PAKUKONZETSA KUSANGALIRA MBATU M'DZIKO LA NOVOSIBIRSK
Chifukwa chiyani mitundu ya mbatata yopangidwa ndi obzala ma Novosibirsk ndiyosangalatsa? Ndi ntchito ziti zomwe asayansi amadzipangira lero? Kodi amawunika bwanji chiyembekezo cha ntchito yawo?
Magazini "Potato System" idayankha mafunso onsewa kwa katswiri wodziwika bwino wa mbatata, wotsogolera wofufuza wa Federal Research Center "Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the SB RAS", Wosankhidwa wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi Nikolai Polukhin.
Mu 1978, obereketsa ku Siberia adapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana LINA: Wodzipereka kwambiri komanso wosayerekezeka pakulimbana ndi matenda. Mbewu zamtunduwu zimafunikira kwambiri, zili pafupi "pamtengo" womwe udagulidwa ndi minda ya Far East (makamaka, kuchokera kudera la Amur). Alimi amati ndi Lina yekha amene angalimbane ndi kunyanja: kugwa kwamvula yambiri, chinyezi chosasunthika nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake, kuwonongeka mochedwa.
Patatha zaka zisanu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana idawoneka SAFO... Idadzitsimikizira yokha bwino ikamakula pazinthu zanu: zokoma, zazikulu tubers. Okhala mchilimwe adazisangalala nazo.
Koma mitundu yonseyi ndi yoyambirira, ndipo mikhalidwe yaku Siberia, yoyambayi imafunikira kwambiri. JNA: imapanga zokolola pofika Julayi 20, chifukwa cha nyengo yakomweko ndi zotsatira zabwino. Chotsatira chotsatira cha obereketsa a Novosibirsk ndizosiyanasiyana ZLATKA: m'katikati mwa nyengo, ndimakomedwe abwino (Adretta ali m'magazi ake, ndipo uyu ndi mtsogoleri wosayerekezeka malinga ndi kukoma). Imakhalanso ndi zokolola zambiri.
- Nikolai Ivanovich, kodi mbatata ndi mbewu yofunikira kwambiri kudera la Novosibirsk?
Mbatata ndizofunikira ku Russia yense, sizachabe kuti amazitcha "mkate wachiwiri". Ndipo kwa nzika za Siberia ndi Far East, nthawi zambiri amakhala mkate woyamba. Mulingo wogwiritsa ntchito mbatata mmadera awa akadali apamwamba kuposa Urals komanso madera aku Europe.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti mbatata zokoma kwambiri zimamera ku Siberia, popeza nyengo m'chigawo chathu imakonda kupanga kwake. Koma zofunikira pa malonda ndizovuta kwambiri.
- Kodi obereketsa ali ndi china choti agwire?
Ndithudi. Ndipo takhala tikulabadira kwambiri malangizo awa. Kuswana kwa mbatata m'dera la Novosibirsk kunayamba kuchita chibwenzi zaka zoposa makumi asanu zapitazo. Ntchitoyi inayamba ku Institute, Galina Petrovna Shushakova.
- Alimi ambiri amakono amayesetsa kusintha zomwe zikugulitsidwa ndikofunikira ndikusankha mitundu ingapo kuyang'ana mawonekedwe, kuyenera kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali, osati kukoma kwa ma tubers. Kodi oweta ku Novosibirsk amakumbukira izi?
Kwa nthawi yayitali, kuswana kwathu sikunatengere chidwi ndi zakunja (mawonekedwe a tuber, khungu, kuya kwa maso), chifukwa chake mitundu yakomweko inali yotsika kutchuka kuposa omwe akupikisana nawo akunja.
Tsopano obereketsa akuyesera kusunga zabwino za mbatata za ku Siberia, ndikuwonjezera "malonda" pang'ono ku banki yazabwino. Chifukwa chake, mitundu ya Sokur ndi Adar ikuyesedwa. Zonse zokoma ndi zokongola, tili ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu kwa iwo.
Tikukonzekera mitundu ina iwiri yodalirika yosamutsira mayesero osiyanasiyana mu 2021: Alka ndi hybrid 154 (sitinapeze dzina).
- Ndi mitundu iti ina yomwe mitundu yatsopano ya Siberia idzasiyanitsidwa ndi zina?
