M'zaka zaposachedwa, matenda a anthracnose (malo akuda, dontho lakuda, dontho lakuda) loyambitsidwa ndi bowa Colletotrichum coccodes afalikira m'madera akuluakulu a kulima mbatata. Opanga ndi ofufuza akhala akuwona kuti ndi matenda ang'onoang'ono omwe alibe chofunikira kwambiri. Koma kuwonjezeka kwa zovulaza motsutsana ndi maziko a kuchuluka kwa zofunikira zamtundu wa tubers onse mu mawonekedwe atsopano komanso m'makampani opanga zinthu kunasamutsa anthracnose ku gulu la matenda ofunika kwambiri azachuma omwe amabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachuma. Malinga ndi zofalitsa zasayansi (Kuznetsova M.A. et al., 2020), anthracnose pa mbatata sinafalikire ku Russia mpaka cha m'ma 1950. Kenako matendawo anakula pang’onopang’ono. Mu 1980-1985, kugonjetsedwa kwa mbewu za mbatata ndi anthracnose kuyambira 5 mpaka 25%, mu 1986-1987 kuchokera 10 mpaka 35%, m'chilimwe chotentha ndi chouma cha 1988, kugonjetsedwa kwa nsonga kunali 10 mpaka 70%, 1989 - kuchokera 5 mpaka 40%, mu 1990-2000 - kuchokera 3 mpaka 35%, mu 2001-2009 - kuchokera 2 mpaka 55%, m'chilimwe chotentha ndi chouma cha 2010 kuchokera 5 mpaka 100%, mu 2011-2019 - kuchokera 3 mpaka 65%. Ofufuza amavomereza kuti zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimachulukira kuopsa kwa anthracnose ndi kuitanitsa mbewu zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka, kufalikira ndi njere, kuwonongeka kwa ma tubers panthawi yolima ndi makina, komanso kuchepa kwa kukana kwa mbewu motsutsana ndi maziko omwe sakukula bwino. Anthracnose imatha kuchepetsa mwachindunji zokolola za mbatata ndi 12-30%, kukulitsa khalidwe lazogulitsa chifukwa cha mawanga akunja pakhungu, kusinthika kwa minofu yamkati ndikupangitsa kutsika kwa malonda a mbewu panthawi yosungira.
Zizindikiro za anthracnose. Bowa wa Colletotrichum coccodes amatha kuwoneka pa tubers, stolons, mizu, zimayambira ndi masamba a mbatata. Pamwamba pa zomera, zizindikiro zoyamba za anthracnose zimawonekera mu chikasu ndi kuyanika kwa masamba. Nthawi yomweyo, zimayambira zimakhala zobiriwira kwa nthawi yayitali (chithunzi 1). Pokhapokha ndi chikasu cha masamba, anthracnose sichidziwika. Kuyanika masamba a mbatata kungayambitsidwe osati ndi anthracnose, sclerotinia, pectobacteria, komanso cercosporosis, alternariosis, ndi verticillium (wilt). Chifukwa cha mawonetseredwe olowa a mitundu yatsopano ya matenda, kuyanika koyambirira kwa mbewu za mbatata kumawonekera kwambiri pakupanga.
Mu theka lachiwiri la nyengo yakukula, matendawa amakhudza zimayambira. Choyamba, mawanga ang'onoang'ono amkuwa amawonekera m'dera la masamba owuma (chithunzi 2). Kenako malo okhudzidwawo amakula (chithunzi 3). M'tsogolomu, mawanga amawonjezeka, chophimba choyera cha mycelium chikuwonekera pa iwo. Minofu ya tsinde pansi pa mycelium imasintha mtundu kuchokera mkuwa kupita wakuda (chithunzi 4,5). Zolemba zoyera pamitengo zimayambanso ndi rhizoctoniosis, sclerotinia, ndi zowola zotuwa.
Chithunzi 2,3. Kukula kwa anthracnose pamasamba
Chithunzi 4,5. Chomera choyera cha anthracnose mycelium pamitengo
Mawanga a anthracnose amakhudzanso malo apansi panthaka. Mu utoto, amafanana ndi chiwonetsero cha rhizoctoniosis (chithunzi 6). Komabe, mu rhizoctoniosis, mosiyana ndi anthracnose, malire pakati pa okhudzidwa ndi minofu yathanzi ndi omveka bwino.
Ndikukula kwina kwa anthracnose pansi pa nthaka ya zomera pamalo owonongeka kwa zimayambira, stolons, mizu, pamwamba pake amawola, exfoliates ndipo amasiyanitsidwa mosavuta (chithunzi 7). Mu chinyezi chambiri, kuwonongeka kumatengera mtundu wofiirira wopepuka.
Zowonongeka zimayambira zimazulidwa pansi. Ambiri akuda ma microsclerotia amapangidwa pamalo omwe amayambira matenda (chithunzi 8). Chifukwa chake dzina lachingerezi la matendawa - dontho lakuda (dontho lakuda). Koma ichinso si chizindikiro chapadera; sclerotia imapanganso verticillium ndi zowola zoyera.
