Popanda kabichi yoyera, yomwe yakhala maziko a zakudya zambiri zamtundu uliwonse, n'zosatheka kulingalira zakudya zaku Russia.
Alimi zikwizikwi akulima ndiwo zamasamba, ndipo ambiri a iwo amakonda kugwira ntchito ndi ma hybrids akunja. Kodi pali njira ina yaku Russia pazosankha za ku Europe, kodi pali mbewu zokwanira pamsika, ndipo ndi tsogolo lotani lomwe likuyembekezera kabichi, lomwe ku Rus 'linkatchedwa "mkate wachitatu"?
Mafunso awa ndi ena akuyankhidwa ndi woweta wotchuka padziko lonse lapansi yemwe wakhala akupanga ma hybrids a kabichi woyera waku Russia kwa zaka zopitilira 40, Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa N.N. Breeding Station LLC. Timofeev" RGAU-MSHA dzina lake pambuyo. K.A. Timiryazeva, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Grigory Monakhos.
- Grigory Fedorovich, monga ndikudziwira, ku Russia kuli ma hybrids amakono, obala kwambiri a kabichi woyera. Kodi amatha kupikisana ndi zomwe apeza ku Europe?
- Alimi athu ndi malo olima ali ndi mwayi wopeza zokolola zabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zakunja ndi zapakhomo.
Mitundu yaku Russia ndi ma hybrids masiku ano ikufunika makamaka pakati pa ziwembu zapanyumba, zomwe bizinesi yapakhomo imalandira phindu lalikulu. Gulu la ogula lili ndi 90% ya mbewu zonse zomwe zasankhidwa kunyumba zomwe zimagulitsidwa.
Mu malonda kupanga zinthu ndendende zosiyana, koma apanso, pafupifupi 70% ya buku la mochedwa kabichi opangidwa amaperekedwa ndi hybrids athu Valentina, Dominanta, Kutchuka ndi Orion.
Masiku ano m'minda ya ku Russia pali kulimbana kwakukulu kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu. Oweta aku Russia amapikisana moyenera ndi anzawo akunja, ndikupanga ma hybrids omwe amafanana ndi akunja komanso apamwamba kuposa iwo.
Koma alimi anazolowera kugwira ntchito ndi ma hybrids akunja, akhala akulima kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo amadziwa zomwe angakwanitse komanso zofooka zawo. Gawo laulimi ndilokhazikika, ndipo alimi sanakonzekerebe kusiya zomwe amakonda.
Kuphatikiza apo, mosiyana ndi makampani apadziko lonse lapansi, alimi aku Russia sachita zochepa kutsatsa malonda awo.
Ndizodabwitsa kuti m'gawo lopanga kabichi loyera ku Kyrgyzstan, 80% yaderali imakhala ndi ma hybrids aku Russia a Dominant ndi Orion. Ndiko kuti, tinatha kuchotsa chisankho cha Dutch ku republic, ndipo alimi amasamba am'deralo safuna n'komwe kumva za kabichi ina.
- Kabichi woyera sanaphatikizidwe m'ndandanda wa mbewu zomwe dziko lathu lakhazikitsa kuti zigulitsidwe kuchokera kunja. Koma zinthu zikhoza kusintha. Pamenepa, alimi aku Russia adzakhala ndi mavuto?
- Ndikuganiza kuti sipadzakhala zotsatira zoipa. Kuphatikizirapo chifukwa ziletso sizigwira ntchito pakuitanitsa mbewu kuchokera kumayiko ochezeka, makamaka ochokera kumayiko a Eurasian Economic Union.
Pakalipano, makampani onse omwe amagwira ntchito pakupanga mbewu akupitirizabe kugwira ntchito pamsika wa Russia. Palibe mmodzi wa iwo, monga momwe ine ndikudziwira, ati achoke.