Tikugwira ntchito kuti tiwonetsetse kuti mitundu yathu imasiyanitsidwa ndi zokolola zambiri, kukoma kwabwino, kulimbana ndi matenda, kuyenera kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali.
- Akukonzekera kupanga chomera chopangira tchipisi cha kampani m'chigawo cha Novosibirsk PepsiCo... Izi zikutanthauza kuti mitundu yakukonzekera idzafunika. Kodi inunso ndi malo ofunika kuswana ku dera?
Mzere wathu wa mitundu umaphatikizapo omwe ali oyenera kusinthidwa kukhala mbatata youma ndi tchipisi: Sappho, Zlatka, Lina. Zachidziwikire, kugwira ntchito mbali iyi kudzapitilira, ngakhale tikuyenera kuzindikira kuti kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti ikonzeke ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri.
- Siberia Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding tsopano ndi nthambi ya Federal Research Center "Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS". Kodi pali chilichonse chomwe chasintha pantchito ya obereketsa omwe adachita kafukufukuyu atalowa nawo Federal Research Center?
Kwa zaka zambiri, ntchito yoswana ku Research Institute idachitidwa mwachikhalidwe, idakhazikitsidwa ndi kuphatikizika kwa interspecific ndi intraspecific. Tsopano tasamukira kumtunda wapamwamba. Pamodzi ndi ogwira ntchito labotale yosintha mwachilengedwe a Institute of Cytology and Genetics, timagwiritsa ntchito njira zosankhira anthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi kumathamangitsa kwambiri kutumiza zotsatira. Ndikuganiza kuti chaka chino tikhala tikuyesa kale mitundu yoyamba yopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito lusoli.
- Siberia Research Institute of Plant Production and Selection ndiyotchuka chifukwa cha mitundu yambiri ya mbatata. Tiuzeni zambiri za izi.
Kukhala ndi mitundu yambiri yoyambirira kumatilola kuti tizigwira ntchito zoswana kwambiri komanso pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Nambala zathu zosonkhanitsira 338 in mu vitro zitsanzo, pali mitundu 185, pomwe 95 yasinthidwa. Pakusankha timagwiritsanso ntchito "savages", pomwe tili ndi zitsanzo 35. Timasunganso zitsanzo za 135 kuchokera pamsonkhanowu wa VIR (zitsanzo zomwe zimalandiridwa pansi pa pulogalamu ya KNTP "Kukula kwa kuswana ndi kupanga mbewu ku Russia").
Zomwe timalandila nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi obzala mabungwe asayansi aku Siberia Federal District (Omsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.), ngati angafune mtundu wina mu m'galasi, titha kupereka pafupifupi dongosolo lililonse.
- Obereketsa SibNIIRS amalandira mbewu zochuluka kwambiri za mbatata. Kodi izi zimagulitsidwa bwanji?
Timachulukitsa mbeuyo kuti ikhale yopambana-osankhika ndipo timagulitsa izi kuminda yambewu. M'dera la Novosibirsk timagwirira ntchito limodzi ndi kampani ya Agros ndi kafukufuku wake ndi magawano a Michurinets SPH. Timaperekanso mbewu kumakampani ogulitsa mbewu ku Altai Territory ndi Primorye.
Chaka chino timabzala mbatata za mitundu yathu Lina ndi Zlatka zogulitsa. Timayamba kuchulukitsa Sokur pang'ono (tikukhulupirira kuti adzagawidwa). Kuphatikiza apo, timachulukitsa mitundu yomwe ikufunika pakati pa alimi a mbatata mderali komanso wamaluwa: Rosara, Red Scarlett, Adretta, komwe bungwe lathu limayambira. Timagulitsa zinthu zokhazokha zovomerezeka (zikalata zimaperekedwa ndi Russian Agricultural Center kutengera zotsatira za kusanthula kwa tubers kwa PCR). Popanda izi, paliponse. Tili ndi malamulo okhwima kwambiri ku Siberia.
- Siberia Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding ndi membala wa pulogalamu yaying'ono "Kupititsa patsogolo kuswana kwa mbatata ndikupanga mbewu ku Russian Federation" ya Federal Scientific and technical Program for the Development of Agriculture ya 2017-2025. Tiuzeni ntchito zomwe akukumana nazo obereketsa komanso kufunikira kotenga nawo gawo pulogalamu yaying'ono ya bungweli?
