Phosphorus m'nthaka ndi macronutrient wofunikira pakukula kwa mbewu. Imakhudzidwa ndi kagayidwe kachakudya monga photosynthesis, kusamutsa mphamvu, kaphatikizidwe ndi kuwonongeka kwa chakudya.
Phosphorus imapezeka m'nthaka mu mawonekedwe a organic compounds ndi mchere. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa phosphorous yomwe imapezeka mosavuta ndi yochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa phosphorous m’nthaka. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri, feteleza wa phosphate ayenera kuyikidwa kuti akwaniritse zosowa za mbewu.
Phosphorus imapezeka mu dothi mumitundu yonse ya organic ndi inorganic (mineral), ndipo kusungunuka kwake munthaka kumakhala kochepa. Pali mgwirizano pakati pa phosphorous-gawo lolimba m'nthaka ndi phosphorous munthaka. Zomera zimatha kutenga phosphorous wosungunuka m'nthaka, ndipo popeza phosphorous yambiri ya nthaka imakhalapo mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala okhazikika, phosphorous yochepa yokha imapezeka kwa zomera nthawi iliyonse.
Mizu ya zomera ikachotsa phosphorous m'nthaka, phosphorous ina yomwe imalowetsedwa ku gawo lolimba imatulutsidwa m'nthaka kuti ikhale yabwino. Mitundu ya mankhwala a phosphorous omwe amapezeka m'nthaka amatsimikiziridwa ndi nthaka pH ndi mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa mchere m'nthaka. Michere ya phosphorous nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi aluminium, chitsulo, manganese ndi calcium.
Mu dothi la acidic, phosphorous imakhudzidwa ndi aluminiyumu, chitsulo ndi manganese, pamene mu dothi la alkaline mumakhala ndi calcium yambiri. Mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa pH wa kupezeka kwa phosphorous ndi 6,0-7,0. M’nthaka yambiri, kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zotsalira za zomera kumapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale ndi phosphorous.
Zomera zimayamwa phosphorous kuchokera munthaka munjira ya orthophosphate ion: kaya HPO4-2 kapena H2PO4-. Kuchuluka kwa mitundu iwiriyi kumatsimikiziridwa ndi pH ya nthaka, ndi nthaka yapamwamba pH yomwe imatenga HPO4-2 yambiri. Kuyenda kwa phosphorous m'nthaka kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, choncho mizu ya zomera imatha kuyamwa phosphorous kuchokera kumadera omwe ali pafupi.
Popeza kuchuluka kwa phosphorous m'nthaka kumakhala kochepa, zomera zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito polimbana ndi ndende (ie, kuchuluka kwa phosphorous kumakhala pamwamba pamizu kusiyana ndi nthaka). Kugwiritsa ntchito mogwira mtima ndi njira yowonjezera mphamvu, kotero kuti zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa ntchito ya mizu, monga kutentha kochepa, madzi ochulukirapo, ndi zina zotero, zimalepheretsanso kutengeka kwa phosphorous.
Zizindikiro za kusowa kwa phosphorous ndi kufowoka ndi mtundu wofiirira wamasamba akale, kulepheretsa maluwa komanso kukula kwa mizu. Muzomera zambiri, zizindikirozi zimawonekera pamene phosphorous m'masamba ali pansi pa 0,2%.
Phosphorous wochulukira makamaka amasokoneza mayamwidwe a zinthu zina monga chitsulo, manganese ndi zinki. Kuchuluka kwa feteleza ndi phosphorous kumakhala kofala, ndipo alimi ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito feteleza wambiri wa phosphorous mosayenera, makamaka akamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa NPK pawiri kapena pothirira madzi amthirira ndi phosphoric acid.
Mlingo wovomerezeka wa phosphorous muzakudya zopatsa thanzi ndi 30-50 ppm, ngakhale zapezeka kuti izi zitha kuchepetsedwa kukhala 10-20 ppm. Muzakudya zopatsa thanzi zomwe zimayenda mosalekeza, kuchuluka kwake kumatha kukhala kochepera 1-2 ppm.
M'malo opanda dothi, monga m'nthaka, phosphorous imamangika ndi phosphorous iliyonse, ndipo mchere wa phosphorous ndi calcium kapena magnesium umayamba kuchepa. Mitundu ya mchere yomwe imapangidwa imadalira pH ya sing'anga.
Kuyeza kwa nthaka sikuyesa kuchuluka kwa phosphorous munthaka chifukwa kuchuluka kwa phosphorous komwe kulipo kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwake. Simayesanso phosphorous munthaka chifukwa kuchuluka kwa phosphorous munthaka nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa kwambiri ndipo sikumawonetsa bwino kuchuluka kwa phosphorous yomwe zomera zingatenge nthawi yakukula.
Kuyeza kwa phosphorous m'nthaka ndi njira yomwe imathandiza kuneneratu za kufunika kwa fetereza. Malingaliro a feteleza amachokera ku mayesero ambiri a m'munda mu dothi ndi mbewu zambiri. Njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera zimabweretsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe ziyenera kutanthauziridwa molingana.
Koma chisokonezo sichimathera pamenepo - ma lab osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera yofananira amatha kutanthauzira zomwezo mosiyanasiyana. Kutengera dothi moyenera ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mupeze zotsatira zomwe zimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa phosphorous yomwe ilipo.
Popeza phosphorous ndi yosasunthika m'nthaka, zitsanzo zotengedwa kuchokera pamwamba pa nthaka nthawi zambiri zimasonyeza phosphorous kuposa zitsanzo zomwe zatengedwa pansi.
Phosphorous yambiri yomwe imayikidwa m'nthaka imakhala mkati mwa mainchesi 1-2 kuchokera pakugwiritsa ntchito. Choncho, malo enieni kumene zitsanzo zimatengedwa zimatha kukhudza kwambiri zotsatira zake.
Werengani nkhaniyo kwathunthu