Kukhalapo kwa mitundu ya mbatata yochuluka kwambiri yomwe imatha kuzindikira kuthekera kwawo m'nthaka komanso nyengo yake ndiye chinsinsi chopezera mbewu zolimba komanso zokhazikika m'madera. Ku Republic of Tatarstan, ntchito yopanga mitundu yotere yachitika kuyambira pakati pazaka zapitazi. Zokhudza ntchito zomwe asayansi amaziyika ndikudzipangira okha komanso zomwe akwanitsa kale kuzikwaniritsa, akutiuza Zenon Stashevsky, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Head of the Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Mtsogoleri Wofufuza wa Tatar Scientific Research Agricultural Institute, gawo lapadera la Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center la Russian Academy of Sciences (TatNIISH FRC KazSC RAS) .
Zakale za mbiriyakale
Kale m'masiku a USSR, mbatata zambiri zidalimidwa ku Tatarstan, m'zaka zimenezo m'dera la Republic, pafupifupi mafakitale owuma asanu ndi limodzi. Kwenikweni, kupanga mbatata zogulitsa kunkachitika kumpoto, komwe kumadziwika ndi dothi lolemera la loamy. Chilimwe m'dziko la Republic nthawi zambiri chimakhala chotentha ndipo chilala sichachilendo, ndipo dothi la loamy limasunga chinyezi kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo izi zimalola alimi kuti azitha kulima mbewu zokonda chinyezi, kuphatikiza mbatata.
M'zaka za m'ma 50, asayansi ochokera ku Kazan Breeding and Experimental Station adapanga mitundu iwiri ya mbatata, ndiye kuti kwanthawi yayitali ntchito ya bungwe la sayansi idaperekedwa ku nkhani zaukadaulo wolima mbewu komanso makamaka kupanga mbewu, derali likukula mwachangu.
M'zaka za m'ma 90, kale pamaziko a Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture, labotale yofalitsa ma microclonal idakhazikitsidwa, yomwe idapangitsa kuti zitheke kupanga ma microplants 50-80 pachaka. Wowonjezera kutentha mini-tubers anapezedwa microplants mu wapadera odzipatula. Ntchito inanso inachitika molingana ndi dongosolo lonse lopanga mbewu: machubu ang'onoang'ono adabzalidwa m'munda ndikubweretsedwa kwa osankhika komanso osankhika kwambiri. M'zaka zopambana kwambiri, akatswiri ochokera ku TatNIISH adapanga mpaka matani 2 a mbatata. Panthawiyi, asayansi adaganiza kuti derali likufunika mitundu yake yomwe ingasonyeze zotsatira zabwino mu nyengo yovuta ya Middle Volga.
Ntchito yoweta inayambikanso mu 2002. Obereketsa adakumana ndi ntchito yopanga mitundu, choyamba, yolimbana ndi matenda a virus (zomwe zimawononga kwambiri zokolola za mbatata). Komanso, mitundu yatsopano idayenera kusiyanitsidwa ndi kulekerera kutentha kwambiri, ndiko kuti, kuthekera kopanga mbewu popanda kusokoneza chilala kwakanthawi kochepa.
Mu 2015, State Register idaphatikizapo mitundu yoyamba yopangidwa ku TatNIISH - Courtney ndi Reggie. Mu 2019, mitundu ya Samba idawonekera. Mu 2020 - Zumba, mu 2021 - Salsa. Mitundu itatu yoyambirira ilibe chitetezo, kugonjetsedwa ndi y-virus. Zumba ndi Salsa ndi zamtundu wosiyana, ndizoyenera kukula pakati pa njira yapakati, chifukwa zimagonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi zowawa mochedwa.
Ine onani kuti zonsezi mitundu ndi oyambirira kucha ndi sing'anga oyambirira. M'dera lathu, ndikwabwino kukulitsa mitundu yamagulu awa, chifukwa motsutsana ndi chilala, peel ya ma tubers amapangidwa kwa nthawi yayitali (yakutali kuposa momwe ingakhalire ndi chinyezi). M'mitundu yakucha mochedwa (ndi nyengo yokulirapo ya masiku opitilira 120), peel ilibe nthawi yopanga, ndipo ma tubers amavulala kwambiri pakukolola.
Ma vector oyenda
Ntchito yopangira mitundu yosiyanasiyana yakhala ikuchitika kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo nthawi zambiri pamsika amafuna kusintha. Tsopano nditha kunena kuti mitundu ya Courtney ikadawoneka zaka 20 zapitazo, zikadawoneka mosiyana. Masiku ano, ndi otchuka kwambiri ndi anthu okhala m'chilimwe, makamaka omwe alibe mwayi wothirira ziwembu zawo, chifukwa amapereka mbewu muzochitika zilizonse. Koma kwa opanga ulimi amakono, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya ku Ulaya, kuwonetsera kwa tuber ndikofunikira kwambiri: khungu losalala, mawonekedwe okongola. Choncho, posachedwapa tangoika maganizo athu pa ntchitoyi.