Ntchito yathu yayikulu ndikupanga mitundu yodzipereka kwambiri yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe omwe amakwaniritsa zosowa zamakono ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito, kusunga ndikukulitsa zosonkhanitsa kuti zisankhidwe mu m'galasi ndi mkati vivo Kupanga zinthu zoyambira (minitubers) pamakina opanga ma aeroponic ndi ma hydroponic mu kuchuluka komwe kumatsimikizira njira yopangira mbewu (mu 2019 - zidutswa 20; mu 2020 - 23 zidutswa zikwi, mu 2021 - 25 zikwi zikwi); kuonetsetsa kuti mbatata zambewu zopangidwa wapamwamba kwambiri (mu 2020 - matani 48, muzaka zotsatira - matani 50).
Nditha kuzindikira kuti kukhazikitsa kwa subroutine ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa ife. Popeza takhala otenga nawo mbali, tinalandira chithandizo champhamvu kuchokera kuboma. Ndalama zothandizirazo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzanso kwathunthu maluso ndi ukadaulo: adamangidwanso labotale ya biotechnology, adakhazikitsa malo opangira ma aeroponic ndi ma hydroponic kuti apange minitubers, ogula ogula, opanga mabedi, opanga makina, ndi kuphatikiza. Tsopano tikumaliza ntchito yomanga nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zamakono. Kuswana kwa mbatata ku SibNIIRS lero kumachitika masiku ano, ndipo asayansi athu ali ndi malingaliro amphamvu kuti mbatata zimalemekezedwabe mdziko lathu.
LINA
Mapeto oyambira. Zogulitsa zokolola 213-496 c / ha. Tuber ndi chowulungika. Maso ndi ochepa, apakatikati. Zamkati ndi zoyera. Unyinji wa tuber wogulitsidwa ndi 105-250 g. Peel ndi yosalala, yachikasu. Okhutira okhutira 11,2-18,5%.
Kulimbana ndi khansa ya mbatata ndi phytophthorosis m'mwamba ndi tubers. Atengeke ndi golide mbatata nematode.
Ma tubers ndioyenera kupanga mbatata zowuma ndi tchipisi.
SAFO
Mapeto oyambira. Zogulitsa zokolola 183-395 c / ha. Tuber ndi chowulungika ndi maso ang'onoang'ono. Rind ndi beige yopepuka. Zamkati zimakhala zokoma. Unyinji wa tuber wogulitsidwa ndi 111-232 g. Okhutira ndi 12,7-16,7%.
Kugonjetsedwa ndi wothandizila causative wa khansa ya mbatata, golide mbatata chotupa nematode, makwinya ndi banded zithunzi, tsamba-pakubwezeretsa HIV. Ma tubers ndioyenera kupanga mbatata zowuma ndi tchipisi.
Zlatka zosiyanasiyana Sokur zosiyanasiyana
ZLATKA
Kusiyanasiyana kwa nyengo yapakatikati. Zogulitsa zokolola 162-406 c / ha.
Tuber imazunguliridwa ndi maso akuya. Peel ndi yachikasu. Zamkati ndi zachikasu. Unyinji wa tuber wamalonda ndi 109-160 g. Okhutira okhutira ndi 15,7-18,0%.
Kugonjetsedwa ndi khansa ya mbatata, makwinya okomoka ndi ma virus. Amakhala pachiwopsezo cha nsonga komanso osagonjetsedwa ndi vuto lakumapeto kwa tubers. Wokhudzidwa ndi nematode.
Ma tubers ndioyenera kupanga mbatata zowuma ndi tchipisi.
SOKUR
Mapeto oyambira. Ikuyesedwa kosiyanasiyana kwamayiko.
Tuber ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, okhala ndi maso akunja. Tsamba lofiira. Zamkati ndi zachikasu.
Ili ndi wowuma kwambiri ndipo imagonjetsedwa ndi matenda amtundu.
JNA
Mitundu yoyamba kucha. Zokolola zomwe zingagulitsidwe 196-360 c / ha.
Tuber ndizovulazidwa ndi maso ang'onoang'ono. Rind ndi beige yopepuka. Zamkati ndi zachikasu. Kulemera kwa tuber kulemera 110-200 g.
Okhutira okhutira 14,3-15,1%.
Kugonjetsedwa ndi wothandizila causative wa khansa ya mbatata, golide mbatata chotupa nematode, makwinya ndi banded zithunzi, tsamba-pakubwezeretsa HIV.