Zizindikiro za anthracnose pa tubers zimasiyana kwambiri. Poyamba, awa ndi mawanga otuwa pa peel. Pakusungirako, utoto wa silvery umawoneka (chithunzi 9). Mosiyana ndi nkhanambo yasiliva, mawanga a anthracnose samasiyanitsidwa kwambiri ndi peel yathanzi ndipo ma microsclerotia amawoneka pamawanga (chithunzi 10). Mawanga akuda akuda okhala ndi mawanga a bulauni amawonekera pamwamba pa tuber ndi machulukitsidwe mu minofu yaing'ono yakuda yakuda. Ma tubers omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri amafota, khungu limachotsedwa mosavuta kuchokera pamwamba, pomwe sclerotia yaing'ono imapangidwanso. Pamwamba pa tubers ndi wosagwirizana, bumpy. Pakudulidwa kwa ma tubers omwe akhudzidwa, minofu ya bulauni imatha kutsata kuya kwa 0.5-0.8 cm, pakapita nthawi mawanga okhumudwa amawonekera. Ndi kukulitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali m'malo osungira, zizindikiro za matendawa zimafalikira mu tuber, minofu yolira imawonekera, ntchofu ndi kuwononga kwathunthu kwa ma tubers.
Chithunzi 9. Zizindikiro ndi sclerotia ya anthracnose pa tubers
Ndi chitukuko champhamvu cha anthracnose, mawanga okhumudwa, kuphulika kwa peel, kuwonongeka kwakuda kwa mphete ya mitsempha ndi zamkati za tuber, zomwe ndizosiyana ndi matenda ena a tuber (phytophthora, phomosis, fusarium, ditylenchosis), koma osati mosadziwika bwino. Zizindikiro zowoneka komanso panthawiyi sizokwanira kuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (chithunzi 11).
Magwero matenda ndi zinthu chitukuko cha anthracnose. Matenda a mbatata ndi C. coccodes amatha chifukwa cha dothi, tuber ndi inoculum yoyendetsedwa ndi mpweya. Dothi inoculum, monga lamulo, imakhala ndi vuto lalikulu poyerekeza ndi tuber. M'nthaka, bowa amatha kukhala ngati sclerotia kapena ngati conidia pamlingo wosawoneka. M'mbuyomu, ankakhulupirira kuti sclerotia imakhalabe m'nthaka kwa zaka zoposa 4, pakalipano pali zonena kuti zikuwonjezeka nthawiyi mpaka zaka 8-15. Pathogen overwinters mu mawonekedwe a sclerotia padziko akhudzidwa tubers, pa zomera zinyalala ndi m'nthaka. M'chaka, spores amapangidwa pazinyalala za zomera, tubers ndikufalikira ndi madontho a chinyontho m'nthaka ndi zomera. M'nyengo yotentha, spores zimamera mu chinyezi chamadzimadzi ndipo zimatha kuwononga mbali zonse za zomera. Kubwezeretsedwa kwa zomera kumachitika nthawi zambiri pa nyengo, spores amafalitsidwa ndi mphepo, tizilombo, madontho amvula. C. cocodes nthawi zambiri amayambitsa mbatata ndi minyewa ina kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukula, koma zizindikiro za chlorosis ndi leaf necrosis, komanso sclerotia zizindikiro za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, nthawi zambiri siziwoneka mpaka mochedwa kwambiri nyengo yakukula.
Machubu a mbewu omwe ali ndi kachilombo nthawi zambiri amakhala magwero a matenda a nthaka komanso gwero lofunikira la matenda a mizu, ma stolons ndi ma tubers. Mbali iliyonse ya pamwamba pa tuber imatha kutenga kachilombo ka C. coccodes ndipo izi zingayambitse matenda a tsinde. Sizingatheke kuzindikira matenda onse mu batch chifukwa bowa akhoza kutenga gawo laling'ono la pamwamba kapena kukhala mkati mwa tuber. Mbewu zopanda zizindikiro za C. cocodes zitha kutenga kachilomboka. Bowa kuchokera ku mbewu pang'onopang'ono limazungulira nthaka, ndikuchoka ku tuber yomwe ili ndi kachilombo pamlingo wa 1 mm patsiku. Kupatsirana kwa mbeu ya mayi kumakhala ndi zotsatira zokhazikika pa matenda a ana, ndipo matendawa kuchokera ku mbewu ya amayi amayamba atangobzala. Ma tubers a Mbewu omwe ali ndi matenda akunja amatulutsa ma tubers omwe amakhala ndi mafupipafupi komanso kuopsa kwa matenda, komanso matenda a tsinde ndi kuchuluka kwa ma tubers omwe amakhudzidwa kumapeto kwa stolon. Mofananamo misinkhu matenda kukula pa tubers ndi zimayambira za zomera omera wathanzi tubers koma pafupi ndi mbewu tubers ndi mkati kapena kunja matenda. Anthracnose mycelium imasuntha m'nthaka kuchokera ku mbewu zomwe zili ndi kachilombo kupita ku ma tubers aakazi a zomera zoyandikana nazo. Palibe mgwirizano pakati pa matenda a tuber pamwamba ndi matenda amkati. Komabe, ma tubers onse okhala ndi matenda amkati analinso ndi matenda akunja. Matenda a mitsempha ya C. coccodes mu tuber tubers ndi omwe amadetsa nkhawa kwambiri chifukwa matenda a mitsempha sangathe kuwongoleredwa pochiza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kodi chifukwa cha kugonja ndi chiyani - mbewu zomwe zili ndi kachilombo, nthaka yoipitsidwa, kufalikira kwa ndege? Izi zitha kudziwika ndi zina mwa zotupa. Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumafanana ndi mawonekedwe a alternariosis, koma mphete zokhazikika sizimapanga mkati mwa chotupacho. M'madera omwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala mphepo yamkuntho, pali chiopsezo chachikulu cha kugwidwa ndi masamba motere, chifukwa mabala a mchenga amapereka njira zolowera bowa. Kuchuluka kwa matenda a ma tubers kumapeto kwa stolon kumasonyeza kuti matenda oyambirira a ma tubers aakazi anachitika chifukwa cha kulowa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kupyolera mu stolons, i.e. kuchokera kumayi tuber. Mu kafukufuku wina, mundawo unabzalidwa ndi njere zowoneka bwino m'nthaka yatsopano, koma 15 mpaka 88% ya ma tubers aakazi adapezeka kuti ali ndi matenda.
