire: Matenda a Phomosis amapezeka nthawi zambiri pamene kukolola kwachedwa chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira komanso yamvula. Matendawa amalowa mu tubers chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa khungu. Malo abwino opangira zilonda zam'mimba amathanso kupanga posungirako ngati mbatata imasungidwa m'malo ozizira (poyerekeza ndi muyezo) komanso / kapena kuchiritsa kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa kuwonongeka kwa khungu sikunachitike.
Kulamulira: kupewa bwino matendawa ndi kuchepetsa kuwonongeka pa processing. Mkhalidwe wachiwiri wofunikira popewa kufalikira kwa matenda ndikuyeretsa pachaka ndi kupha tizilombo tosungirako. Kukolola koyambirira ndi kuchiritsa kowuma kumathandizanso kupewa zovuta. Kumayambiriro kwa kusungirako, mankhwala ophera bowa thiabendazole ndi imazalil ndi othandiza pothana ndi matendawa.
Anthracnose kapena malo akuda a tubers - matenda ofala, choyambitsa ndi bowa Coccodes Colletotrichum. Mawonetseredwe a matenda a Tuber ndi khungu lofiirira-imvi la khungu, malo ozungulira kapena osakanikirana (chithunzi 7). Zilonda zimatha kutenga siliva wonyezimira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusokoneza anthracnose ndi nkhanambo ya siliva. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi mawanga osakhazikika
zowoneka bwino m'mphepete mwake komanso madontho akuda otalikirana.
Kuwongolera: kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu yotsimikizika, kuchiza ma tubers omwe samalepheretsa anthracnose,
koma imathandizira thanzi la zomera ndi mphamvu, imachepetsa nkhawa ndipo motero imawonjezera kukana kwa anthracnose. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza moyenera komanso kuthirira kothirira kuti muchepetse kupsinjika kwa mbewu, kuwononga nthawi yake namsongole (masungidwe a matenda obisika a anthracnose). Kupatulapo dothi ndi osalamuliridwa madzi ndi mpweya boma, amene amakonda kupanga wandiweyani kutumphuka. Kasinthasintha wa mbeu ndi mbewu zomwe sizingatengeke ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - monga chimanga, soya, chimanga. Kulima mozama mokwanira
zomwe zimathandiza kuti zotsalira za zomera ziwonongeke. Kololani nthawi yomweyo mbatata yakucha. Kuwongolera molondola kwa kutentha ndi chinyezi mu yosungirako: kutentha kwambiri ndi condensation ya nthunzi yamadzi kumathandiza kuti matendawa ayambe kukula.
Silver nkhanambo. Choyambitsa chake ndi bowa Helminthosporium solani. Matendawa amapezeka paliponse. Waukulu magwero a matenda amakhudzidwa kubzala tubers. Zizindikiro za matendawa zimatha kuzindikirika kale panthawi yokolola kapena atangoyika mosungira:
Izi ndi zofiirira zowoneka bwino, zopanda kuwala, mawanga amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe (chithunzi 8). Pamapeto pa kusungirako, matendawa amafika kukula kwakukulu, ndipo minofu yomwe imakhudzidwa imapeza chitsulo chodziwika bwino chachitsulo kapena siliva. Bowa padziko mawanga
imapanga condial sporulation ndi yaing'ono punctate black sclerotia.
Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwakukulu, peel ya mbatata imayamba kukwinya, kutulutsa kwake kumawonjezeka, chifukwa chake kutaya kwa chinyezi kumachitika. Silver nkhanambo ndi tingachipeze powerenga yosungirako matenda. Nthawi zambiri, pamene kusungidwa yosungirako, mbewu amayang'ana mfulu, ndi
pofika nthawi yofika, 100% infestation imazindikirika. Pa zoyendera, ma tubers odwala amakumana ndi athanzi, ndipo pakakhala kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha, chinyezi, kugwedezeka ndi mpweya wabwino, chiwonetsero chachikulu chazizindikiro komanso kufalikira kwa ma tubers athanzi kumachitika.
