Kodi mungadziwe bwanji ngati mbatata ilibe matenda?
Makampani opanga mbewu za mbatata ku America ndizovuta kuyenda. Dera lililonse kapena dziko lili ndi malamulo ake otsimikizira mbewu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusagwirizana.
“Mapulogalamu a mbatata amasiyana malinga ndi misika yomwe amagulitsa. Ngati dziko lili ndi malonda ambiri, cholinga [chake] chachikulu chingakhale kupereka mbewu kumafamu awo amalonda, "atero Nina Zidak, Montana State University, Associate Research Professor, certifier ya mbatata.
Palibe bizinesi ya mbatata ku Montana, ndiye cholinga chake ndi mbewu, adatero Zidak.
Cholinga cha pulogalamu yotsimikizira za mbatata ya mbeu sikupereka mbewu zopanda matenda, koma kuwonetsetsa kuti mbewuzo zikukwaniritsa miyezo yoyenera, akutero Kasia Duellman, pulofesa wothandizana nawo komanso katswiri wa mbatata ku yunivesite ya Idaho.
"Mapulogalamu otsimikizira mbewu amapereka chitsimikizo chodziyimira pawokha, chachitatu cha mtundu wa mbatata," atero Alan Vestra wa Idaho Crop Improvement Association, Southeast Region Manager. Mabungwe a certification amasankha zomwe zimatsimikizira mtundu wa mbatata. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti bungwe la certification silinganene kuti palibe matenda ena.
"M'mapulogalamu ambiri, miyezo imawonetsa kulekerera kwa matenda ena ndi kulolerana kwa ena," akutero Duellman. "Matenda ena saloledwa kokha ku mbewu zobala kwambiri kapena mibadwo yonse yoti zitsimikizidwe."
Izi zikutanthauza kuti mbewu zilizonse zomwe zili ndi matenda omwe apezeka sizingatsimikizidwe, akutero Duellman. Nthaŵi zina, komabe, kulolera kungakhazikitsidwe. "Ngati kulolerako kwapyola, mtundu wa mbeu umachepetsedwa kapena ukanidwa," akutero.
Chitsimikizo chingasiyanenso ndi mibadwo. Mbewu zobereketsa kwambiri (zoyamba) nthawi zambiri zimagulitsidwa kwa alimi ena omwe amafalitsa mpaka chaka chimodzi kuti zithandize alimi amalonda. Amagula mibadwo yamtsogolo ya mbewu za mbatata, nthawi zambiri mibadwo 3 kupita mmwamba. Miyezo ingakhale yapamwamba kwa m'badwo wakale, chifukwa vuto lililonse la mbewuzi limachulukirachulukira pomwe amalima ndi olima mbewu kenako ndi olima malonda.
Pulogalamu ya certification ya University of Montana ili ndi mbiri yabwino. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chakuti alimi a m’bomalo amayang’ana kwambiri ulimi wa mbewu. "Tikufuna kupanga mbewu zomwe zitha kutsimikiziridwa kuti zitha kupanga mbewu za mbatata m'maiko ena," akutero Zidak.
Chifukwa mapulogalamu a satifiketi amasiyana kwambiri, tidamva malingaliro ambiri pazomwe pulogalamu iliyonse iyenera kuphatikiza.
Oimira University of Montana amayesa zobzala zonse zoyambira ndi m'badwo woyamba wa kachilombo ka mosaic (PVY). Amayesanso kukolola pambuyo pokolola, kutumiza zitsanzo kuchokera m'minda ya alimi ku Hawaii kuti zikule munyengo. Gululo limayang'ana ndikuchotsa tsamba la chomera chilichonse ndikulitumiza ku labu. Masamba amayezedwa ma virus atatu: PVY, virus ya mbatata X (PVX) ndi kachilombo ka mbatata A (PVA).
Wisconsin Seed Potato Certification Program imayang'ana osati zokolola kawiri m'chilimwe komanso pambuyo pokolola, komanso malo osungira ndi kutumiza. Malinga ndi a Russell Groves, pulofesa ndi katswiri wowonjezera pa yunivesite ya Wisconsin komanso mkulu waposachedwa wa Wisconsin Seed Potato Certification Program, popeza kukonzanso kumachitika nthawi zonse, ndikofunikira kukonzanso njira zoyezetsa matenda kuti azindikire tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso njira zochepetsera kusakanikirana kwa mbewu.
Zolemba ndizofunikiranso. Si zachilendo kuti mbewu zidutse mizere yomwe ikufunika kuti ziyenerere pulogalamu ina yopereka ziphaso. "Mbali ina ya pulogalamu yotsimikizika yotsimikizika ndiyo kuchotsedwa kwa zomera zomwe zili ndi kachilombo," akutero Brian A. Charlton, wotsogolera wa Dipatimenti ya Mbatata ya Oregon State University ya Klamath Basin.
Komabe, chiphaso chokha sichingalowe m'malo mwa ubale wolimba pakati pa ogulitsa mbewu ndi olima. "Malingaliro anga, kukhulupirirana ndi kutenga nawo mbali ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa kuyesa," akutero a Reagan Grabner, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa CSS Farms, wopanga mbewu ku Washington state. "Mlimi wambewu ndi wolima malonda ayenera kukhala ndi ubale wapamtima ndikuvomereza tanthauzo la kupereka mankhwala apamwamba."