Maria Erokhova, wofufuza wamkulu, dipatimenti ya matenda a mbatata ndi mbewu zamasamba, Chithunzi cha FGBNU VNII phytopathology
Maria Kuznetsova, Head Dipatimenti, Dipatimenti ya Matenda a Mbatata ndi Zamasamba, FGBNU VNII Phytopathologistsи
Zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito zoletsa kumera, makamaka ndi chlorprofam, zikusintha pang'onopang'ono. M'mayiko a EU, kutsatira kusindikizidwa kwa European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) pa chlorprofam (CIPC), kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mankhwalawa. analetsedwa.
Pachifukwa ichi, funso la reorienting mbatata yosungirako malo ena suppressants wa kumera anauka. Mwachitsanzo: ku UK, chlorprofam, malinga ndi AHDB (Agricultural and Horticultural Development Board), idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuposa 85% yazosungirako mbatata. Kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwayamba kugwira ntchito January 8 2020 zaka, eni malo osungira akukumana ndi kufunikira koyeretsa mbatata kuchokera kuzinthu zamtunduwu, ndipo iyi si ntchito yophweka.
Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi AHDB adatsimikizira kuti konkire imatha kulowa ku CIPC: zotsalira za chlorprofam ndi metabolite yake 3-chloaniline (3-CA) zimakhazikika m'zipinda zonse momwe choponderezera kumerachi chidagwiritsidwa ntchito, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso chiwerengero cha mankhwala.
Council for Development of Agriculture and Horticulture yakhazikitsa mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe eni ake osungira ayenera kutsata akamayeretsa kuti achepetse chiopsezo chogawanso chlorprofam posungira mbatata, komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa phytopathogen inoculum. :
- Zosungira zonse zomwe chlorprofam idagwiritsidwa ntchito ziyenera kutsukidwa munthawi yake, makamaka nthawi yomweyo malowo atachotsedwa ku ma tubers a mbatata omwe adakolola chaka chatha.
- Zosungirako ziyenera kutsukidwa motsatira njira zotetezera: muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitetezera ndikusamala mukamagwira ntchito pamtunda.
- Ndikofunikira kusunga zolemba zonse zoyeretsera zomwe zidachitika, limodzi ndi zithunzi (zithunzi ziyenera kuwonetsa zomwe, momwe zidatsukidwira komanso liti). Wogula mbatata akhoza kupempha zikalata zotsimikizira ntchito zoyeretsa.
- Njira zoyeretsera zowuma ndizofunikira. Ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito madzi pokhapokha ngati kuyeretsa kowuma sikutheka kapena kosakwanira. Ndi kuyeretsa konyowa, ndikofunikira kuchotsa madzi ochulukirapo, kupewa kuwononga chilengedwe.
- Ntchito zoyeretsa ziyenera kuchitika mosamala, kupewa kugawanso chlorprofam. Zinthu zotayirira ziyenera kutsukidwa mwachangu, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito vacuum. Kugwiritsa ntchito matsache ndi matsache kumabweretsa kubalalitsidwa kwa fumbi, zomwe zimathandizira kugawanika kwa chlorprofam pamtunda.
- Ntchito zosungirako ziyenera kuchitidwa kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi (ie kuchokera padenga mpaka pansi).
- Chlorprofam ndi pawiri wosakhazikika, choncho ngati sitolo sikugwiritsidwa ntchito posungira mbatata, m'pofunika kusiya zitseko ndi zitseko zotseguka kuti zilowetse mpweya m'chipindacho. Mapaipi olowera mpweya ayenera kukhala bwino ndi mpweya wabwino kapena mpweya wabwino wachilengedwe.
- Ngati n'kotheka, zinyalala zouma zichotsedwe kaye, kenako zinthu zotayirira zichotsedwe ku mpweya wabwino kuti dzuwa (UV), mvula, mphepo ndi kutentha zichotse chlorprofam.
- Pakuyeretsa, chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa kumadera omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la chlorprofam.