Kuwongolera: Pangani kasinthasintha wa mbeu kwa zaka zitatu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu popanda kukhalapo kwa zokutira zasiliva. Kuyang'ana anagula mbewu pamaso pa siliva nkhanambo. Kulekanitsa mbewu zambiri za mibadwo yosiyana panthawi yosungira (zisayike m'malo amodzi). Kugwiritsa ntchito tuber mbewu zolembetsedwa pobzala.
Kukolola mbatata mwamsanga peel itatha. Kukonzekera kokwanira kwa kuphatikiza. Kuyeretsa bwino ndi kupha tizilombo tosungirako ndi zida zonse nyengo yatsopano isanafike. Kuyang'ana mbatata ngati nkhanambo siliva infestation pamaso yosungirako. Kulekana kwa maere okhala ndi nkhanambo ya siliva kwa omwe alibe matenda. Kugwiritsa ntchito chithandizo cha matenda pambuyo pokolola posungirako. Kuchiza ma tubers pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu (10-15 ° C), chinyezi (90%) ndi mpweya wabwino (kuthamanga kwambiri kwa mpweya). Yomweyo kuzirala wa mbatata pambuyo mankhwala kwa ankafuna mlingo waukulu yosungirako. Bungwe la yosungirako zinthu
Kutentha kwapadera: pamlingo wotsikitsitsa kwambiri potengera njira yogwiritsira ntchito mbatata. Letsani kutumiza pang'ono ngati kusungirako nthawi yayitali kukukonzekera.
matenda osakanikirana. Ma tubers sakhudzidwa kawirikawiri ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Monga lamulo, kusanthula kwa tuber odwala kumatsimikizira
kukhalapo kwa mitundu ingapo ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (chithunzi 9).
Matenda osakanikirana a mafangasi ndi mabakiteriya amayambitsa kutayika kwakukulu kuposa matenda amunthu payekha. Mwachionekere, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tosiyanasiyana timalimbikitsana kukula.
Popeza matenda osungira amatha kuwononga mbewu zazikulu, kulimbana nawo kuyenera kukhala kwadongosolo, kuphatikiza mwachindunji.
pa siteji yosungirako. Pachitsanzo cha matenda angapo, zatsimikiziridwa kuti chiwopsezo cha matenda chikhoza kuchepetsedwa mwa kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa makina (zomwe zimalimbikitsa chitukuko ndi kufalikira kwa matenda onse osungiramo katundu) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yolimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kuwongolera matenda ndi gawo lofunikira la kasamalidwe ka mbewu. Ochepa a iwo amapezeka
posungira, magwero akuluakulu a matenda nthawi zambiri ndi mbewu kapena nthaka.
Chifukwa chake, chitetezo chachikulu chimaperekedwa ndi kusankha kwa omwe adatsogolera athanzi, kugwira ntchito m'minda yopanda matenda, kugwiritsa ntchito.
mbewu zapamwamba, ngalande zabwino za nthaka, kuthirira koyenera, kukolola panthawi yake komanso kukolola kwapamwamba.
Zochita zotsatirazi zimathandizira kuchepetsa mwayi wokhala ndi matenda:
• kuchotsa / kuyanika nsonga panthawi yake kuti muwonetsetse kuti peel yodalirika, yokhazikika;
• Kukolola koyenera kuti mudzaze mwamsanga posungira;
• kukhathamiritsa kwa mpweya wabwino kuti uyanike bwino ndi kuziziritsa;
• kupewa mapangidwe condensate;
• ukhondo wabwino yosungirako ndi zipangizo.