Momwe boma lilili pankhaniyi silikudziwika bwino. Monga mbali ya lamulo lolengezedwa mokweza loloŵa m’malo, tikuwona njira zosamveka kwa akuluakulu aboma. Chaka chilichonse, pafupifupi ma ruble 2 biliyoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka ndalama zogulira mbewu zakunja. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi malamulo a WTO, ngakhale theka la zilango zomwe zimaperekedwa motsutsana ndi dziko lathu zimaphwanya momveka bwino. Kwenikweni, tikupereka ndalama kwa omwe akupikisana nawo, kukulitsa chuma chamayiko ena panthawi yomwe alimi apakhomo amafunikira thandizo lamphamvu.
- Ndi ntchito ziti zomwe obereketsa aku Russia akugwira ntchito pano?
- Nkhani yokwaniritsa kukana kwa kabichi woyera ku matenda osiyanasiyana ikubwera poyera. Tinatha kuthetsa vuto la clubroot, ndipo ma hybrids anayi osamva aphatikizidwa kale mu State Register of Breeding Achievements. Ndikuwona kuti ndi makampani awiri okha omwe ali ndi zinthu zofanana pazogulitsa zawo.
Pambuyo pakuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mbewu m'mafamu angapo aku Russia kuchokera ku Fusarium wilt, mitundu idasinthidwa kukhala ma hybrids osamva. Ndipo tadzipereka tokha kugonjera boma kuyezetsa mitundu ndi hybrids woyera kabichi popanda chibadwa kukana matenda.
Vuto latsopano kwa ife ndikugonja kwa kabichi ndi ma thrips a fodya. Muyenera kulimbana ndi izo pogwiritsa ntchito njira mankhwala. Ndizovuta kwambiri kupanga ma hybrids omwe amalekerera tizilombo. Tidatha kuzindikira kuti ndichifukwa cha zomwe zili mu glucobrassicin, chilengedwe chachilengedwe chomwe mbewu za cruciferous zimamva kukoma kowawa komwe kumathamangitsa tizirombo. Komabe, zokolola zikakhwima, kuwawa kumachepa ndipo ma thrips amawononga kabichi. M'tsogolomu, pali mwayi wochotsa ma thrips mosavuta komanso motsika mtengo pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapakhomo. Pambuyo pa mayesero atsopano, tidzakhala ndi deta yolondola kwambiri, ndiyeno zotsatira za kafukufuku wathu zidzakhala zokonzeka kufalitsidwa.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa feteleza zamchere zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polima masamba, vuto lina lakula kwambiri. Mitu ya kabichi m'mafamu omwe amalima kwambiri amakhudzidwa ndi necrosis yamkati. Ma hybrids ena amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi matendawa, pomwe ena amakana. Koma pamenepa, chinthu chodziŵika chikhoza kukhala zolakwa za alimi eni ake. Chifukwa cha necrosis ndi kukula kwa mbewu yomwe ikukula. Kapena, monga ku Republic of Mari El, kugwiritsa ntchito zitosi za mbalame mopanda nzeru ngati feteleza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ammonia achuluke m'nthaka, zomwe zimalepheretsa mbewu kuyamwa calcium.
Tafotokoza njira zingapo zothetsera zovuta zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa. Izi zikuphatikiza kupanga zoyambitsa zokopa zofunikira pakusankha ma hybrids a kabichi woyera pamtundu uliwonse wa kuswana.
- Kodi pali zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa ntchito ya asayansi?
- Ndikukhulupirira kuti zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi State Variety Testing Commission pamitundu yatsopano ndi ma hybrids zimafunikira kukonzanso. Chofunikira chachikulu chophatikizira mu State Register ndi zokolola zambiri, koma izi ndizolakwika kwambiri pankhani yamasamba.
Pakadali pano, palibe chiwembu chimodzi chaboma chomwe chimawunikidwa momwe kusungirako mbewu zamasamba kumawunikidwa. Nyengo yathu yozizira imakhala pafupifupi miyezi 6-7, ndipo nthawi yonseyi anthu amafunika kudyetsedwa ndi masamba osungidwa. N'zoonekeratu kuti super-khola kabichi ndi zochepa zipatso ndipo amasiyana ena ogula katundu. Koma ndiye tiyeni tisankhe chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri kwa ife: kuonetsetsa kuti tili ndi chakudya chokwanira kapena kujambula manambala okongola.
