Ludmila Dulskaya
Pa mliri, anthu anayamba kuganizira kwambiri za ubwino wa chakudya, ndi chidwi organic mankhwala anakula. Koma tsopano mphamvu zogulira anthu zatsika kwambiri. Kodi ulimi wa organic uli ndi tsogolo mumikhalidwe yatsopanoyi? Ndizovuta ziti zomwe mabizinesi alimi amakumana nawo akaganiza zopanga zinthu zachilengedwe? Anatero wapampando wa bungwe la Union of Organic Farming SERGEY Aleksandrovich Korshunov.
Union of Organic Farming Association ndiye gulu lalikulu kwambiri lachi Russia lodziyimira pawokha pazaulimi wa organic ndi biologization yaulimi, thanzi, zinthu zachilengedwe, malo otetezeka, mtengo wabwino kwa alimi, komanso chitukuko chakumidzi. Mgwirizanowu ulipo kuyambira 2013, umagwirizanitsa olima opitilira 350 komanso otenga nawo gawo pafupifupi 800. Mamembala opitilira 70 a Union ali ndi satifiketi ya Russian kapena international system of organic certification.
Ulimi wachilengedwe umafuna kupanga zinthu zachilengedwe komanso zathanzi. Olima zaulimi omwe asankha malangizowa amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, amayesetsa kuchepetsa mavuto omwe anthu amawononga chilengedwe ndikukhala ndi udindo wosamalira chilengedwe.
Popanga zinthu za organic, feteleza wopangira mchere komanso zinthu zoteteza zomera zimaletsedwa. Ndi feteleza wachilengedwe ndi njira zodzitetezera zokha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimafunikira kusintha kwaukadaulo waulimi. Chotsatira chake, chomera chomaliza chimakhala ndi kukoma kowala, kochuluka komanso kununkhira, koma zokolola zake ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa za opanga omwe amagwiritsa ntchito agrochemicals.
Tikukula chiyani?
Pali mbewu zosatheka kapena zosapindulitsa pa malonda kuti zikule motsatira mfundo za ulimi wa organic. Kwenikweni, opanga organic akuluakulu akupanga zokolola zam'munda, pamndandanda wazomera zazikulu: tirigu, soya, fulakesi yamafuta, chimanga, mpendadzuwa. Masamba amakhala odziwika kwambiri ndi alimi ang'onoang'ono omwe sasiya kuchuluka kwa minda yawo. "Mu organic" n'zosavuta kukula dzungu, tomato mu malo otetezedwa ndi otseguka, adyo, anyezi. Ndizovuta kwambiri ndi mbatata: polimbana ndi tizirombo ndi matenda, ndizovuta kusamalira kokha ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Zokolola za mbatata za organic ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wozama. Popeza kuti mtengo wazinthuzi pamsika, monga lamulo, ndi wotsika, tiyenera kuvomereza kuti sizopindulitsa kupanga. Ngakhale kaloti ndi beets ali ndi malire apamwamba kuposa mbatata.
Mwa mamembala a Union of Organic Farming, atatu okha amalima mbatata, mwa zina. Mafamuwa ali ku Perm Territory, Volgograd ndi Leningrad Region. Mbatata zawo zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri - zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi nyengo.
Timakula bwanji?
Ku Russia, mosiyana ndi maiko ena ambiri padziko lapansi, kupanga zinthu zodzitetezera ku zomera kumakula bwino kwambiri. Pafupifupi 95% ya mankhwala ndi ochokera kunyumba. Koma ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira zake, kukonzekera kwachilengedwe kuyenera kukhala komweko, kuyenera kusankhidwa mwamphamvu - zomwe zimagwira ntchito ku Volgograd sizingagwire ntchito ku Kaluga. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira za kukhudzana ndi mankhwala achilengedwe siziwoneka nthawi yomweyo.
Vuto lina la ulimi wa organic kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono ndiloti m'derali mulibe chithandizo chaulimi kuchokera kwa olima njira zodzitetezera. M'makampani omwe amagwira ntchito yopanga zinthu zoteteza zomera, pali antchito alangizi omwe amatsagana ndi akatswiri azachuma: amapanga njira zothandizira, kuyankha mafunso kuchokera kwa opanga ulimi, ndikupereka zitsanzo za kukonzekera. Otsatira ochepa aukadaulo wazachilengedwe ali ndi ntchito yotere.
Ndizotheka kukulitsa zinthu zabwino kwambiri popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chemistry, koma ziyenera kukhala ndi ogula ake.