Ngati dothi ndilo gwero lalikulu, ndiye kuti kukula kwa microsclerotia pa tubers kumachitika mwachisawawa pamtunda wonse wa tubers. Zizindikiro za mawanga akuda zimawonekera pafupipafupi mumizu (60 mpaka 90%) patsiku loyesa koyamba pakatha milungu 5 mutabzala, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa inoculum (yotsika kapena yokwera), koma pazitsa zomwe zili mobisa, matendawa. zimawonekera panthawiyi pang'ono kapena ayi. Kafukufuku wofanana pa inoculum yopangidwa ndi tuber anasonyeza kuti zizindikiro za mizu ndi stolons zimatha kudziwika panthawi yomwe zikuwonekera, pamene zizindikiro za tsinde zimawonekera pafupi masabata a 7-10 pambuyo pa inoculation. Kafukufuku wopangidwa pansi pa kukula kwa malonda m'chigawo cha Washington (USA) anasonyeza kuti C. coccodes amawonekera patangopita masiku 15 atamera pamwamba pa nthaka, ndipo pambuyo pake, patatha masiku 22 atamera pansi pa nthaka; komabe, matenda ochulukirapo nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsidwa ndi zinyalala zapansi pamasiku otsatira.
Paziyeso zakumunda ku Scotland, C. coccodes colonization of root tissues zotengedwa ku zomera zopanda matenda zopatsirana zinali zofanana ndi zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera ku ma tubers ambewu owoneka bwino komanso opanda chilema akawunikiridwa kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yolima, koma anali ochepa kwambiri. m'masiku omaliza a zitsanzo. M'mayesero a Idaho, colonization ya tsinde minofu ndi C. coccodes pamwamba ndi pansi pa nthaka anali apamwamba kuposa pafupipafupi colonization wa stolons ndi mizu. Izi zidapitilira mosasamala kanthu kuti matendawa adabwera chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa dothi, ma tubers ambewu, kapena kubayidwa kwa foliar. Izi zikusiyana ndi kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu omwe adawonetsa kuti zizindikiro za matenda amtundu wakuda zimatha kupezeka koyamba mumizu poyerekeza ndi minyewa yamitengo yomwe idawunikidwa. Maphunziro osiyanasiyana adawunika zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana: kuopsa kwa zizindikiro kapena kukhazikika kwa minofu ndi bowa, chomwe ndicho chifukwa chachikulu chazosiyana. Ambiri amavomereza kuti matenda a C. coccodes amakhala obisika kwa nthawi yaitali mu tsinde poyerekeza ndi mizu ndi stolons.
Kafukufuku woyerekeza zotsatira za nthaka ndi mbewu wasonyeza kuti matenda a m'nthaka amachititsa mawanga akuda kwambiri kuposa matenda opatsirana ndi mbewu. M'munda ku England, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbeu ya tuber inoculum inachititsa kuti matenda a anthracnose achuluke pa tsinde ndi mizu, koma osati molingana ndi msinkhu wa matenda a tuber, pamene msinkhu wa matenda a nthaka umatsimikizira momwe matenda a anthracnose amachitikira. Kuchulukitsa kwa nthaka inoculum kumawonjezera kuopsa kwa matendawa, kuphatikiza tsamba necrosis ndi chlorosis, komanso kukula kwa sclerosis pamizu ndi zimayambira.
Kudziwa momwe minda imayipitsidwa ndi dot inoculum yakuda kumathandiza kusankha malo, kugwiritsa ntchito fungicidal tillage, kapena mitundu yomwe ingamere m'munda wina. Kwa anthracnose, njira yoyezera yolondola yozikidwa pa DNA PCR kusanthula yapangidwa ndipo ubale pakati pa mlingo wa inoculum munthaka ndi chiopsezo cha matenda a mbatata wakhazikitsidwa. Njira yoyezera nthaka poyesa anthracnose ndi yofanana ndi mayeso a nematode. Anthracnose chandamale DNA imawerengeredwa ndi PCR ndipo imawonetsedwa ngati pg DNA/g ya nthaka (pg ndi picogram kapena trillionth ya gramu). Zotsatira zoyesa nthaka zimayika chiwopsezo kukhala chochepa (0-100 pg DNA/g nthaka), sing'anga (101-1000 pg DNA/g nthaka), ndi apamwamba (> 1000 pg DNA/g nthaka) kutengera kukhudzidwa kwa nthaka pa mbatata. . Ngati malirewo ndi otsika, ndiye kuti pali chiopsezo chochepa cha matenda oyambitsa matenda a anthracnose omwe angakhudze malonda. Ngati malirewo ali okwera, pali chiopsezo chachikulu kuti kugulitsidwa kwa gawo lalikulu la ma tubers kuchepetsedwa pokhapokha ngati njira zochepetsera zitengedwa (Chithunzi 13). Komabe, machitidwe a kakulidwe ka anthracnose m'maphunziro ambiri adakhala otsutsana kwambiri, ndipo matenda a dothi kapena mbewu sizimayambitsa kutsika kofananira kwa zokolola ndi mtundu wa tubers. Chowonadi ndi chakuti zotsatira za matenda a anthracnose, pamapeto pake, nthawi zonse zimadalira kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa zinthu zakunja ndi mawonekedwe a agrotechnical pakupanga zinthu.