– Ndani ndi kumene ntchito yopanga mbewu za m'banja woyera kabichi hybrids?
- Mabungwe anayi okha asayansi akugwira nawo ntchito yosankha kabichi ku Russia, kuphatikiza ndi Timiryazev Academy. Ndipo gawo lalikulu la mbewu zolima masamba ogulitsa zimaperekedwa ndi siteshoni yotchedwa N.N. Timofeeva ndi Agrofirm "Poisk".
Bungwe lathu limagulitsa pafupifupi tani imodzi ya mbewu pachaka kuchokera pa matani asanu ndi limodzi omwe amafunidwa ndi bungwe.
Kulima mbewu za kabichi yoyera kunakhazikitsidwa pamalo oyesera ku Republic of Dagestan, m'malo otentha. Mbewu zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri, yosautsa pobzala mbande m'dzinja Chaka chatha, kuchokera ku malo ku Dagestan, tinalandira ma kilogalamu 800 a mbewu zosakanizidwa zomwe zimamera 95%. Ichi ndi chizindikiro chabwino, ngakhale kuti derali lili ndi ntchito yoti lichite. Mavuto aakulu amakhalabe osatsatira kulekanitsidwa kwa malo ndi kuwononga mbewu zambiri ndi ng'ombe.
- Kodi ndizotheka kuwonjezera kupanga mbewu?
- Pakali pano tikuchepetsa malo omwe ali ndi mbewu zambewu, chifukwa sitikuwona phindu lililonse kupanga zinthu zambiri kuposa zomwe tingagulitse. Koma malo obereketsa amatha kuchulukitsa zokolola zosachepera 10 nthawi iliyonse, ngati pakufunika.
- Ndi mitundu yanji yakunyumba ndi ma hybrids omwe amadziwika kwambiri pakati pa opanga?
- Pakati pa mitundu ya kabichi, yotchuka kwambiri ndi Iyunskaya, Slava 1305, Slava Gribovskaya 231, Podarok, Belorusskaya 455, Amager 611, Zimovka 1474, yopangidwa ku Gribovskaya kuswana (tsopano Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing). Mwa ma hybrids omwe amafunidwa ndi Nastya, Kazachok, Transfer, omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhwima kwawo koyambirira, zokolola komanso kukoma kwabwino.
-MENE Kodi, mu lingaliro lanu, ndi zinthu ziti za msika wa kabichi woyera ku Russia?
- Tikayang'ana pamitundu yosiyanasiyana, tiwona kuti mpaka 70% ya mbewu zosakanizidwa zomwe zidabzalidwa mdziko muno zidapangidwa 30-40, kapena zaka 50 zapitazo. Pakati pa akunja ndi Atria, Rinda, Aggressor, zapakhomo ndi Transfer, Kazachok, SB 3, Kolobok, Valentina.
Ndizovuta kuti makampani opanga mbewu alowe mumsika ndi zatsopano. Zatsopano nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosawerengeka, kotero kuti ndalama zopangira ma hybrids a kabichi sizilipira. Izi, kachiwiri, chifukwa cha conservatism ya alimi.
Ponena za kugulitsa kabichi wamalonda, malamulo pamsika m'zaka zaposachedwa adakhazikitsidwa ndi ogulitsa. Maunyolo ogulitsa amayembekezera mitu ya kabichi kuchokera kwa opanga omwe ali ndi mikhalidwe ina: kulemera kwa pafupifupi ma kilogalamu awiri ndi moyo wapamwamba wa alumali. Koma kabichi yotere imakhala ndi ulusi wambiri, womwe sugwirizana ndi wogula. Ndiwosafunika konse kuti nayonso mphamvu ndipo imafuna chithandizo cha kutentha kwautali.
