Kupanga zinthu zakale ndi mafuta wowuma ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapangidwa, zomwe nthawi zonse zimakhala zosangalatsa kwa omvera athu.
Kodi msika wowoka wa mbatata ukayamba bwanji? Kodi padzakhala ntchito zina? Kodi zasintha zomwe zikuyembekezeka mu malonda pambuyo pa mliri? Mafunso awa amakhudza owerenga ambiri. Kuti tipeze mayankho, tinatembenukira kwa Oleg Radin, Purezidenti Association of Russian opanga wowuma ndi madzi mafakitale Roskrakhmalpatoka.
Wowuma wa mbatata: kufunikira ndikupanga pamtunda wokhazikika
Kupanga. Mabizinesi ochepa okha masiku ano omwe amapanga wowuma mbatata ku Russia: Poretsky Starch OJSC (Republic of Chuvashia), Chuvashenkrakhmal LLC (Chuvashia Republic), Mglinsky Starch Plant LLC (Bryansk Dera), Pleshcheevsky Starch Plant (Oryol Region), Syrya chomera chowuma (dera la Nizhny Novgorod), SEC "Luck" (dera la Penza).
Ziwerengero zake mu 2019, malinga ndi Association, zinali pafupifupi matani 11,8, zomwe ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa kale (matani 8,0 miliyoni mu 2018, matani 7,2 miliyoni mu 2017) .
Komabe, kuchuluka kumeneku sikokwanira pamsika wapakhomo: malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, zosowa zamabizinesi aku Russia zimangoperekedwa ndi 30-50% yokha.
Idyani. Gawo lalikulu la wowuma mbatata limagulidwa kunja. Kumbukirani kuti wowuma mbatata mwachikhalidwe amakhala mgulidwe waukulu kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi chimanga ndi tirigu. Kwenikweni, amabwera ku Russia kuchokera ku Denmark, Republic of Belarus, Germany, France ndi Poland.
Mu chaka cha 2019, Russia idatulutsa matani 14,3 miliyoni a mbatata yakubadwa mdziko la US $ 12,3 miliyoni (izi ndi 38,0% kapena matani 5,4 miliyoni kuposa mu 2018, ndi 27,8% kapena Matani 3,9 zikwi zochepa kuposa munthawi yomweyo ya 2017). Kuchepa kwa gawo logulitsidwa mwina chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, pakusintha kapangidwe kazinthu zamagulu ogula ndikusinthira kwa magalimoto osinthika.
M'chaka chikubwerachi, sitikujambulira kusintha kwapa makadinala. Kwa kotala loyamba la 2020, matani 2,1 a mbatata zakobadwa adalowetsedwa ku Russia.
Moyenerera, kuchuluka kwa wowuma mbatata akubwera kudziko lathu kuchokera kunja si kwakukulu kwambiri: bizinesi imodzi yamakono (yokhala ndi mphamvu ya matani 1000 / tsiku) ikanatha kuyibweza ndi oposa 70%. Koma pakadali pano, Association sichikhala ndi chidziwitso chofuna kupanga projekiti ngati imeneyi. Kuphatikiza apo, mbatata zamitundu yosiyanasiyana (yokhala ndi wowuma kwambiri) sizinalimidwe mdziko muno, pomwe yankho lavutoli liyenera kukhala lokwanira ndikuyamba kulima zida zopangira zabwino.
Kutumiza kunja. Mu 2019, Russia idatumiza matani 3,9 miliyoni a mbatata yakadalo kwa $ 2,6 miliyoni. Mayiko olandila zazikulu: Republic of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Tajikistan.
Mwambiri, kuchuluka kwa msika mu 2019 kunakwana matani 22,2, kapena 53% ya zonse zofunika. Mu 2018 - matani 28,9 kapena 31%, mu 2017, motsatana, matani miliyoni 27,6 kapena 30%.
Titha kudziwa kuti kufunikira kwa wowuma wa mbatata kwakhalabe komweko zaka zambiri. Chomwe chimapangitsa kusayenda bwino ndi kufooka wamba kwachuma komanso kusowa kwa kakulidwe kazopanga zakudya motsutsana ndi maziko ano. Nthawi yomweyo gawo lofunika kwambiri pamsika wowotcha wa mbatata ndi ochepa opanga - eni mabizinesi (makamaka makampani a confectionery ndi ophika buledi), omwe amawonekera mwachangu komanso mofulumira.
