Nkhaniyi ndi kupitiliza kwa zinthu zingapo zomwe zidaperekedwa kulima mbatata m'maiko a CIS. M'magazini am'mbuyomu tidanenanso za chikhalidwe chaulimiwu ku Kazakhstan ndi Belarus, koma tsopano tikambirana za Kyrgyzstan.
Za kuchuluka kwa mbatata zomwe zimalimidwa mdziko muno, komwe zochuluka za zinthuzo zimagulitsidwa komanso phindu lomwe limakhalapo chifukwa cholima mbatata, tidafunsa Ainagul Nasyrova, katswiri yemwe adakhala zaka zopitilira 25 muulimi ndikuwongolera NGO TES Center kwa zaka zoposa 22.
Kuti muwone
TES Center - Agricultural Technical Advice Center ndi bungwe lomwe si la boma ku Kyrgyz (NGO) lomwe cholinga chake ndikuwonjezera ndalama za anthu omwe agwira ntchito yaulimi pophunzitsa ndi kuwongolera bwino. Likulu unakhazikitsidwa mu 1999 mogwirizana ndi Osh State University.
Kyrgyzstan ndi dziko laling'ono ku Central Asia lomwe lili ndi zigawo zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha. Mbatata zimabzalidwa mwa aliyense wa iwo: kwina kwake, kwinakwake kocheperako, pafupifupi mahekitala zikwi makumi atatu apatsidwa chikhalidwe. Madera akummwera amakhazikika pamitundu yoyambirira, mapiri - kumapeto mochedwa.
Mpaka matani 1,5 miliyoni azinthu amapangidwa pachaka, ndipo bukuli ndikwanira kuthana ndi zosowa zapakhomo ndikupatsanso mbatata zogulitsa kunja.
Ichi ndi chikhalidwe chofunikira mdziko lathu. Zachidziwikire, momwe moyo umakwera, kuchuluka kwa mbatata kwa munthu aliyense, monga kwina kulikonse, kumachepa pang'onopang'ono (pakadali pano malingaliro a Unduna wa Zaumoyo ndi 93 kg pa munthu pachaka), koma imakhalabe imodzi mwa Zofunikira kwambiri pazakudya za nzika zadziko.
Kupanga kwazing'ono
Kupanga mbatata kumachitika ndi alimi omwe akugwira ntchito m'malo ang'onoang'ono. Mwina ichi ndichimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri paulimi ku Kyrgyzstan - zopanga zochepa. Pofika zaka zapakati pa 2000s, kusintha kwa zaulimi kunamalizidwa mdziko muno, zomwe zotsatira zake zinali kusamutsa malo kukhala anthu ena komanso kusintha kwama 90% mwa omwe kale anali minda yonse yaboma kukhala alimi ndi minda. Tsopano kuli minda ngati 300 yotere mdziko muno. Kukula kwapakati pa famu kumwera kwa Kyrgyzstan kumachokera pa maekala 40 mpaka 1 ha, kumpoto - mpaka maekala awiri. Pali mabizinesi omwe amakhala mpaka mahekitala 2, koma palibe ambiri.
M'malingaliro mwanga, dzikolo lakhazikitsa njira zabwino zochitira ulimi kuti zibweretsere anthu zabwino: mwachitsanzo, alimi samakhoma misonkho, pali mwayi wolandila ngongole zokondera (ndi mulingo wa 12% pokonzekera kupanga, 6- 7% - yogula zida). Koma kuyambitsidwa kwa matekinoloje apamwamba ndizovuta kwambiri: ndizovuta ndipo nthawi zambiri sizothandiza kwa mlimi m'modzi kugula makina okwera mtengo, kuti asinthe china chake mgulu la anthu ogwira nawo ntchito. Zinthu zitha kusinthidwa ndikupanga mabungwe ogwirira ntchito, koma pakadali pano tili ndi zitsanzo zochepa zamabungwe amenewa.
Oyambirira ndi mochedwa mitundu
Tiyenera kunena kuti m'zaka zaposachedwa, kupanga mbatata zoyambirira ku Kyrgyzstan kudayamba. Chifukwa chachikulu ndikuchepa kwa phindu la bizinesi iyi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mbatata zathu zoyambirira zimabzalidwa makamaka zogulitsa kunja. Koma pamsika wampikisano wapadziko lonse, opanga athu amataya pazifukwa zenizeni: mbatata zoyambirira ku Kyrgyzstan zimakololedwa pakati pa Meyi. Iran ndi Pakistan amapeza mbewu zawo koyambirira, ndipo mwayiwu umawapatsa mgwirizano wambiri komanso mitengo yokwera. Nthawi yomweyo, tisaiwale kuti kufunika kwa mbatata zoyambirira pakati pa mayiko omwe amalandila kunja sikokwanira ndipo kumachepa. Ogula ogula (Kazakhstan ndi Russia) aphunzira momwe angatetezere mbatata za zokolola zakale mpaka chilimwe, zomwe, zomwe zidakhudza kufunikira kwa achinyamata.