Kutentha koyenera kwa C. coccodes hyphae ndi 24 оC. Mapangidwe a sclerotia ndi matenda otsatizanatsatizana a zomera amachitika pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Palibe zizindikiro zomwe zidawonedwa pa tubers pa 15 оC, koma kutentha uku kuchuluka kwa tsinde zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka zidapezeka. Kuwala kwa mpweya ndi kuwala kumakhudzanso kumera kwa sclerotia. Conidia amapangidwa mokulirapo pamwamba pa nthaka sclerotia.
Anthracnose nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa ndi dothi lamchenga wopepuka, kutentha kwambiri, komanso kusayenda bwino kwa madzi. Komabe, kusiyanasiyana kwa kuwonongeka kwa zomera zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kupsinjika maganizo kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzindikira zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha abiotic ndi biotic factor pakukula kwa matendawa. Ku US, mvula yambiri, ulimi wothirira, ndi kutentha pang'ono kumayambiriro kwa nyengo, kutsatiridwa ndi chilala chotalika, zachititsa kuti matendawa afalikire. Ku England, ulimi wothirira umachepetsa matenda a tsinde, mizu ndi ma tubers mpaka masabata 18 mutabzala, koma kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Ku Israeli, kumene mbewu zonse zimathiriridwa nthawi zonse, matenda ndi kutayika kwa mbewu zawonedwa pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi nthaka youma.
Mitundu yonse ya mbatata imatengeka ndi C. coccodes, koma mosiyanasiyana. Kafukufuku wakunja awonetsa kuti mitundu yakhungu yopyapyala imakonda kudwala anthracnose kuposa yakhungu lakuda. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu pafupipafupi ya colonization ya zimayambira ndi kuopsa kwa kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba pa tubers. Kusiyana pakati pa matenda a tsinde ndi tuber kwawoneka m'mitundu ina, mwachitsanzo Desiree ali ndi matenda otsika kwambiri a tsinde koma amodzi mwa omwe amadwala matenda a tuber. Kuopsa kwa matenda kumakhala kokulirapo m'mitundu yoyambirira chifukwa ma tubers amalumikizana ndi nthaka inoculum kwa nthawi yayitali. Kusiyanasiyana kumachitika m'mitundu yoyambirira komanso yomaliza, zomwe zikuwonetsa kukhudzidwa kwa majini. Ku Russian Federation, maphunziro apadera okhudzana ndi kukana kwa mitundu ya mbatata ku anthracnose achitika. Mwachitsanzo, kuwunika kwa VIZR kwa tuber material yamagulu osankhika ku North-West kunawonetsa kuti mitundu yomwe idakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi anthracnose ndi Gala, Lomonosovsky, Eurasia, Labadiya ndi Sudarynya, ndipo omwe anali pachiwopsezo kwambiri anali Nevsky, Red Scarlett, Charodey ndi Aluet. .
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa anthracnose pa tubers ndikokwera kwambiri ndi kasinthasintha wa mbeu ya mbatata kwa chaka chimodzi. Kuchuluka kwa anthracnose kumachepa kwambiri pamene chiwerengero cha zaka pakati pa mbewu za mbatata chikuwonjezeka. C. cocodes amapezeka m'minda yopanda mbatata kwa zaka 10 kapena 15, koma kuchuluka kwa matenda kumatsika pakadutsa zaka 6 kapena kuposerapo popanda mbatata. Mitundu yambiri ya zomera zomwe zimabzalidwa ndi namsongole zimakhudzidwa ndi anthracnose, ndi zomera zomwe zimamera ndipo zimathandizira kuti matendawa apitirizebe kwa nthawi yaitali. Kafukufuku wachilendo wasonyeza kuti ali ndi makamu osiyanasiyana, omwe amaphatikizapo mitundu 58 ndi mabanja 17, makamaka masamba ochokera ku banja la nightshade - phwetekere, biringanya, tsabola wofiira, fodya. Koma kaloti, anyezi, broccoli, letesi, tebulo ndi beets shuga, kugwiriridwa, mpiru wachikasu amakhudzidwanso. Tirigu, chimanga, soya, mpendadzuwa, udzu, nyemba, nandolo sizitengeka ndi matendawa. Zowonongeka zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi mitundu ina ya zomera - cruciferous, sweet clover, lupine, hybrid sorghum-sudanese zimachepetsa kukula kwa mitundu yambiri ya bowa. Kuphatikizika kwa mbewu za biofumigant kumachepetsa kuopsa kwa anthracnose.