Kodi tikugulitsa kwa ndani?
Masiku ano ku Russia kulibe chiwongola dzanja chimodzi kapena cham'deralo chomwe sichimapereka zinthu zachilengedwe. Mu 2020, ANO "Russian Quality System" idachita kafukufuku yemwe adapangitsa kuti adziwe omwe amagula kwambiri zinthu zachilengedwe. Monga zikuyembekezeredwa, choyamba, awa ndi amayi omwe amagula katundu wa gulu ili kwa ana awo ndi iwo eni, komanso omwe amatsatira moyo wathanzi, omwe mankhwalawa ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la zakudya zopatsa thanzi.
Tsopano za mitengo. Mpaka 2020, masamba organic ku Europe amangotenga 10-15% kuposa omwe sanali organic. Amakhulupirira kuti mpaka 15% ndiye kusiyana komwe nthawi zambiri munthu salabadira posankha kugula. Tsoka ilo, ku Russia timalipira zambiri pazogulitsa zachilengedwe, izi ndichifukwa choti msika wazinthu zaulimi sunapangidwe m'dziko lathu. Ngati kuchuluka kwa organic kupanga kunali kokulirapo, kusiyana kwa mtengo wogulitsa kukanakhala kofanana.
Lero palibe mpikisano. Ngati mlimi ali ndi mbatata ya organic pang'ono, amamvetsetsa kuti akhoza kugulitsa ma ruble 150 ndi 250 pa kilogalamu. Palibe ma analogues, timayika mtengo uliwonse, ndipo ogula omwe amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofunika kwambiri adzagula.
Ntchito yayikulu ya wopanga organic ndikupeza ogula omwe amagawana nawo zomwe amafunikira kuti athe kugulitsa.
Nanga bwanji zotumiza kunja?
Ogula kwambiri pazachilengedwe padziko lapansi ndi USA, mayiko a EU ndi China, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kukula kwa msika wa ogula. Kwa Russia, msika waukulu wotumizira kunja nthawi zonse wakhala European Union. Tidatumiza kunja mbewu zamafuta ndi mafuta kumeneko ngati zopangira, ndipo tisanayambitse ntchito zoteteza - mbewu za organic. Tsopano msika wa EU sunatsekedwe kwa ife, koma ndikuganiza kuti ndi nthawi.
Russia ikhoza kupereka zinthu zachilengedwe ku China, United Arab Emirates. Koma chidwi chachikulu cha onse opanga zaulimi m'masiku ano chidzakhala pamsika wapakhomo - tili ndi chachikulu. Ponena za masamba, ndi otsika mtengo ku Ulaya kuposa ku Russia, kotero sipanakhalepo kutumiza kunja.
Kodi makampaniwa ali ndi chiyembekezo?
Panthawi ya mliriwu, kufunikira kwa ogula zinthu zachilengedwe kudakula, ndipo malonda adakula kwambiri. Zomwe zidzachitike tsopano, panthawi yamavuto ankhondo ndi ndale, ndizovuta kulingalira. Kufuna kwachilengedwe sikungathe kulumpha chaka chino - ndithudi, kumadalira kwambiri mphamvu yogula. Chinthu chachikulu kwa mlimi aliyense tsopano ndi kuti asataye kuchuluka kwa zokolola.
M'tsogolomu, ndikuganiza kuti dziko la Russia lidzakakamizika kutsata njira yomwe mayiko ena onse apita: posachedwa, alimi ang'onoang'ono, makamaka, adzachita nawo ntchito yolima organic. Mafamu ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati sadzatha kupikisana ndi zokolola zazikulu zaulimi potengera mtengo wopangira: ali ndi zida zakale komanso mbewu zoyipitsitsa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuti agulitse, ayenera kupatsa ogula chinthu chomwe chili ndi zowonjezera. mtengo. Kupanga kwachilengedwe kumapereka mtengo wowonjezerawu.
Zomwe zachitika pano zisintha momwe boma ndi anthu akuwonera momwe ulimi uyenera kukhalira mdziko lathu. Agroholdings ndi, ndithudi, zazikulu, zilipo kale ndipo zidzapitiriza kukhalapo. Koma pamsika wapakhomo, chitukuko china ndi cha minda yaing'ono ndi yapakati.
Kodi alimi amafunikira chiyani kuti apite ku organic?