Kwa alimi amitundu yochedwa, mbatata sizitsimikiziranso kuti azipeza ndalama zambiri. Madera akumpoto mdziko muno, omwe ali ndi nyengo yabwino kwambiri yolimira mbewuyi, adavutika chifukwa chakuchulukana. Chimodzi mwazifukwa ndikusowa kwa njira yomwe ntchito idavomerezedwera. Si zachilendo kuti alimi azibzala mbatata zonse zosagulitsidwa chaka chamawa, kukulitsa malo omwe akulimidwa ndikuwonjezera vutoli.
Kugulitsa mbatata
Bizinesi yaying'ono yabanja, monga lamulo, ilibe mwayi wodzigulitsa pawokha pamsika, chifukwa chake zokolola zimagulitsidwa kwa ogulitsa.
Kyrgyzstan ili ndi gulu lotsogola lotsogola lomwe limagwira nawo ntchito yogula mbatata kwa opanga. Msika uliwonse wamzinda pali malo omwe mlimi angapereke mbatata zochokera kunja (ogulitsa amagula mankhwalawa kumeneko kuti agulitse pamsika). Magalimoto amabwera m'maboma akutali kuchokera pakatikati kudzatenga mbatata m'minda. Ogulitsanso amatha kugulitsa zinthu kunyumba kapena kutumiza kunja.
Kutumiza kunja
Kyrgyzstan imagulitsa kunja pafupifupi 20-30% ya kuchuluka kwa mbatata zomwe zakula (mbewu ndi chakudya). Zotumiza zimachitika makamaka kumaiko oyandikana nawo, chifukwa mitengo yamagetsi imakhala gawo lalikulu la mtengo wopangira.
Chimodzi mwamaulendo opita kunja kwambiri (ngati simukumbukira kupezeka kwa mbatata zoyambirira, zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa) ndi Uzbekistan. Dzikoli likufanana ndi Kyrgyzstan m'derali, koma kuli anthu ambiri (chifukwa chake, kufunika kwa chakudya ndikokwera pamenepo). Chifukwa cha zikhalidwe za nyengo ku Uzbekistan, makamaka mbatata zoyambirira zomwe zimalimidwa, ndipo dzikolo limagula mbewu ndi zinthu zapatebulo zamitundu yochedwa. Zoona, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zogula muzaka zosiyanasiyana kungakhale kosiyana kwambiri. Nyengo ino, nthumwi za Unduna wa Zaulimi ku Kyrgyz yalengeza kuti mgwirizano wasainidwa pakati pa mayiko kuti ulimbikitse ubale wamalonda, zomwe zidalimbikitsa kwambiri omwe amatulutsa mbatata.
Komanso mbatata za Kyrgyz zimaperekedwa ku Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, ndipo zaka zina ku Russia.
Kubala ndi kubzala mbewu
Kyrgyzstan ilibe mitundu yakeyake ya mbatata, ntchito yosankhidwa siyikuchitika, minda yambewu yapadera (malinga ndi tanthauzo la ku Europe kwa mawuwa) kulibe, ngakhale kuyesa kuyipanga mzaka za Soviet kunapangidwa, popeza pali zikhalidwe zonse kuti tipeze zinthu zabwino kwambiri m'malo omwe ali kumapiri. Palibe labu imodzi ya vitro mdziko muno.
Kwa zaka zambiri, alimi ambiri agula mbewu kuchokera kumsika wakomweko, komwe malonda ake alibe umboni wotsimikizira kuberekana komanso kuberekana. Zachidziwikire, njirayi singakhudze mtundu wazinthu zomaliza, chifukwa chake masiku ano ambiri akuyesera kufunafuna njira zina zoperekera zinthu zobzala.
Mbewu za mulingo wosiyana zimaperekedwa, mwachitsanzo, m'minda yomwe imagwira ntchito kumapiri. Malinga ndi lamulo la alimi, amagula zinthu zapamwamba ku Europe, amazichulukitsa mpaka kubereka kwachitatu ndikuzigulitsa kwa olima mbatata kuti abzalidwe.
Chitsanzo chokhazikitsa zochitika ngati izi ndi mgwirizano wa alimi ochokera mdera la Chon-Alai. Chigwa cha Alai, momwe minda yamgwirizano ilili, imasiyanitsidwa ndi mikhalidwe yabwino yolimitsira mbatata: apa, ngakhale chilimwe, nyengo imakhala yozizira ndipo kulibe tizilombo tonyamula matenda a tizilombo. Mgwirizano umagwirizanitsa alimi pafupifupi 30, amalima mbatata pamahekitala 60. M'tsogolomu, mgwirizanowu ukukonzekera kukulira: nyumbayi iyenera kuphatikizapo mafamu ena 20, ndipo banki ya land ifikira mahekitala 100.