The vuto lachiwiri ife ntchito ndi kukana tubers kuti mawotchi kuwonongeka. Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, chizindikirochi sichinagwire ntchito yaikulu, chifukwa mbatata zinkakololedwa ndi manja pafupifupi kulikonse. Koma makina amphamvu a njira zonse anayamba, ndipo panthawiyo zinaonekeratu kuti mitundu yambiri ya ku Russia sinali yoyenera kukolola ndi ntchito yophatikizira komanso yogulitsa kale pa conveyor. M'chigawo cha Middle Volga, nkhaniyi idakali yovuta kwambiri, chifukwa panthawi ya chilala, nthaka imauma kwambiri, mawonekedwe a mtanda, ndi zotayika panthawi yokolola zimatha kufika 60%, palibe chuma chingapirire izi.
Vector ina ndikupanga mitundu yokhala ndi wowuma wambiri. M'dera lathu, nyengo yakukula siitali kwambiri, koma chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri, mbatata imatha kudziunjikira wowuma wambiri. Ndikuyembekeza kuti kupangidwa kwa wowuma m'dziko lathu posachedwapa kudzafika pamlingo watsopano, ndipo mitundu yochuluka kwambiri idzafunidwa, ngakhale kuti timalandirabe zopempha za mbatata zoterezi nthawi ndi nthawi.
Sizingakhale zosangalatsa kupanga mitundu yosinthira kukhala tchipisi ndi zokazinga. Zomera zazikulu zomwe zikugwira ntchito ku Russia tsopano zikugwira ntchito ndi mitundu yakunja, palibe zofananira zapakhomo. Koma izi zidzafuna kukonzanso kwathunthu kwa pulogalamu yomwe ilipo kale. Timaganizira za izi, tengani njira zina - monga posungira tsogolo. Koma pali chenjezo limodzi: muyenera kuganizira kuti nyengo ya dera la Middle Volga si yabwino kupanga mitundu yotere. Kutentha kwamphamvu kudumpha, kupsinjika kumathandizira kuwonjezereka kwazomwe zimachepetsa shuga mu ma tubers. Ndiye kuti, mbatata yopangidwa m'chigawo cha Republic mwina sichingakhale chofunikira popanga zinthu zomaliza. Mfundo imeneyi complicates ntchito kuswana, koma moona tingathe kukonza kuyezetsa zitsanzo kwinakwake dera lina.
kusankha zachilengedwe
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pantchito yathu lero ndi kuswana kwachilengedwe (kusinthika): timayesa zitsanzo zathu zoswana m'magawo osiyanasiyana (mpaka pano pafupi, kupezeka kwa akatswiri athu). Malo opangira ziwembu amapatsidwa kwa ife ndi minda yayikulu ya mbatata yomwe ili ndi chidwi ndi mitundu yatsopano yolonjeza. Timakonza momwe nthaka ndi nyengo zimakhudzira kukula kwa zomera. Timatenganso minda yothirira ndikuwunika momwe mitundu imachitira ndiukadaulo wapamwamba waulimi.
N'zoonekeratu kuti masiku ano palibe amene amalima mbatata m'mafakitale pa maziko ochepa - popanda feteleza, etc., chifukwa ndi chuma chopanda phindu. Oweta amaganiziranso izi.
Zolinga za chitukuko
Kupita patsogolo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulani onse okonzekera kumafulumira ngati asayansi akumva kuthandizidwa ndi boma.
Mu 2020, Unduna wa Zamaphunziro ndi Sayansi waku Russia udalengeza za mpikisano wama projekiti osankha ndi kupanga mbewu ndikusankha ndi malo oswana. Ntchito ya Kazan Scientific Center ya Russian Academy of Sciences inasankhidwa, ndipo mu 2021 tinayamba kuigwiritsa ntchito.
Ndalama zazikulu zinaperekedwa kuti zikonzekeretse pakati, zomwe tinatha kugula zipangizo za labotale kuti tifufuze zamoyo ndi ma genetic; zida zokulira ndi kukolola mbatata.
Masiku ano, asayansi athu akuyang'anizana ndi cholinga cholimbitsa mphamvu za bungwe latsopano la sayansi kuti lithe kuthetsa mavuto opangira ndi kufalitsa mitundu yatsopano.
Pakadali pano, timayang'ana kwambiri kuswana: chaka chilichonse timayesa zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe zamitundu yatsopano 30-50 ndi ma hybrids a mbatata; mitundu inayi ya mbatata ikuyesedwa ndi boma.
Kuti tiwonjezere luso loyambitsa mitundu yatsopano ndi chitukuko cha sayansi mumndandanda wopanga mbatata, tikuwona kuthekera kopanga bizinesi yosiyana pamalo osankhidwa ndi mbewu (kapena kampani yomwe ikuchita mgwirizano ndi bungwe lasayansi), zomwe zikanatengera kukula kwakukulu kwa kubala ndi kupititsa patsogolo mitundu yatsopano ya mitundu . Ngakhale kuti nkhaniyi idakali pamlingo wokambitsirana, koma zotsatira zake zikangowonekera, tidzanenadi za iwo.
Gulu lathu limakhala lotseguka nthawi zonse kuti lithandizane pothandizana.
K S