Udzu wambiri (black nightshade, field bindweed, white gauze, shepherd purse, nettle wamba, knotweed, European heliotrope, etc.) ukhoza kubweretsa kuchuluka kwa inoculum kapena ukhoza kukhala gwero la inoculum yoyamba ya mbatata. Katemera wa C. coccodes amapulumuka m'nthaka osati pa mitundu ina ya zomera, komanso pa tubers za mbatata zomwe zimasiyidwa m'munda pambuyo pokolola. Amamera chaka chamawa ndikudziunjikira matenda ambiri. Ma tubers a udzu amakhalabe olimba kwa zaka zingapo atayamba kukolola. Ulamuliro wodzipereka, i.e. Mbatata yodzifunira ndiyofunikira kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa inoculum ya anthracnose m'nthaka.
Kupsyinjika kwa zomera chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zakudya m'thupi kapena kusalinganika kungapangitsenso kuti mizu ya mbatata ikhale ya anthracnose. M'mayesero oyendetsedwa, nayitrogeni idaperekedwa pa 5, 40, 160, ndi 640 ppm kuti ilimbikitse mbewu ku kusowa kwa nayitrogeni komanso kuchulukirachulukira. Zomera zozikika mizu zidalumikizidwa ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa spores za C. coccodes. Kukhazikika kwa mizu kunali kwakukulu pamlingo wotsikirapo wa nayitrogeni (5 ppm). Kuchuluka kwa mizu kunachepa pamene kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni kumawonjezeka kufika pa 160 ppm, yomwe inali mulingo wabwino kwambiri wa N, kenaka kukwera pamene nayitrogeni imakula kufika pa 640 ppm. Poyesa potaziyamu, mizu yayikulu kwambiri idachitika pamlingo wotsikitsitsa wa potaziyamu (0 mg K) ndikuchepera pomwe potaziyamu idachulukira mpaka 80 mg (mulingo woyenera K), kenako ndikuwonjezeka pang'ono pomwe potaziyamu adachulukira. 160 mg K. Chitsanzo chomwecho chinkawoneka poyesa phosphorous. Kukula kwakukulu kwa mizu kunachitika pamlingo wotsikitsitsa wa phosphorous (0,032 ml), ndiyeno kutsika pomwe kuchuluka kwa phosphorous kumawonjezeka kufika pamlingo woyenera wa P (1,00 ml). Chifukwa chake, mizu ya mbatata imasakanizidwa kwambiri ndi bowa wa madontho akuda pamene zomera zili ndi nkhawa chifukwa cha kusowa komanso kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni, potaziyamu, ndi phosphorous kuposa momwe mbewu iliyonse imapezera.
Kuthirira mbatata nsonga zikauma kumawonjezera kuchuluka komanso kuopsa kwa kuwonongeka kwa anthracnose ku ma tubers osachepera kawiri. Kuopsa kwa matenda a tuber ndi kuchuluka kwa ma tubers omwe amakhudzidwa kumapeto kwa stolon anali okwera kwambiri mu ma tubers omwe amakula kuchokera ku zomera zothirira madzi kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zothirira pansi. Madzi oyenda pansi amathandizira kwambiri kusuntha kwa inoculum kuchoka ku njere ya tuber kupita ku ma tubers.
Kafukufuku wasonyezanso kuti pafupipafupi komanso kuopsa kwa anthracnose kumawonjezeka pa tubers zosasamba zikasungidwa pa 15. оC ndi 5 оC ndi kuti kukolola koyambirira ndi kusunga ma tubers owuma kumatha kuteteza kapena kuchepetsa kuyambika kwa matendawa. Kukula kwa mawanga akuda pa ma tubers kumachepetsedwa pozizira mbewu nthawi yomweyo poyerekeza ndi ma tubers omwe amasungidwa pa 12 ° C kwa masiku 10 asanazizira. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuumitsa mbewu moyenera kuti zisawole. Posungira kwa nthawi yayitali, palibe kusiyana pakati pa maonekedwe a matendawa pa ma tubers osungidwa pa 2,5 ° C kapena 3,5 ° C.
Njira zoyendetsera mbatata anthracnose Zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera komanso chitetezo ndi fungicides. Mfundo imodzi yofunika kwambiri yopewera mawanga akuda ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa inoculum m’nthaka chifukwa cha kasinthasintha wa mbeu, kuchotsa zotsalira za mbewu, mbatata ndi udzu. Ngakhale kusinthasintha kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri ndi mbewu zomwe sizikhala (mwachitsanzo, chimanga, soya kapena chimanga) sikuchiritsa nthaka (popeza anthracnose microsclerotia imapitilirabe m'munda mpaka zaka 8-15), koma imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa inoculum kangapo. .