Komabe, pantchito yawo, zonse sizophweka. Mwachitsanzo, mbatata za mbewu, zimagulidwa ndi alimi ku Netherlands ndi Germany, mbewu zochokera m'maiko amenewa nthawi zambiri zimawerengedwa kuti ndizabwino kwambiri, ngakhale zenizeni tiyenera kuvomereza kuti maphwando ndi osiyana, ndi zinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa Kyrgyzstan lero (yolipiriratu pasadakhale miyezi isanu ndi umodzi), osati zabwino zimasiyana ndi zomwe zidatumizidwa kumayambiriro kwa 2000s. Chowonadi ndichakuti zosowa za minda yathu ndizochepa kwambiri kumakampani akuluakulu obzala ndi kubzala mbewu (monga lamulo, kufunsa kwake ndi matani 100-200), chifukwa chake zinthu zimachitika zotsalira.
Alimi aku Kyrgyz safuna kugula mbatata zaku Russia: pali malingaliro omwe makampani aku Russia samapereka mtundu womwe amalonjeza.
Kulowetsa
Kyrgyzstan ili m'dera louma, ndiye kuti, kulima mbewu zaulimi popanda kuthirira mdzikolo ndizosatheka. Chifukwa chake, mbatata zonse mdziko muno zimalimidwa pakuthirira. Alimi amagwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwika bwino komanso yotsika mtengo, ngakhale yolemetsa kwambiri, njira yothirira mizere, kuthirira madzi m'mafamu ambiri kumakhalabe okwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo kuyambitsa makina owaza madzi m'malo ang'onoang'ono sikupindulitsa.
Bungwe yosungiramo
Kukolola kwa mitundu ya mbatata mochedwa ku Kyrgyzstan kumachitika kumapeto kwa Seputembala - koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Alimi akuyesera kuti agwire gawo ili munthawi yochepa, chifukwa chisanu choopsa chimakhala chotheka m'mapiri panthawiyi. Alimi amagulitsa zokolola zawo nthawi yomweyo "kuchokera kumunda" kapena kuziyika. Monga mwalamulo, anthu amayembekeza kuti mtengo wazogulitsa uzikwera pakapita nthawi ndikuyesa kuimitsa kugulitsa zokolola.
Mbatata za mbewu zimagulitsidwa mu Okutobala, makamaka zikafika ku mitundu yoyambirira ya mbewu, ndipo zimatumizidwa nthawi yomweyo kwa kasitomala. Malirewo amachitika chifukwa chakukonzekera nyengo kumayamba mu Januware, ndipo nthawi yachisanu ikadzala m'mapiri (komwe kumabzala mbewu), kutentha kumakhalabe (mpaka - 20-30 ° C) , ndipo pali chiopsezo chachikulu kwambiri chomazizira mankhwalawo poyenda.
Gawo lalikulu la nkhokwe (ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni kuti zili m'mafamu ang'onoang'ono) ndi malo, zipinda zapansi, ndipo nthawi zina maenje okhala ndi mipanda yolimba. M'zaka zaposachedwa, opanga zaulimi ayamba kusamala kwambiri pokonzekeretsa malo osungira: nthawi zambiri mpweya umayikidwa mmenemo, ndizotheka kuwongolera kutentha ndi chinyezi. Komabe, pazaka zovuta, zotayika munthawi yosungira ndizazikulu kwambiri.
Mbatata zosungidwa zimasungidwa mpaka February-Marichi.
Kubwezeretsanso
Kukonzekera mbatata kumakula bwino. Pali bizinesi yaying'ono (KH "KIRBI") yomwe imatulutsa tchipisi pansi pa dzina la "PIR". Chiyembekezo chakumanga kwa chomera chopangira ma fries aku France, chomwe chingapatse Central Asia zonse zinthu, chidaganiziridwanso, koma pakadali pano mapulaniwa sanalandire chitsimikiziro chenicheni.
Gawo 2021
Chaka chatha, mitengo ya mbatata ya patebulo idakhalabe yokwanira munthawi yonse yogulitsa (kufunika kwa zinthu zopangira chakudya panthawi ya mliriwu kunali kwakukulu mnyumba komanso kunja, ndipo mayiko ena oyandikana nawo adakumana ndi zokolola zochepa). Ndipo izi zimapangitsa opanga kukhala ndi chiyembekezo, akufuna kukula kwambiri. Kumbali inayi, ngati mungayang'ane momwe zinthu ziliri moyenera, zikuwonekeratu kuti sizinthu zonse zomwe zili zabwino ngati momwe tikufunira: posachedwa ndalama zosinthanitsa ndi dollar zawonjezeka kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mitengo ya mbewu, feteleza, zoteteza mbewu, zida zosinthira zauka. Mitengo yakula kwambiri, ndipo ndizovuta kudziwa ngati ndalamazi zizikhala zoyenerera.
Koma ... mseu udzakhala wophunzitsidwa bwino ndi woyenda. Chifukwa chake, ndikungolakalaka aliyense amene akuchita nawo bizinesi ya mbatata munyengo yatsopano. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ntchito yawo idzalandira mphotho yokwanira.
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