Komanso, akatswiri a ku Ulaya Potato Value Chain apanga "Malangizo oyendetsera njira zoyeretsera malo osungiramo zinthu kuti achepetse kuipitsidwa kwake ndi chlorprofam" mwa mawonekedwe a infographics (mkuyu 1).
Koma kuyeretsa malo akadali vuto lalikulu la makampani. Kusankha m'malo mwa chlorprofam ndikovuta kwambiri.
Malinga ndi AHDB, pakadali pano ku UK amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito monga kupondereza kumera kwa maleic acid hydrazide, mafuta a peppermint ndi ethylene.
Kumbukirani kuti maleic acid hydrazide yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chopondereza ku UK kuyambira pamenepo Zaka 1985. Iye Izo ntchito zochizira zomera vegetative pa nthawi ya yogwira kukula masabata asanu pamaso desiccation kapena masoka akufa pa nsonga. Maleic acid hydrazide amalepheretsa kugawanika kwa maselo. Imatengeka ndi masamba ndikugawidwanso ku ma tubers. Pachifukwa ichi, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotsalira za maleic acid hydrazide mu mankhwala omaliza zisapitirire. 50 mg / kg.
Kuchita bwino kwa kugwiritsa ntchito maleic acid hydrazide kumatengera nthawi yamankhwala: kugwiritsa ntchito msanga kwambiri kumatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbewu, mochedwa - kumachepetsa mphamvu ya kupondereza. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti malic acid hydrazide zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pakusungirako mbatata kwakanthawi kochepa: chiwopsezo cha kumera pankhaniyi ndi chochepa. Akatswiri amazindikira kuti chithandizo cha maleic acid hydrazide ndikusunga kutentha m'malo osungiramo 7-10 ° C kumathandizira kuletsa kumera kwa mbatata zomwe zimakonzedwa kwa miyezi 2-4.
Ethylene imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu posungira mbatata ya tebulo (otsika kutentha, osakwana 5 ° C). Koma kusunga khalidwe la zipangizo kuti processing, kupondereza ntchito kawirikawiri: akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti Zikhoza kuyambitsa kusinthika kwa thupi la tchipisi ta mbatata pokazinga.
Pofuna kuchepetsa kumera kwa ma tubers mumitundu yomwe ikupita kukakonza, akatswiri aku Britain amalimbikitsa kuphatikiza mankhwala ndi maleic acid hydrazide ndi mankhwala. mafuta a peppermint ndi ethylene. Ngakhale kufunafuna ukadaulo wothandiza kwambiri wopangira mankhwala ophatikizika ndi ma suppressants kukupitilirabe.
Bungwe la Council for the Development of Agriculture and Horticulture likugwira ntchito yothandiza alimi kupeza mankhwala oletsa kumera kuti alowe m'malo mwa chlorprofam.
Makamaka, mndandanda wa ma webinars amutu, Storage Webinars, wakhazikitsidwa, pomwe akatswiri amalankhula za mawonekedwe a njira zoponderezera kumera. Kuphatikiza apo, UK Storage Network imapereka upangiri waulere wa akatswiri kwa alimi a mbatata omwe amalipira umembala wa AHDB kuti apange njira yosungira mbatata yopanda chlorprofam.
Ku Russia, kugwiritsa ntchito chlorprofam sikunaletsedwebe, koma zinthu zitha kusintha, pomwe alimi aku Russia adzakumana ndi mavuto akulu kuposa aku Britain. Malinga ndi "Directory of mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals ovomerezeka kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ku Russian Federation" mu 2020, maleic acid hydrazide amavomerezedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'masitolo a mbatata ndi masamba, koma mitundu yamankhwala apanyumba ndi yocheperako kuposa ku UK.
Nthawi zambiri, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zopondereza pamalo osungira mbatata kumatha kuchepetsedwa potsatira mfundo zodziwika bwino za njira yophatikizira yolima ndi kusunga mbatata.