Pofuna kupewa ndi kuchepetsa kufala kwa matendawa, izi ziyenera kuchitidwa:
1. Kusankha mitundu yolimbana ndi anthracnose, kupewa kulima mitundu yomwe ingatengeke m'minda yomwe ili ndi matenda;
2. Gwiritsani ntchito nthangala zovomerezeka zochokera kwa opanga odziwika ndikuziyesa m'munda kapena m'sitolo musanagule. Pewani mbewu zomwe zili ndi matenda amitundu yomwe imakonda kutenga kachilomboka. Malamulo a certification a mbewu ya mbatata m'maiko onse pakadali pano sapereka kuwongolera kwa anthracnose, chifukwa palibe kulumikizana kwachindunji pakati pa kugonjetsedwa kwa tuber ya uterine ndikukula kwa matenda pa ma tubers aakazi. Kafukufuku wa PCR wa zitsanzo zokhala ndi zizindikiro za anthracnose pamasamba opangidwa ku Russian Federation adawonetsa kuti mwa zitsanzo 96, 5 okha ndi omwe adakhudzidwa ndi anthracnose. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ku US ndi UK, zochitika za C. coccodes mu tubers zovomerezeka za mbeu zimasiyana kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 90% ndi 0-75%, motero. Mbewu zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka ndiye njira yayikulu yofalitsira anthracnose kumadera omwe amalima mbatata ku Russian Federation;
3. Yesani mbeu ya C. cocodes kuti muwone ngati pakufunika mankhwala opha bowa. Musabzale mbewu zomwe zili ndi matenda m'minda yoyera, yopanda anthracnose;
4. Pewani kubzala mbatata m'nthaka yopanda madzi;
5. Kulima moldboard kumapangitsa kuti zotsalira za zomera zikhale zozama komanso kuwonongeka kwake;
6. Umuna wokwanira komanso wokwanira;
7. Pewani kuthirira kwambiri, makamaka m'mitundu yomwe ingatengeke komanso kukhwima mochedwa. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi pakati pa desiccation ndi kukolola
8. Kukolola tubers mwamsanga pambuyo desiccation wa haulm;
9. Kuzizira kofulumira kwa mbatata mu yosungirako. Kuwongolera moyenera kutentha ndi chinyezi panthawi yosungira. Kutentha kwambiri ndi condensation pamwamba pa tuber kumathandiza kuti matendawa;
10. Dothi biofumigation ndi manyowa obiriwira a mpiru woyera, radish mafuta, sweet clover, manyuchi-Sudanka wosakanizidwa.
Ngati matenda a anthracnose apezeka pa tubers ndi m'nthaka, fungicides yapadera iyenera kuyikidwa.
Chitetezo cha mankhwala ku anthracnose. Kwa nthawi yayitali, ma fungicides okhala ndi azoxysrobin anali njira yokhayo yothanirana ndi matenda a nthaka. M'mayeso ambiri, azoxystrobin, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mumzere pobzala kapena kuphatikizika, ikuwonetsa kuchepa kosasintha kwa anthracnose. Mankhwalawa amachepetsa kukula kwa matendawa kwa milungu ingapo. Popeza azoxystrobin ndi ya strobirulins (FRAC class 11) yomwe imatha kuyambitsa kukana, i. kukana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mmenemo, ndiye kuti mutuwu ukukambidwa mwachangu, makamaka ndi opanga mpikisano wazinthu zoteteza zomera.
Pakadali pano, mndandanda wa mamolekyu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi anthracnose wakulitsidwa kwambiri, chifukwa zidapezeka kuti matenda a mbatata amapezeka nthawi yonse yakukula. Azoxystrobin imakhalabe chizindikiro cha mphamvu yolimbana ndi anthracnose, koma sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kangapo pa nyengo. Mndandanda waukulu kwambiri wa mankhwala ophera bowa motsutsana ndi anthracnose amalembetsedwa ku USA (Table 14). Zokonzekera zingapo zimalimbikitsidwa kuti zilowetsedwe mumtsinje pobzala, zina zonse - panthawi ya kukula kwa mbatata.
Table 14. Mndandanda wa mankhwala ophera fungicides polimbana ndi anthracnose ya mbatata, USA, 2021
Black Dot | azoxystrobin | 6.0 - 15.5 fl oz Aframe, Equation, Quadris Flowable, Satori, Willowood Azoxy 2SC | 14 |
Musapitirire kumwa mankhwala opha bowa a Gulu 11 musanasinthane ndi bowa wokhala ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana Quadris ndi Mutu wamutu. ndi Gulu 11 fungicides.
Quadris Opti ndi Gulu 11 ndi fungicide ya Gulu M. |
|
Azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil | 1.6pt Quadris Opti | 14 | |||
Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole | 8.0 - 14.0 fl oz Quadris Pamwamba | 14 | |||
pyraclostrobin | 6.0 - 9.0 fl oz Mutu wa SC, EC | 3 | |||
Azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr | 0.34 - 0.5 oz Elatus/1,000 ft mzere | 14 | Ikani mumzere pobzala mu kamzere kakang'ono pamwamba pa njere. Musapitirire 9.5 oz/a ngati pulogalamu yolumikizira. | ||