Zikuyembekeza pamsika wapadziko lonse. Pamsika wapadziko lonse, gawo la wowuma mbatata wamba ndi 5% yokha. Tapioca (24%) ndi chimanga (41%) amapambana. Wowuma wa mbatata ndi chinthu chokhala ndi gawo lomwe gawo lawo likuyembekezeka kukula ndi 2022% pofika 2,6. Nthawi yomweyo, zinthu sizingasinthe, chifukwa, malinga ndi akatswiri, gawo la wowuma tirigu liyenera kukwera ndi 1,9%, tapioca - ndi 3,4%, ndi chimanga - ndi 3,8%.
Zolemba pamsika wazinthu zowuma ku Russia
Zaka zingapo zapitazi mdziko lathu pakhala pakuwonjezeka kwambiri zomwe zimapangidwa kwa wowuma omwe amaphatikizidwa (ndikuphatikizidwa ndi dontho la zinthu zakunja). Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti izi zitheke zimaphatikizapo kukwera kwakukulu kuchokera ku pepala ndi makampani ogulitsa ma board.
Kuchuluka kwazakudya zamagulu amtundu wazaka zisanu zapangitsa kuti makampaniwo azigwira bwino ntchito zachuma. Kugwiritsa ntchito kuthekera kwakukwera mpaka 76%.
Potengera izi, ntchito zatsopano zinayamba kupanga, kukhazikitsa komwe, malinga ndi akatswiri, motsatana ndi kuzimiririka kwa kufunika, pamapeto pake kudzapangitsa kutsika kwa chizindikiro mpaka 70%.
Monga chitsanzo cha polojekiti yotere, yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito "kuyambira pakatundu", titha kutchula kampani LLC "NewBio" mdera la Volgograd. Bizinesi yokhayi yakukula kwa chimanga chokhala ndi matani 140 / chaka iyenera kuyamba kugwira ntchito posachedwa. Zogulitsa monga ma germ a chimanga, chakudya cha gluten, chimanga cha glitter, maltodextrin, wowuma chimanga alengeza kuti atulutsidwa.
Chifukwa chake, kutumizidwa kwa ntchitoyi sikungowonjezera chiwonetsero chachilengedwe, komanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu mu gawo la maltodextrin: kutumiza kwazinthu izi kudzawonjezeka ndi matani 20 mpaka 40 pachaka. Ndipo izi ngakhale kuti mu 2019, kuperekedwa kwa maltodextrin kunja kwayamba kale kuchuluka chifukwa cha kuthekera konse kwa Gulkevichsky Starch Plant LLC.
Potengera msika waku Russia wa mankhwala wowuma ndi manyuchi, palibe amene angazindikire kukula kwazaka (pazaka zisanu zapitazi) kuchepa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta osungunuka komanso manyumwa obwera chifukwa chochulukitsa komanso kutsika kwa shuga ku Russia. Makampaniwa akuyesetsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito popititsa patsogolo katundu ndi zotumiza kunja.
Fructose manyuchi adapereka gawo lina pakuchepa kwa chidwi chamtunduwu mu 2019. Dziwani kuti mpaka 2018, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamabizinesi popanga mtundu wamtunduwu kunali kosasinthika ndipo kuyima pa 80%. Komabe, mu 2019, polumikizana ndi kukhazikitsa chomera chatsopano ku Kaluga Region, mphamvu zodziwika bwino zidakwera, zomwe zidakweza kuchuluka kwa zinthu pamsika komanso kukhudza mitengo. Zotsatira zake, mabuku onse opanga adatsika mchaka (anayima pamiyeso ya matani 153,7 chikwi). Zikuyembekezeka kuti zinthuzi zipitilira kwa zaka zina ziwiri.
Mawu ochepa ayenera kunenedwa pamsika wazinthu zapadera (ma sitolo osinthidwa, maltodextrin, dextrose, sorbitol, crystalline fructose, pectin). Zaka zaposachedwa, zida zatsopano zopangira mitundu yazinthuzi zawoneka mdziko lathu. Ndipo lero titha kunena kuti kuchuluka kwa zopanga kumakwaniritsa zosowa za ogula aku Russia (zofuna zapachaka za zinthu zonse zapadera sizipitilira matani zikwizikwi mazana atatu ndi kukula pang'ono).