Kukolola mu zinthu pamene mbatata kale anapanga amphamvu khungu, wofatsa bungwe zoyendera ndi yosungirako
- zonsezi ndi zofunika kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha mankhwala, popeza matenda kudutsa mu tubers makamaka ndi kuwonongeka kunja. Panthawi yokolola, ming'alu ndi mabala a tubers ndizosapeweka ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timafalikira mu mtanda wonse wa mbatata. Koma ngati matendawa akukula posungirako zimadalira zinthu zitatu zofunika:
• kuchuluka kwa matenda inoculum, kawirikawiri fungal spores kapena mabakiteriya, kupezeka pa tubers;
• mikhalidwe ya microclimate;
• chilengedwe tuber kukana matenda.
Kukhala ndi matenda pamalo osungirako kumatheka mwa kuchepetsa kuwonongeka, kuyanika msanga, kuchiritsa kwapamwamba kwa zowonongeka, kutentha ndi kutentha kwa chinyezi, ndi ukhondo. Mwadongosolo komanso pankhani ya matenda, izi zikuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 1.
Njira zopewera matenda osungira zinthu zonse:
• Kukolola mbatata zowuma, zathanzi komanso kutentha kwapakati pa 7 ndi 15°C. Zolemba malire kuchotsa kuonongeka tubers pa kuphatikiza, kupereka zinthu kwa apamwamba ntchito imeneyi.
• Kukonzekera mosamala kosungirako ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya. Ndikofunika kuwonetsetsa pasadakhale kuti mpweya wokwanira umaperekedwa m'madera onse osungira. Onjezani makina oyendera mpweya wokhazikika kuzipinda zokhala ndi mpweya wabwino. Kuyenda bwino kwa mpweya ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusunga mbatata.
• Kuwongolera kuyanika, kuchiritsa ndi kuziziritsa malamulo. Mbatata yamavuto nthawi zambiri imakhala yonyowa komanso yodzaza ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ntchito ya mlimi ndi kuziziritsa ndikuumitsa mbewu mwachangu. Kuziziritsa msanga mpaka kutentha komaliza kosungirako (3-5°C). Musati moisten matenda mbatata.
• Thamangani mafani (ikani zambiri ngati kuli kofunikira) mosalekeza mpaka mbewu zitauma. Kuzungulira kwa mpweya kudzera mu mbatata kuyenera kuchitika nthawi zonse panthawi yonse yamavuto, ngakhale palibe zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito mpweya wakunja.
• Kuonetsetsa kuti mpweya ukuyenda kudzera muzitsulo za mankhwala. Mbatata zowola ndi dothi zimapanga zopinga. Mafani omwe ali ndi kuthamanga kwambiri kwa mpweya amafunikira.
• Kuwunika tsiku ndi tsiku kasungidwe. "Mfuti" za infuraredi, ma thermometers m'madera osiyanasiyana amapereka chisonyezero chabwino cha kutentha kwapakati.
• Kupatula kutenthedwa ndi mpweya wakunja pa mbatata yoziziritsa (kupanda kutero madzi aulere amaundana pamachubu). Madzi pa tubers amakonda kutsamwitsa mbatata ndipo amalenga yabwino malo zofewa zowola mabakiteriya. Kutentha kwa mpweya kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 1 digiri C pamwamba pa kutentha kwa tuber komwe mukufuna.
Fungicides ingagwiritsidwe ntchito panthawi yotsegula, panthawi yosungira komanso yotumizidwa kuchokera kusungirako.
Zosakaniza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mbatata motsutsana ndi matenda musanazisunge:
• RF - fludioxonil, asidi benzoic, siliva colloidal, Bacillus subtilis;
• Germany - imazalil, pencicuron, prothioconazole;
• England, Belgium - imazalil, thiabendazole;
• France - flutalanil, mancozeb, pencecuron, prothioconazole, fludioxonil;
• Canada - thiabendazole, fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, difeconazole, asidi phosphorous, potaziyamu phosphite, Pseudomonas suringae;
• USA - azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, difeconazole, sedaxan, mancozeb, flutalanil, penflufen, prothioconazole, thiophtanate-methyl,
phosphorous, potaziyamu phosphite, chlorine dioxide, peroxyacetic acid.