Gawo laulimi limakakamizika kulima zinthu potengera zofunikira pa intaneti. Olima masamba amawonongeka kwambiri pochepetsa zokolola za mbewu zochedwa hybrids kuchokera pa matani 100 pa hekitala kufika pa matani 70-80. Ngakhale, malinga ndi ukadaulo waulimi, wopangayo ayenera kuyamba kukolola pamene kulemera kwa mutu wa kabichi kumafika ma kilogalamu atatu.
- Mumafotokozera bwanji kuchepa kwa madera olimidwa komwe kwachitika zaka zaposachedwa?
- Choyamba, izi ndi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Kudya kabichi kukucheperachepera chifukwa chikhalidwe cha chakudya chasintha, ndipo chikhalidwe cha fermenting kabichi mochuluka m'nyengo yozizira kulibe. Kuphatikiza apo, kusankha masamba atsopano kwakula kwambiri panyengo yozizira.
Kufunika kulima kabichi m'madera akuluakulu sikufunikanso, chifukwa alimi ambiri awonjezera zokolola zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, opanga omwe amagwira ntchito ndi ma hybrids athu amalandira mosavuta matani 120 pa hekitala.
Palinso chifukwa china chochepetsera dera pansi pa kabichi - kusowa kwa ogwira ntchito. Kukolola mbewu nthawi zambiri kumachitika pamanja, koma kulibe antchito okwanira, ngakhale alendo ochokera kumadera aku Central Asia. Kupanga kwa kuphatikiza kwapadera ndikotsika. Amatha kukolola hekitala imodzi yokha patsiku, ndipo m’nyengo yamvula kokha, ndipo anthu asanu ndi anayi ayenera kum’tumikira. Zikuoneka kuti kulima masamba ena kuchokera ku borscht set, kukolola komwe kumapangidwa ndi makina, kumapindulitsa kwambiri.
- Grigory Fedorovich, chiyembekezo cha kabichi woyera ku Russia ndi chiyani?
- Chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha dera lino, kuphatikizapo kuswana ndi kupanga mbewu, zimadalira kwathunthu ntchito za ogula ndi ndondomeko ya boma. Pakadali pano, palibe amene anganene ngati kuchepa kwa kufunikira kwa kabichi kwafika polekezera, kapena ngati zinthu zikuipiraipira.
Polephera kukulitsa kukula kwa ntchito ndi kabichi, bungwe lathu la sayansi linatenga mbewu ina - rapeseed. Ku Russia, pafupifupi mahekitala mamiliyoni awiri amaperekedwa pachaka kwa mbewu zogwiririra. Pali zopambana zoyamba: tapeza ma hybrids a kasupe a rapeseed ndikuchita bwino kwambiri.
Tidayang'ananso pa kuswana anyezi, kukula kwake komwe kukukula; mu 2022, mbewu iyi idaposa kabichi malinga ndi malo olima komanso kuchuluka kwake. Malinga ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi ku Russia, chaka chimenecho matani 1,05 miliyoni a anyezi ndi matani 950 a kabichi anakololedwa m’dzikolo.
Ogwira ntchito athu apanga kale ma hybrids angapo omwe ali ndi genetic resistance to downy mildew. Tsopano imodzi mwa ma hybrids, Resistor, ikuyesedwa ndi boma. Mwa njira, ma hybrids ofananawo adawonekera kunja zaka 10 zapitazo, koma palibe ngakhale m'modzi yemwe adalembetsedwa ku Russia. Anyezi omwe agwidwa ndi matendawa ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi systemic fungicide mpaka kasanu ndi kamodzi pa nyengo. Pamafunika ndalama zofanana kuti mugule mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga momwe zimachitira pogula mbewu. Ndiko kuti, makampani akunja omwe ali atsogoleri pakugulitsa zinthu zoteteza zomera samapindula ndi mawonekedwe a hybrids amakono abwino kwambiri m'minda yathu. Chifukwa chake tengani malingaliro anu ngati tikuyenera kukhala okhutira ndi zomwe achita pakusankhidwa kwa azungu.
Irina Berg