alireza | 1.0 – 1.5 pt Bravo Weather Stik Echo 720 1.5 – 2.25 pt Bravo Zn, Equus 500 Zn 0.875 – 1.25 lb Echo 90DF, Echo Zn 0.9 – 1.36 lb Bravo Ultreus DF82.5 |
7 7 7 7
|
Zindikirani malire ogwiritsira ntchito panyengo pa lebulo. Kulembetsa kwapachaka kwa zinthu za chlorothalonil ku Wisconsin kumalola 11.2 lb ai/a Bravo zinthu (Ultrex, WeatherStik, Zn) (kulembetsa kwapadera kwa W! kumatha pa 12/31/17, komabe kukonzanso kuli mkati - chonde onani mindandanda yolembetsa yapadera ya DATCP ) ndi 16.0 lb ai/a mankhwala a Echo (Zn, 720, 90DF) (kulembetsa kwapadera kwa WI kumatha pa 12/31/20). | ||
chlorothalonil + cymoxanil | 2.0pt Ariston | 14 | Gwiritsani ntchito pakapita masiku 7 mpaka 14. Gwiritsani ntchito nthawi yayifupi pamene zomera zikukula mofulumira komanso matenda ali ovuta. | ||
cymoxanil + famoxadone | 6.0 - 8.0oz Tanos | 14 | Amasamalira matenda ena angapo. Tsatirani malangizo oyendetsera kukana. Za kupondereza. | ||
difenoconazole | 5.5 - 7.0 fl oz Top MP | 14 | Tsatirani malangizo oletsa kukana. | ||
Madontho Akuda (kupitilira) | fenamidone | 5.5 - 8.2 fl oz Chifukwa | 14 | Amasamalira matenda ena angapo. Tsatirani malangizo oletsa kukana. Za kupondereza. | |
fluopyram + pyrimethanil | 11.2 fl oz Luna Tranquility (kuponderezedwa) | 7 | Yambani kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides popewa. Osagwiritsa ntchito kupitilira 43.6 fl oz/a panyengo iliyonse. Musapange mankhwala ophera bowa a Gulu 2 kapena 7 motsatizana musanayambe kusinthasintha ndi mankhwala opha bowa a gulu lina. | ||
fluoxastrobin | 0.16 – 0.24 fl oz/1,000 ft mzere Aftershock, Evito 480 SC 6.1 – 9.2 oz/a Tepera | 7 | Tsatirani malangizo oletsa kukana. | ||
flutolanil | 0.71 - 1.1lb Moncut 70-DF | pa-kubzala chithandizo | Yambani molunjika mozungulira mozungulira kapena pamwamba pa njere mu bande ya mainchesi 4 mpaka 8 musanakutike ndi dothi. | ||
Fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin | 4.0 - 8.0 fl oz Priaxor | 7 | Pangani zosaposa 3/a pa nyengo iliyonse. Musagwiritse ntchito 24.0 fl oz/a pa nyengo iliyonse. | ||
mancozeb | 0.4 – 1.6 qt Dithane F45 4F 0.5 – 2.0 lb Dithane M45, Penncozeb 80WP, Penncozeb 75DF 1.0 – 2.0 lb Dithane 75DF Ranshield NT, Koverall, Manzate 200 75DF |
3
3
3 |
Musapitirire kuchuluka kwa 11.2 lb ai/a EBDC panyengo yakukula. Zida za EBDC zikuphatikiza maneb, mancozeb, ndi metiram. | ||
Mefentrifluconazole | 3.0 - 5.0 fl oz Provysol | 7 | Musagwiritse ntchito zoposa 5.0 fl oz (0.13lb) / pa ekala pa ntchito iliyonse. Osakhala amuna kuposa ntchito pa 5.0 fl oz kapena | ||
Madontho Akuda (kupitilira) | 5 ntchito pa 3.0 fl oz pa ekala pachaka. | ||||
Metaconazole | 2.5 - 4.0 oz Quash | 1 | Osapanga zopitilira 4 panyengo iliyonse. Osachita amuna opitilira 2 motsatizana. Musagwiritse ntchito kupitirira 16.0 oz/a pa nyengo iliyonse. | ||
pentiopyrad | 10.0 - 24.0 fl oz Vertisan | 7 | Musapitirire 72.0 fl oz/a pachaka. Osapitilira 2 kugwiritsa ntchito Vertisan motsatizana musanasinthira ku fungicide ndi njira ina. | ||
pydiflumetofen + fludioxonil | 9.2 - 11.4 fl oz Miravis Prime | 14 | Kuletsa dontho lakuda kokha. Musagwiritse ntchito maulendo opitilira 2 pachaka pa ndege. Musagwiritse ntchito zoposa 34.2 fl oz pa ekala pachaka. | ||
pyraclostrobin + metiram | 2.0 - 2.9 lb Cabrio Plus | 3 | Musamagwiritse ntchito mankhwala otsatizana opitilira 2 musanasinthane ndi mankhwala omwe si a Gulu 11 kapena M3. | ||
zoxamide + chlorothalonil | 32.0 - 34.0 fl oz Zing | 7 | Osapanga zotsatizana zopitilira 2 musanasinthe njira ina. |
Pofika chaka cha 2023, zinthu zomwe zimagwira pentachloronyltrobenzin, mandipropamide + difeconazole, azoxystrobin + mancozeb, mefentrifluconazole + pyraclostrobin zimaloledwanso ku United States. Mankhwala ambiri omwe atchulidwa komanso kuphatikiza kwa mamolekyu omwe amagwira ntchito amaloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Russian Federation motsutsana ndi choipitsa mochedwa ndi Alternaria.
Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa anthracnose mothandizidwa ndi fungicidal chitetezo sikutheka. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa matenda ndi matenda osiyanasiyana: kudzera mumbewu, dothi ndi madontho owuluka ndi mpweya. Kuchepa kwa kukula kwa matendawa ndikofunikabe - kawiri (Table 15). Zokolola za mbatata pazaulimi wapamwamba pazosankha zabwino kwambiri zoteteza (kukonza masamba kuwonjezera pakugwiritsa ntchito nthaka) kumawonjezeka ndi 11-14 t/ha.