Chifukwa chake, kupanga kwa wowuma osinthika, mwachiwonekere, wafika pamlingo waukulu pakali pano, mpaka matani masauzande 50. Inde, kufotokoza malingaliro oterowo, ndikofunikira kutsimikizira kuti chakudya chosinthidwa ndi magawogawo ndi gawo lalikulu. Amasiyana onse mu njira zopangira ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamapeto, komanso mitundu yazipangidwe zomwe amapangira. Koma kwakukulu, izi ndi zatsopano komanso zamtundu wachilendo wazinthu zambiri. Kutengera izi, tikuyenera kuvomereza kuti sizowona zachuma kukhazikitsa mapulojekiti opanga mitundu yonse yazakudya zosinthidwa chifukwa chofunikira. Kugulitsa malonda awa palinso kovuta, chifukwa misika yakunja imakhala ndi opanga zachikhalidwe.
Ma projekiti otere ndi ovuta kwambiri kuti akwaniritse, amakhala ndi nthawi yobwezera zomwe zimabweza, zomwe zimachepetsa phindu ndi kukopa ndalama mu malonda.
Zotsatira za mliri
Zomwe zikuyambitsidwa ndi mliriwu zikukhudzanso mkhalidwe wamafuta ndi mafuta am'madzi mdziko muno.
Makampani opanga tirigu akukumana kale ndi zovuta zina, popeza mtundu uwu wa zopangira (makamaka tirigu) ukukula pamtengo, ngakhale njira zoyendetsedwa ndi boma.
Mavuto ndi kugulitsa kwa zinthu zomalizidwa ayenera kuthetsedwa ndi zomerazi zomwe zidapereka zogulitsa zawo pazosowa za gawo la HoReCa.
Zosokoneza pakugawana kwa zinthu zophatikizana ndi kutsekedwa kwa malire a zigawo zimadziwika ndi opanga omwe alibe nyumba zawo zosungirako ndipo omwe amagula zinthu zazing'onoting'ono zazing'ono kuti aziyitanitsa.
Mwambiri, ngati tikukamba za zadzidzidzi za 2020, malinga ndi makampani omwe adaphatikizidwa ndi Association, kotala loyamba lidawonetsa zotsatira zomwe sizinachitike: kufunikira kwa zinthu zolaula kwakanthawi yoposa kupezeka, koma zinthu zidasintha mwachangu. Kuchepa kwakanthawi kochepa komwe kudabweretsa zovuta pamabizinesi amakasitomala, opanga zinthu zamtengo wowuma adayamba kudandaula za kubweza kwakanthawi.
Titha kuganiza kuti pakalipano, pakanthawi kochepa, omwe amapereka omwe adzapatse makasitomala ndalama zomwe adalipira adzapindula. Posachedwa, tikuyembekezera kutsika kwa magwiritsidwe ntchito, koma monga peresenti, ndizovuta kudziwa.
Zinthu padzikoli
Akatswiri azakudya zamitundu yonse ndi akatswiri a HFS akuwonetsa kuti mliri wa coronavirus uzikhala ndi gawo lalitali komanso lofunikira pamsika wamafuta padziko lonse lapansi. Koma zomwe zimapangitsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za dziko lapansi kukhala zosiyana.
Mayiko a EU. M'mayiko monga France, Germany ndi Switzerland, komwe kuli zakudya zamagulu azakudya ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pachuma, zovuta sizingabweretse kusintha kwakukulu. Mayikowa sakutengera chuma chaulimi ambiri, motero, palibe mavuto ndi chakudya. Chifukwa cha izi, zinali zosavuta kuti maboma aku Europe akhazikitse nzika kuti zizigwira ntchito yakutali, zomwe zidathandiza kuti pang'onopang'ono kufalitsa kachilomboka.
Mayiko aku Asia. M'malo mwake, kuchuluka kwa maiko monga Singapore (komwe kulimidwa zakudya kuchokera kumayiko ena) kudera nkhawa kwambiri za kuwopsa kwa njala. Ndikuganiza kuti pambuyo pamavuto apano, mayiko onse adzayesetsa kuti adzidalire pawokha pazakudya. Poyamba, zimachulukitsa kudzikwanitsa kwaulimi m'maiko pakagwa kusokonekera kwa zinthu, ndipo chachiwiri, zimakulitsa mwayi wogulitsa kunja panthawi yanthawi yayitali yogulitsa msika.