Chinthu choyamba ndikuyang'ana msika. Muyenera kuyamba ndi kuyankha mafunso: "Kodi ndingagulitse? Kwa ndani? Zingati? Union yathu ithandizira ndikuwonetsa momwe mungakulire zinthu zachilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera kwachilengedwe. Kodi muyenera kusanthula ngati ukadaulo waulimi womwe mumagwiritsa ntchito umakupatsani mwayi wosinthira ku organic? Kodi pali zida zokwanira, pali minda yoyenera?
Kuyambira 2020, takhala tikugwiritsa ntchito pulojekiti ya Organic Agriculture - New Opportunities pulojekiti ndikuphunzitsa alimi kwaulere pamaziko a mabizinesi ovomerezeka aulimi, pogwiritsa ntchito thandizo la Purezidenti wa Chitaganya cha Russia pa chitukuko cha anthu.
Njira zovomerezeka malinga ndi GOST 33980-2016 zitha kumalizidwa m'mabungwe ovomerezeka - pali pafupifupi 12 aiwo ku Russia. M'madera ena, boma limalipiritsa gawo la mtengo wa ndondomeko yamabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati. Opanga ovomerezeka amalandira ufulu woyika chizindikiro chazinthu zachilengedwe ndipo akuphatikizidwa mu kaundula wa Unduna wa Zaulimi ku Russian Federation. Chizindikiro chimodzi cha boma - "tsamba lobiriwira" - limayikidwa pamatumba pamodzi ndi qr-code, yomwe wogula akhoza kupita ku webusaiti ya Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi tsamba la wopanga.
Ngati mukufuna kukulitsa derali, koma osakonzekera kulandira ziphaso, lemberani Union. Pali zochitika pamene njira zogulitsira za kampaniyo zamangidwa kale, ndipo palibe chifukwa chokhalira ndi ndondomeko yovuta komanso yotsika mtengo ya certification, popeza ogula amakhulupirira kale. Awiri mwa atatu mwa mamembala athu ndi alimi omwe amapanga zinthu zomwe zili organic.
Kodi alimi adzapeza phindu lanji polima mbewu za organic? Mtengo wogulitsa bwino komanso kukhulupirika kwakukulu kwamakasitomala. Anthu adzadziwa kuti mumapanga zinthu zachilengedwe komanso zathanzi. Kuopa kwamuyaya kwa ogula ndikugula chinthu chokhala ndi nitrates, chodzaza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals. Tsopano ngakhale amene alibe ndalama zambiri amakonda kugula mlimi kuposa mafakitale kanyumba tchizi. "Ndimakonda kudya magalamu 100-200, koma chinthu chabwino, kuposa theka la kilogalamu yokayikitsa," ndi udindo wa wogula wamakono. Zofanana ndi masamba. Pakupanga kwa organic, pali kuwunika kosalekeza, palibe zinthu zovulaza pazogulitsa.
Kodi pali kusintha kobiriwira?
Ku Ulaya, m’zaka 15 zapitazi, alimi ambiri ayamba kupanga zinthu zachilengedwe popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Ndikuganiza kuti zidzakhalanso ku Russia. Ndipotu, tili kale mu "green revolution". Ambiri opanga, makamaka, amagwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera - mankhwala, kuphatikizapo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi tizilombo towononga tizilombo timamenyana ndi chithandizo cha entomophages. Ndikuganiza kuti pafupifupi 10-15% ya minda iyi idzakhala zachilengedwe.
Zolinga zazikulu zaulimi wa organic nthawi zonse zakhala kuwonetsetsa kusakhalapo kwa matenda komanso kuthana ndi tizirombo. Tsopano, poganizira za chitukuko cha njira zodzitetezera, zomwe taziwona m'zaka 5-7 zapitazi, ndizotheka kulimbana nazo (polima mbewu zambiri).
Ndiloleni nditsindikenso: padziko lonse lapansi, zinali masamba ndi zipatso kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe zomwe zidakhala ndi gawo lalikulu la kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zimapangidwa. Ku Russia, m'malo mwake, zinthu ndizosiyana - voliyumu yayikulu kwambiri imagwera pakupanga mbewu zam'munda. Zidzakhala zabwino ngati iwo omwe sanachitepo nawo ulimi, omwe sanakhazikitse ndondomeko, yesetsani kuyambitsa chirichonse kuyambira pachiyambi ndikuyamba kulima masamba. Ngati mukuchita zaulimi moyenera, mosamala komanso mosamala, simudzakhalabe ofiira.
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