Table 15. Zotsatira za nthaka ndi foliar kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides pakukula kwa anthracnose, cultivar Russet Burbank, 2012
chithandizo IF=infurrow F = masamba @20cm | Zogulitsa / ha | Kuwoneka% kadontho kakuda - kutsika 10cm ya tsinde | C. cocodes ng DNA/g tsinde la mbatata | Perekani MT/ha |
Quadris IF | 639 ml ya | 48.2ab | 1798.4ab | 58.68ab |
Quadris IF Mancozeb F | 639 ml 2.2 kg | 41.0 b | 900.7 cd | 62.52 kuti |
Quadris IF Priaxor F | 639 ml426ml | 31.7 c | 622.1 d | 54.36bc |
Priaxor IF | 480 ml ya | 50.0 kuti | 1542.6ab | 54.72bc |
Priaxor IF Bravo ZN F | 480 ml1135ml | 35.8bc | 892.6 cd | 54.60bc |
Priaxor IF Quadris F | 480 ml639ml | 25.6 cd | 1332.0ab | 60.00ab |
Priaxor IF Mutu wankhani F | 480 ml426ml | 28.3 cd | 789.0 cd | 65.76 kuti |
Quadris IF Fontelis F | 639 ml 1.1 kg | 22.7 d | 595.1 d | 56.04bc |
Vertisan IF Quadris F | 1646ml 639 | 35.5 | 2249 kuti | 57.36bc |
Zopanda tanthauzo | 51.5 kuti | 2072.9 kuti | 51.96 c |
Zomwe zapezedwa (onani tebulo 15) zikuwonetsa bwino kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ku dothi kumodzi pobzala strobirulin fungicides sikukwanira kuthana ndi matendawa. Ku Canada, njira iyi imawonedwa ngati yosayenera; fungicides ya anthracnose yotengera azoxystrobin, difeconazole, mefentrfluconazole, benzovindiflupyr ndi fluopyram + pyrimethanil akulimbikitsidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kumeneko kokha nthawi yakukula. M'malo mwake, mphamvu yolimbana ndi anthracnose iyenera kuganiziridwa popanga dongosolo loteteza mbatata ku matenda akuluakulu (alternaria, choipitsa mochedwa) munthawi yakukula. , patatha sabata pambuyo pa desiccation, imapereka zotsatira zowonjezereka zochepetsera kuwonongeka kwa tuber.
Kutetezedwa kwa zinthu zobzala ku anthracnose kumadziwika kuti sikuthandiza, ngakhale kuti zinthu zambiri zogwira ntchito (difeconazole, pyraclostrobin, imidazole) zimawononga pafupifupi inoculum pamwamba pa ma tubers (chithunzi 16). Koma izi ndizokanthawi kochepa, zotsatira zake zimachotsedwa mwachangu, mkati mwa mwezi umodzi, chifukwa matendawa amakhalanso mkati mwa ma tubers.
Pomaliza. Kuvulaza kwa anthracnose posachedwapa kwawonjezeka kwambiri, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timakhala m'gulu la mavuto aakulu azachuma. Bowa la Colletotrichum coccodes, lomwe limayambitsa matenda a anthracnose pa mbatata, ndizovuta kuneneratu komanso kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sitingathe. Matenda oyamba ndi obisika. Matenda a mizu, stolons, pansi pa nthaka ndi pamwamba pa nthaka zimayambira kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukula, koma zizindikiro zowonekera kapena zizindikiro za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (microsclerotia) sizingawonekere pa zomera mpaka nthawi yokolola. Ma tubers amatha kutenga kachilombo m'munda koma sangawonetse zizindikiro mpaka pakati pa nthawi yosungira. Matendawa samafalikira kuchokera ku tuber kupita ku tuber panthawi yosungirako nthawi yayitali, koma matenda obisika amayamba kuonekera panthawi yosungirako ndipo kuwonongeka kwa tuber kumawonjezeka. Zizindikiro za anthracnose nthawi zambiri sizimveka bwino, zosadziwika bwino ndipo zimagwirizana ndi kufota kuchokera ku Alternaria, verticillium, ukalamba wachilengedwe, kusowa kwa nayitrogeni, ndi zina zotero. Zotsatira za matendawa pa zokolola za mbatata sizingadziwike, chifukwa mikhalidwe ndi zinthu zambiri, zonse za biotic ndi abiotic, zimakhudza kuvulaza kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Anthracnose ndizovuta kuwongolera. Katemerayu amakhalabe m'nthaka kwa zaka zambiri, amafalikira ndi zinthu zobzala ndi mvula, ndipo matenda amapitirira nthawi yonse yakukula. Kusinthasintha kwa mbeu kwautali kwambiri sikuchotsa nthaka, ndipo kusinthanitsa mbatata ndi mbewu monga kaloti, beets, anyezi, mpiru wachikasu ndi rapeseed (kwa mbewu) kumabweretsa kudzikundikira kwa matenda. Kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa anthracnose kumatheka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zamagulu ndi zamakono komanso oyenerera, odana ndi ntchito ya azoxystrobin ndi zinthu zina zogwira ntchito za fungicides. Chidwi kwambiri chiyenera kuperekedwa ku mlingo wa matenda a mbewu zakuthupi ndi nthaka. Ndikofunikira kuti mokwanira komanso moyenera feteleza ndi madzi mbatata, kukolola ndi kusunga bwino katundu mu nthawi yake, mogwira kupondereza namsongole, kuphatikizapo udzu mbatata, ndi ntchito fumigant zotsatira za wobiriwira manyowa. Mankhwala opha fungicides ogwira mtima ayenera kusinthana ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala m'nthaka, mu theka loyamba la nyengo yakukula komanso musanakolole. Njira yamakina owongolera anthracnose iyenera kukhala gawo lofunikira pachitetezo chamakono cha mbatata.
Wolemba zinthu: Sergey Banadysev, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. Sayansi, "Doka-Gene Technologies"