Thandizo la mbewu liyenera kutetezedwa ku matenda ndi tizirombo, kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewu ndikukhala okwanira
zaukadaulo.
Kuchita bwino kwa ntchitoyo mwachindunji kumadalira mtundu wa kukhazikitsidwa kwake komanso kusankha koyenera kokonzekera; ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa pakumvetsetsa cholinga cha fungicides yeniyeni ndikuganizira zovuta za phytopathological za gulu linalake la zobzala ndi mbewu. makamaka munda. M'gulu la boma la mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Russian Federation, ma tuber kuvala fungicides amalembedwa ngati njira yothanirana ndi rhizoctoniosis, nkhanambo wamba ndi nkhanambo yasiliva. Komabe, palibe deta pa mphamvu ya mankhwala motsutsana
anthracnose, chilonda madzi zowola, nthaka mochedwa choipitsa matenda, amene afala m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Chifukwa chake, TMTD yodziwika kwa nthawi yayitali imayikidwa ngati mankhwala othana ndi choipitsa mochedwa, rhizoctoniosis, nkhanambo, zowola za bakiteriya zonyowa ndi fusarium. Izi zimadzutsa kukayikira koyenera, chifukwa fungicide yokhala ndi zigawo zitatu zokha za Idicum ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika (motsutsa oosporosis, phomosis, anthracnose, fusarium, rhizoctoniosis).
Njira zonse zotetezera kubzala mbatata zimaperekedwa ku USA. Kwa pickling yamadzimadzi, kuwonjezera pa zinthu zomwe zimadziwika ku Russia, sedaxan, hydrogen peroxide, mabakiteriya a Chenopodium quinoa saponins amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito. Sedaxan ikuphatikizidwa mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anayi ochokera ku Syngenta ku USA, omwe ku USA amatchedwa Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Potato Ultra ndi kuphatikiza kwa dv-in fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. Russian Federation idalengeza kuyambika kwa njira yophatikizira mankhwala ofanana mu registry ya mbatata.
Zimaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza 16 za fungicides, 10 a.i. pochiza mbewu. mankhwala ndi 15 tizilombo kukonzekera ndi fungicidal ntchito. Fludioxonil, cyproconazole, benzoic acid ndi othandiza polimbana ndi matenda a mbatata,
benomyl, pencycuron, thiabendazole, penflufen, prothioconazole, difenoconazole, thiram, imazalil, metalaxyl, iprodione. Pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zili ndi A.I. fungicides: penflufen + prothioconazole; kuphatikiza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole,
thiamethoxam + difenoconazole + fludioxonil, iprodione + imidacloprid + difenoconazole. Chomera cholemera kwambiri cha fungus chamagulu atatu: fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxyl.
Kuvala koyambirira kuli ndi zabwino zingapo: modekha chete, mulingo wolondola kwambiri wa yankho logwira ntchito, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola za kubzala mbatata. Koma chithandizo chapamwamba kwambiri pachipatalacho ndi kupopera mankhwala otsika kwambiri ndi kuthamanga kwa
madzi ogwira ntchito osapitirira 3 l/t. Izi ndizotheka mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma atomizer a disc pamtunda uliwonse wozungulira - zodzigudubuza, matebulo oyendera kapena zida zapadera za Mafex. Kuthamanga kwamadzimadzi ogwira ntchito a 10-20 l / t kuchipatala, komwe kumaloledwa ndi malamulo a Russian Federation, kuyenera kuzindikiridwa kuti ndi zolakwika komanso zosavomerezeka. Masiku ano phytopathological mkhalidwe, kunyowetsa zodziwikiratu wa tubers ndi dala kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha bakiteriya matenda. Pambuyo pokonza kuchipatala, ngakhale madzulo obzala, mbatata iyenera kuuma,
Apo ayi, mavuto ndi kumera ndi kuwola kwa tubers ndizosatheka.