Kudera la ASEAN, maiko omwe ali ndi magawo ang'onoang'ono azakudya (monga Philippines, Laos, ndi Cambodia) atha kukulitsa zokolola ndikuyesa kugunda gawo limodzi la msika ku Vietnam, Thailand, ndi Indonesia. Mwina izi zikuthandizira kuchuluka kwa tapioca ndi wowuma. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti Vietnam, Thailand ndi Indonesia azithandizanso kukulitsa misika yogulitsa. Mayikowa akugulitsa gawo lawo lachifumu cha tapioca ku China, komwe malonda ake akusinthidwa mwapadera. Mwinanso mtengo wowonjezerawu adzagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malo atsopano ku ASEAN. Zotsatira zake zitha kukhala kuchepa kwa kukopa kwamtengo wowuma ndi zinthu wowuma kuchokera kwa opanga aku Europe kuti atumize kumayiko mamembala a ASEAN.
USA. United States pa nthawi yamavuto ambiri idawonetsa kuyendetsa bwino ntchito kwa ntchito yamagetsi, zomwe zikuwonetsa kukula kwakukulu kwa ntchito zamalimi. Chifukwa chake, ku California mwezi uno wa Marichi adalemba kuchuluka kwa malonda ogulitsa zakudya. Monga kwina kulikonse, kukula kwakufunika kumalumikizidwa ndi kufuna kwa ogula kupanga masheya nthawi yodzipatula. Koma m'malo ogulitsira ku America kunalibe kuchepera kwazinthu - mosiyana ndi ku Europe, ndipo makamaka kuchokera ku Asia. Ena opanga anagwira ntchito nthawi yonseyi kuti akwaniritse zofuna za ogula.
Dziko lapansi pambuyo pa coronavirus. Zochitika pamsika
Ndikuganiza kuti anthu ambiri adaganizira kuti nthawi yokhala yekhayekha anthu amakhala nthawi yochulukirapo akukonza chakudya kunyumba. Ndizomveka kuti kuyambira pakati pa Marichi kugulitsa mkaka, ufa, mazira ndi zinthu zomalizira kuphika ku Europe ndi United States zakula kwambiri. Ndizotheka kuti pambuyo pokana ulamuliro wodzipatula, chidwi cha anthu kuphika kunyumba (kuphatikiza pazomaliza).
Opanga zokhala ndi zokongoletsera zosinthika ndi zinthu zowuma adzafunika kuganizira izi ndikuwunikira zomwe amapanga kuti apereke zogulitsa zomaliza ndi zinthu zatsopano.
Komanso, padziko lonse lapansi zakudya zosapanga chisanu ndi zinthu zina zokhala ndi mashelufu lalitali zikukula. Chifukwa chake, opanga amakhala ndi chilimbikitso chofutukula mzere wazopangidwazo, momwe angafunikire chakudya chamtundu wambiri, kuphatikizapo wowuma wa mbatata.
Chikhalidwe china chikugwirizana ndi zabwino za zakudya zopatsa thanzi. Pambuyo pamavuto ku USA, Europe ndi Asia, kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito za zinthu “zathanzi” kumayembekezeredwa, makamaka zomwe zimapangitsa kulimbikitsa chitetezo chokwanira. Kufunaku kudzawonekera kwambiri ku USA, chifukwa ntchito zachipatala mdziko muno ndizokwera mtengo, ndipo tchuthi chodwala sichimalipiridwa ndi boma kapena owalemba ntchito.
Ndi mawu ena ochulukirapo okhudzana ndi maunyolo othandizira. Panthawi ya mliri wa coronavirus, ena opanga zakudya ndi zakumwa adakumana ndi vuto la kusowa kwa zosakaniza. Pofuna kupewa zoterezi mtsogolomo, ali ndi mwayi wosiyanitsa zosowa powonjezera mndandanda wazogulitsa. Kuthekera kwina mukakhala kuti kuperewera kwa zinthu zophatikizika kungakhale kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo osinthika olemba zosakaniza m'malo mwake. Izi zimalola mabizinesi kusinthana mwachangu pakati pazosakaniza ndi wowuma ndi zomwe amapeza. Zotsatira zake, ndizotheka kuti ophatikiza mafuta azitsamba ndi wowuma amawonjezera kukhalapo kwawo kumadera a dziko lapansi, komanso kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopangira chakudya kuti zitheke ndi omwe amapanga zakumwa zakumwa ndi chingwe chosiyanasiyana. M'malo mwake, zovuta zapano za Covid-19 zisintha kuchuluka kwa zopangira ndi zinthu zina padziko lonse lapansi, koma sizovuta kulosera momwe aliyense adzagwirane ndi ntchito yatsopano.
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